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( 2 T / X 2 ) + ( 2 T / Y 2 ) + ( 2 T / Z 2 ) = (1/α) (( t / ι)
˘ 2 T = (1/α) (( t / ι)
3. Define overall heat transfer coefficient :
The overall heat transfer coefficient in the heat transmitted per
unit area per unit time per degree temp difference between the bulk fluids on
each side of the metal. It is denoted by U.
4. Give an expression for conduction heat transfer through a furnace wall of three
Layers:
Soln:
i. Material structure
ii. Moisture content
iii. Density of the material
iv. Pressure and temperature.
As per ohm’s law current (I) = Potential difference (dv)/ electrical resistance.
As per Fourier equation heat flow rate Q = temp diff (dt)/ (dx/KA)
8. Draw the diagram of electrical analogy for the composite layer of three concentric
Cylinders indicating the values of their thermal resistance.
Q α A. (dt/dx)
Q = -K.A (dt/dx)
10. Define and distinguish between steady state , unsteady state and transient state of
heat transfer .
Steady State:
It refers to the condition which prevails in a heat conducting
medium where temperature at fixed points do not change with time.
Unsteady State:
It designates a phenomenon which is time dependent .
Conduction of heat in unsteady refers to the transient conditions where in the heat
flow and the temp distribution at any point of the system vary continuously with
time
11. Give the example of heat generation application?
12. Write down the formula used for finding heat loss through a sphere by
conduction?
Q= 4лkr1r2(t1-t2)/(r2-r1)
15. In the case of liquids and gases heat transfer takes place according to?
Convection
17. Materials having different values of thermal conductivities are known as?
18. Draw the electrical analogy diagram for the composite layers of sphere
indicating the values of their thermal resistance..
19. Give the reasons for low and high thermal conductivity in insulating and
conducting material?
Reason:
K may vary from sample to sample due to variations in structure,
composition and porosity.
Conducting Materials:
In metals the molecules are closely packed. Molecular activity is rather
small and so thermal conductivity is substantially due to the flow of free
electrons.
20. How conduction and convective heat transfer occurs in solids and liquids
respectively?
Conduction:
It is the transfer of heat from one part of a substance to another part
of the same substance or from one substance to another in physical contact with
it, without displacement of molecules forming the substance.
In solids conduction takes place by
· Lattice vibration
· Transport of free electrons.
Convection:
It is the transfer of heat within the fluid by mixing of one portion of
the fluid with another.
21. When heat transferred by molecular collision it is referred to as heat transfer by?
Conduction.
22. Write the equation for calculating the heat transfer through a hollow cylinder
with variable thermal conductivity.
Q = - K0 (1+βt ).(2лrL(dt/dr))
23. Write the electrical analogy circuit for a composite plane wall having 4 layers of
different material.
24. Material in which thermal conductivity do not vary with respect to axis is called?
Isotropic material.
25. Write down the general heat conduction equation for an unsteady state 3-D heat
flow through a plane wall.
( 2 T / X 2 ) + ( 2 T / Y 2 ) + ( 2 T / Z 2 )+(q/k) = (1/α) (( t / ι)
26. What are the three ways in which heat may be transferred?
· Conduction
· Convection
· Radiation
27. Write steady state conduction equation for variable thermal conductivity.
Q = - K0 (1+βt ).(dt/dx).A
28. Give the expression for temperature distribution across a plane wall for one
dimensional steady state conduction.
( 2 T / X 2 )+(q/k) =0.
Cylinder:
It is an expression for the heat flow through a hollow cylinder of
the same form as that for a plane wall .Then thickness will be equal to (r2-r1)
and the area A will be an equivalent area Am.
= 2лL(r2-r1)/(ln(r2/r1)).
Sphere:
Am2 = Ai*A0
Am = (Ai*A0 )0.5
= 4лr1r2
rm = (r1r2)0.5
30. Give the general expression for heat flow in three dimensions in cylindrical
coordinates.
Bi = (hlc)/k
Where,
h= convective heat transfer coefficient
lc = characteristic length.
Significance:
· It gives an indication of the ratio of internal resistance to surface
resistance.
· When Bi is small it indicates that the system has a small internal
(conduction) resistance.
45. Define periodic variation in transient state?
In periodic transient state temperatures under go periodic changes
which are either regular or irregular but definitely cyclic.
Example:
The temperature variations in
· Cylinder of an IC engine
· Building during a period of 24 hours.
46. Name any numerical methods in the solution of transient heat conduction in
solids.
· Relaxation method
· Newton raphson method.
= (k/αh) (V/As)
2. Whatismeantbylaminarflowandturbulentflow?
Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of
flow, the fluid moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The
fluid particles in each layer remain in an orderly sequence without mixing with each other.
Velocity
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
Time
Turbulent flow: In addition to the laminar type of flow, a distinct irregular flow is
frequently observed in nature. This type of flow is called turbulent flow. The path of any
individual particle is zig-zag and irregular. Fig. shows the instantaneous velocity in laminar and
turbulent flow.
3.What ishydrodynamicboundarylayer ?
In hydrodynamic boundary layer, velocity of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream
velocity.
4.Whatisthermalboundarylayer ?
In thermal boundary layer, temperature of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream
temperature.
5. Defineconvection .
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between solid surface and a
fluid medium when they are at different temperatures.
6. State Newton's law of convection.
Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by the equation
Q = h A (Tw - T ) this equation is referred to as Newton's law of
cooling.
Where h - Local heat transfer coefficient in W/m2 K
A - Surface area in m2
Tw - Surface (or) wall temperature in K
T - Temperature of fluid in K
7. What is meant by free or natural convection?
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from
temperature gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.
9. According to Newton's law of cooling the amount of heat transfer from a solid
surface of area A at a temperature Tw , a fluid at a temperature T is given by
_____________
Q = hA (Tw - T )
· A thin region near the body called the boundary layer where the velocity and the
temperature gradients are large.
· The region outside the boundary layer where the velocity and the temperature
gradients are very nearly equal to their free stream values.
UNIT 3
1. What is meant by pool boiling?
If heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface, the boiling process is
referred to as pool boiling. In this case the liquid above the hot surface is essentially stagnant and
its motion near the surface is due to free convection and mixing induced by bubble growth and
detachment.
Radiation absorbed
Absorbitivity, α=_______________________________
Incident radiation
UNIT 5
Example: The evaporation of water from an ocean when air blows over it.
9. 10. Define Schmidt Number
It is defined as the ratio of the molecular diffusivity of momentum
to the molecular diffusivity of mass.
Molecular diffusivity of momentum
sc = ------------- --------------------------------
Molecular diffusivity of mass