Announcement I

Physics 1408-002 Lecture note is on the web

Principles of Physics Handout (6 slides/page)
http://highenergy.phys.ttu.edu/~slee/1408/
Lecture 24 *** Class attendance is strongly encouraged and will be
– Chapter 15 – taken randomly. Also it will be used for extra credits.
April 16, 2009
HW Assignment #10 (Ch. 14,15,16) will be
Sung-Won Lee placed on
Sungwon.Lee@ttu.edu MateringPHYSICS, and is due by
11:59pm on Wednesday, 4/29

Chapter 14 Summary (1)

Oscillations
•! Oscillations of a Spring
•! Simple Harmonic Motion
•! Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
•! Simple Harmonic Motion Related to Uniform Circular Motion
•! The Simple Pendulum
d2
ax (t ) = # A cos (!t + "0 )$&
•! The Physical Pendulum and the Torsion Pendulum dt 2 %
•! Damped Harmonic Motion = '! 2 A cos (!t + "0 )

•! Forced Oscillations; Resonance = '! 2 x(t )

Summary (2)
d 2x k
+ x=0

( ) Solution: x(t ) = A cos !t + "0

dt 2 m
with ! = k / m
Chapter 15
Wave Motion

•!Characteristics & Types of Wave Motion

d 2s g
+ s!0 •!Energy Transported by Waves
dt 2 L
•!Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave
•!The Principle of Superposition, Reflection and Transmission
Fig shows graphically how
the kinematic and potential •!Interference & Standing Waves
energy change with time
 The Wave Model The Wave Model
We will focus on the basic properties of waves using the wave model, We will begin by distinguishing three types of waves:
which emphasizes the aspects on wave behavior common to all waves.
(e.g., water waves, sound waves, light waves, etc.) 1.!Mechanical waves can travel only within a medium,
such as air or water. (PHYS 1408)
Examples: sound waves, water waves.

2.!Electromagnetic waves are self-sustaining oscillations that

require no medium and can travel through a vacuum (PHYS2401).
Examples: radio waves, microwaves, light, x-rays, !-rays, etc.

3.!Matter waves also can travel in vacuum and are the basis for
quantum physics (i.e. quantum mechanics – PHYS2402).
We will begin by distinguishing three Examples: quantum wave functions for electrons, photons,
atoms, etc.
types of waves.

15-1 Characteristics of Wave Motion 15-1 Characteristics of Wave Motion

All types of traveling waves transport energy. Characteristics of continuous wave moving through space:

•!Amplitude, A
Study of a single wave pulse •!Wavelength, !
shows that it is begun with a
vibration and is transmitted •!Frequency, f and period, T
through internal forces in the •!Wave velocity,
medium.

If the vibration is SHM, then

the wave will be sinusoidal.
Motion of a wave pulse to the
right. Arrows indicate velocity
of cord particles.

Two Types of Wave Motion 15-2 Types of Waves: Transverse

•! A traveling wave (or pulse) that
causes the elements of medium
to move perpendicular to the
direction of propagation is called
A transverse wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium a “transverse wave”
move perpendicular to the direction of wave motion.
Examples: waves on a string, electromagnetic waves.
•! The particle motion is shown by
the blue arrow

•! The direction of propagation is

shown by the red arrow
A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium
move parallel to the direction of wave motion.
Example: sound waves (Compression and Expansion).
 15-2 Types of Waves: Longitudinal 15-2 Types of Waves: Longitudinal
Sound waves are longitudinal waves:

•! A traveling wave (or pulse) that causes the elements

of the disturbed medium to move parallel to the
direction of propagation is called
a “longitudinal wave”

•! The displacement of the coils is parallel to

the propagation Production of a sound wave, which is longitudinal, shown at two
moments in time about a half period (1/2 T) apart.

Surface (Water) Waves Earthquake Waves

Earthquakes produce both longitudinal and transverse waves.
Both types can travel through solid material, but only
longitudinal waves can propagate through a fluid—in the
transverse direction, a fluid has no restoring force.
+ + +
•! P waves
–! “P” stands for primary or “P” for Pressure
Water waves are a combination of transverse and longitudinal –! Fastest, at 7 – 8 km/s
motion, because each particle of water participating in the wave
–! Longitudinal
motion travels in a circular path as the wave propagates.
The particles stay in the same average position as the waves •! S waves
move to the right. –! “S” stands for secondary or “S” for shear
–! Slower, at 4 – 5 km/s
g!
vwater = (speed depends on wavelength) –! Transverse
2"

1-Dimensional Waves Waves on a String

e.g. Waves on a String Waves on a string are produced by transverse motion of each particle of the
string, participating in the wave motion by moving in a vertical path as the
Considering a string of total length L and total mass m wave propagates. Note that although the wave moves to the right,
String (linear) density: µ= m/L (mass per unit length) the individual particles of the string return to their original positions.
m (0.0040 kg)
e.g. the linear density of a 2-m- µ= = = 0.0020 kg/m
long string with a mass of 4 g: L (2.0m)

The velocity of a transverse wave on m = µ dL

a cord is given by:
Ts
vstring = (wave speed of a stretched string)
µ Ts
vstring = (wave speed of a stretched string)
The wave speed on a string depends on both the string’s µ
linear density and tension force in the string.
 Speed of a Wave Pulse Longitudinal Waves
A L=2m long string with a mass of Longitudinal waves (e.g., sound) are produced in a compressible
m=4g is tied to a wall at one end,
stretched horizontally by a pulley 1.5 medium by longitudinal motion of each particle of the medium,
m away, then tied to a physics book participating in the wave motion by moving in a horizontal path as
hanging from the string. the wave propagates.
Experiments find that a wave pulse
travels at v=40 m/s.

What is the mass Mb of the book?

( Fnet ) y = Ts ! w = Ts ! Mg = 0 Ts = Mg Ts Mg
v2 = =
mv 2 (0.004 kg)(40 m/s) 2 µ m/ L
M= = = 0.327 kg
gL (9.80 m/s 2 )(2.0 m) vsound = ! RT (wave speed of sound); ! = 1.402 for air
M b = M ! m( L '/ L)
= 0.327 kg ! 0.001 kg = 0.326 kg Here, R is the ideal as constant and T is the temperature in K

Example:: Car Springs Example:: Car Springs again!

When a family of four with a total mass of Determine the period and frequency of a car (mass = 1400 kg)
200 kg step into their 1200-kg car, the car’s and whose shock absorbers have a spring constant of 6.5 x 104
springs compress 3.0 cm. N/m after hitting a bump. Assume the shock absorbers are
(a)!What is the spring constant of the car’s poor, so the car really oscillates up and down.
springs?
k 1 k m
(b)!How far will the car lower if loaded with != f = T = 2"
m 2" m k
300 kg rather than 200 kg?

Sinusoidal Waves Amplitude & Wavelength & Period

•! The wave represented by •! The crest of the wave is the location of
the curve is a sinusoidal the maximum displacement of the
element from its normal position
wave
–! This distance is called the amplitude, A
•! Simplest example of
a periodic continuous wave •! The wavelength, !, is the distance
from one crest to the next

•! Period, T, is the time interval required

for 2 identical points of adjacent wave
•! The wave moves toward the right to pass by a point
–! The orange wave represents the initial position
–! As the wave moves toward the right, it will eventually be at the position
of the blue curve
•! Each element moves up and down in simple harmonic motion
 Summary 15-4 Mathematical Representation of a
Traveling Wave
•! The wavelength, !, is Suppose the shape of a wave is given
40.0 cm by:

•! The amplitude, A, is
15.0 cm

•! The wave function can

be written in the form
y = A cos(kx – "t)

In time t, the wave moves a distance vt.

15-4 Mathematical Representation of a Wave Equations

Traveling Wave
•! We can also define the angular wave number
After a time t, the wave crest has traveled a (or just wave number), k
distance vt, so we write the wave function:
•! The angular frequency can also be defined

•! The wave function can be expressed as

–! This is for a wave moving to the right

–! For a wave moving to the left, replace (x – vt) with (x + vt)
•! The speed of the wave becomes v = !ƒ
or:
•! If x = 0 at t = 0, the wave function can be generalized
with , to D(x,t) = A sin (kx – "t + #)
,where # is called the phase constant

The Mathematics of The Angular Frequency "#

Sinusoidal Waves and the Wave Number k
$ &x t ' %
D( x, t ) = A sin + 2! ) ( * + "0 ,
/ -# T . 0
2!
" = 2! f = = angular frequency (rad/s)
T If x is fixed, D(x1,t) = A sin (kx1 - "t + $)
2! gives a sinusoidal history graph at one
k# = wave number (rad/m)
" point in space, x1. It repeats every Ts.
$ 2! % $ " %
v=#f =& '& ' = " / k or " = vk
( k ) ( 2! )
$ x %
D( x, t = 0) = A sin & 2! + "0 ' D( x, t ) = A sin [kx # !t + "0 ]
( # )
' x $ vt ( % 'x t ( & Note that: D(0, 0) = A sin !0
D( x, t ) = A sin ) 2! + "0 * = A sin + 2! ) $ * + "0 ,
- # . / -# T . 0
 Analyzing a Sinusoidal Wave
A sinusoidal wave with amplitude A = 1.0 m at and frequency f = 100 Hz
travels at v =200 m/s in the +x direction. At t=0, the point at x=1.0 m is on
the crest of the wave.
1.! Find A, v, %, k, #, ", T, and #0 for this wave.
2.! Write the wave equation.
3.! Draw a snapshot graph at t =0.

A = 1.0 m; v = 200 m/s; f = 100 Hz; ! = v / f = 2.0 m; T = 1/ f = 0.010 s;

k = 2! / " = ! rad/m = 3.14 rad/m;
! = 2" f = 200" rad/s = 628 rad/s;
D(1.0 m, 0) = A = A sin(k (1.0 m) + !0 )
! ! !
k (1.0 m) + "0 = # "0 = $ ! = $
2 2 2
D( x, t ) = (1.0 m) sin[(! rad/m) x " (200! rad/s)t ] " ! / 2]