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A Basic Guide to Setting

Up Wireless Networks on
Toshiba Notebooks

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Contents

Introduction....................................................................................................................... 4

What is a Wireless Network? ........................................................................................... 4

What do I need to setup a Wireless Network? ................................................................... 5

Planning your wireless network ......................................................................................... 6

How to set up a Wireless Network. ................................................................................... 9

Troubleshooting .............................................................................................................. 16

Glossary of Terms .......................................................................................................... 17

Copyright © Toshiba Information Systems (UK) Ltd, 2007

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Introduction
Owning a notebook PC has many obvious benefits compared to a desktop PC, but what is the point of
having a mobile PC if you still need to physically connect it to a cable in order to access the internet? The
answer lies in wireless networking. By connecting wirelessly to an access point or router, you can have
access to your emails, the internet or other machines on your network where ever you are in your home or
office.

Setting up your wireless connection may seem daunting at first which is why we have created this guide. It
is designed to take a complete beginner through the process including the equipment you will need,
considerations regarding the security of your network and how you actually get the notebook to connect.
There is also a troubleshooting section and a glossary of some of the commonly used terms that you may
come across.

What is a Wireless Network?

A wireless network is two or more devices that are connected using radio communication rather than a
physical wire. There are two different types of wireless network, Infrastructure and Ad Hoc.

Infrastructure
An example of an infrastructure network in a home environment could be as follows:

Figure 1 - An example of an infrastructure network

In the diagram above we have an internet connection which is connected (via cable) to a Wireless Router.
There is a desktop PC connected (via cable) to the router so the desktop also benefits from the internet
connection. The notebook PCs are connected wirelessly via the router so that they can access the internet
or the other computers on the network from anywhere within range.

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Ad Hoc
An Ad Hoc network as the name implies is a temporary network where two or more wireless capable PCs
are connected together without the use of a wireless router:

Figure 2 - An ad hoc (or peer to peer) network

You can share files or even an internet connection in this way – as long as each PC is within range of the
others.

The majority of people would use the Infrastructure method of setting up a wireless network because it offers
more security and is a more permanent form of network. Whilst PCs may come and go, the internet
connection is always there. An Ad Hoc network could be useful when you are visiting a different location
(e.g. a customer’s site) and you need to transfer files to someone else but without needing access to their
main network.

What do I need to setup a Wireless Network?

1) A notebook that has a wireless LAN card installed.
In order to setup a wireless network you will need a notebook that has a wireless LAN card installed. Most
current Toshiba notebooks already have a Wireless LAN card installed but if they don’t, it is usually possible
to have one fitted as an optional extra – please refer to your models user manual if in doubt.

2) A Wireless Router / Access Point

Although it is possible to connect two wireless capable PCs together in an ad hoc wireless network, it is
preferable to use a Wireless Router which physically connects to your internet source (e.g. your broadband
connection or ADSL line etc) and then connects wirelessly to the PCs on your network. The type of router
you will need also depends on the type of broadband connection you have – some have the modem built in,
others will connect to the modem supplied by your broadband provider.

3) An Internet connection
This point sounds obvious but is worth clarification. In order to access the internet wirelessly, you need an
internet source. When you are at home, this may take the form of a broadband connection supplied via
your telephone or cable supplier. When you are out and about you may be able to pay to connect to various
hotspots (see glossary for explanation). When you are at work, your company may utilize wireless Access
Points to allow you to connect to their network wirelessly.

When you turn on the wireless switch on your notebook, you may well find other wireless networks around

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you but it does not necessarily mean that you can access them. Most people will have implemented
security settings to prevent unknown users from accessing their internet connection – after all, you wouldn’t
want to pay for strangers to use your own internet connection for free!

Planning your wireless network

When setting up a home wireless network, thankfully you do not have worry about a full site survey and an
in depth plan. However there are a few key considerations that you should be aware of:

Position of Access Point or Wireless Router

Basic physics come into play when trying to transmit and receive radio waves. Radio signals do not pass
through metal barriers, and various other materials (such as bricks and glass) can reduce the range you
would normally expect. The best scenario would be to have line of sight between the Access Point and the
PCs trying to connect to it, however it’s unlikely that you will be able to achieve this in a typical home
network. Therefore, the best thing would be to place the Access Point as centrally as possible to cover
both upstairs and down stairs and where it will not be hindered by any metallic barriers. The position you
place your Access Point is also often dictated by the location of the broadband or ADSL line and often the
only way to know if you are getting good enough coverage is to walk around with the notebook and finding
the areas where your signal strength drops.

Finally, to try and have some understanding of the coverage an Access Point or Router will give you,
imagine a circle around it. Any where within the circle will get coverage and the closer to the centre of the
circle, the stronger the signal. The picture below illustrates this with a typical ground floor layout in a
house. The circle is actually three dimensional so the upstairs will also get coverage.

Figure 3 - Illustrating wireless coverage in a typical home.

Possible sources of interference

Just as you sometimes get interference on your radio if the weather is bad or if a plane goes over, your
wireless network can also be prone to interference. With your radio you will notice this as a hissing noise
or degradation in the quality of the sound. With your wireless network you may only notice your signal
strength dropping.

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The key sources of interference on a wireless network are other devices that use the same radio frequency.
The majority of home wireless networks use the 2.4GHz frequency which also happens to be used by
Bluetooth devices, Microwave ovens and some cordless phones. The best way to avoid interference from
these devices is to try and ensure that they are not close to your Access Point or wireless PCs, or to avoid
using them at the same time as trying to access your wireless network.

Different versions of the wireless networking standard

Wireless products have to comply with an industry standard and that standard is known as the IEEE
802.11 standard. However, there are different parts to this standard and not all devices are therefore
compatible with each other. The main standards you will come across when buying Access Points,
routers or wireless network cards are 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11a (with 802.11n due shortly).

802.11b – this was the first standard to be used in mainstream wireless networks. It is limited to 11Mbits/
sec.

802.11g – this was the next step in improving the above mentioned 802.11b standard. It gives you greater
speeds (up to 54Mbit/sec) and it is backwards compatible with 802.11b as they both use the 2.4GHz
frequency.

802.11a – this standard was introduced to give both greater speeds (up to 54Mbit/sec) and to reduce the
amount of possible interference because it uses the 5GHz frequency. It is not compatible with 802.11b or
g unless you have a multi node device (i.e. can support both 802.11b/g and 802.11a).

Speed and Range you can expect

The speed and range you can expect from your wireless network is subject to physical barriers and
sources of interference as mentioned above, but the following charts give a rough guideline:

802.11b

140

120
Approximate Range (metres)

100

80
802.11b
60

40

20

0
11Mbit 5.5Mbit 2Mbit 1Mbit
Data Rate (mega bits per second)

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802.11g

140
Approximate Range (metres)

120

100

80
802.11g
60

40

20

0
t

t
bit

bit

bit

bit

bit
bi

bi

bi

bi
bi

bi

bi
9M

6M

2M

1M
M

5M
54

48

36

24

18

12

11

5. Data Rate (mega bits per second)

802.11a

60

50
Approximate Range (metres)

40

30 802.11a

20

10

0
54Mbit 48Mbit 36Mbit 24Mbit 18Mbit 12Mbit 9Mbit 6Mbit
Data Rate (mega bits per second)

As you can see, all of the 802.11 standards will operate at lower speeds if they need to. If it is detected
that information is not being received correctly at the current speed, it will automatically drop down to the
next speed. If then the situation improves, it will automatically step up to the next speed. Generally
speaking, the lower the data rate, the further the range – so you can imagine that when you are near to the
edge of the circle in Figure 3, you will be achieving the lowest data rates.

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How to set up a Wireless Network.

This document can not cover exact instructions on how to setup different types of Access Points or
Routers, but there are some commonalities that need to be explained. Please use this information in
conjunction with any instructions that come with your Access Point or Router.

Step 1 – Connect the Access Point or Router to the broadband connection.

Step 2 – Turn on the Access Point or Router (they usually take a minute to boot
up)

Step 3 – Turn on Wireless Communications on the Notebook

It is a requirement that all wireless communications can be physically switched off on the notebook as there
may be times when you are not permitted to use it (for example in hospitals or on a plane). Therefore, all
Toshiba wireless capable machines will have a physical on/off switch. The location of the switch will vary from
model to model and this will be detailed in your user manual. When the switch is in the on position you
should also notice the wireless LED is lit.

Another way of turning on or off your Wireless LAN card may be by using the F8 hotkey. Firstly ensure that
the wireless communication switch mentioned above is in the On position, then keep the FN key held and
press the F8 key. You will then see something like the following icon appear on the screen

○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○

Figure 4 - Enabling/Disabling the wireless feature by using the F8 Hotkey

Keep the FN key held down all the time whilst using the F8 key to toggle between the different options.
Ensure that you select either WiFi only or Bluetooth and WiFi (if Bluetooth is available and you intend to
use your Bluetooth connection at the same time). Notice that you can also disable all devices by using
this hotkey – this has the same effect of physically switching off the switch.

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Step 4 – Check you can see your wireless Access Point or Router
At this stage anyone within range can access your wireless router because there is no security set up yet.

All wireless networks need a Network name (sometimes also referred to as the SSID). The network name
must match on all devices connecting to it and it is case sensitive. Most Access Points or Routers will
have a standard network name set as part of their factory defaults e.g. ‘WLAN’, ‘netgear’ or ‘linksys’. By
default the network name will also be broadcasted. This means that if you are in range of an Access Point
or Router and you simply turn on the wireless communications on your notebook, you will be able to see
the network name of that Access Point or router.

To find and connect to your Access Point or Router:-

On your task bar you will see the wireless LAN icon (circled in picture below).

If you hover the mouse over the above icon, a balloon should appear to say that there are wireless
networks detected.

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If you right click on the wireless network icon, you will see the following menu:

Select Connect to a network and the following window should appear:

You should be able to see your wireless Access Point (ours is called WLAN). There may also be
other Access Points near you that are also shown on the list.

Left click on your particular Access Point name and then click the Connect button in the right
hand corner. This will bring up a warning to say your network is an unsecured network. Click on
the Connect Anyway button wait for the successfully connected window to appear. Click close.

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If your network has an available internet connection you should be able to now connect to the
internet wirelessly. However, at this point you have no security on your wireless network and other
people nearby will also be able to connect to your Access Point or Router without you even
knowing!

Step 5 – Change the Network name or SSID

If you do not want people to be able to find your wireless network easily you should a) change the network
name to something known only to those that should have access and b) switch off the feature that
broadcasts the network name. In order to find out how to do this, you will again need to refer to the user
manual for your Access Point or Router.

Remember: Network names are case sensitive.

Once you have changed the network name and turned off the broadcasting, you will loose access to the
Access Point or Router.

Step 6 – Change the settings on the notebook to reflect the new Network Name

In order to change the settings on your notebook:

Right click once again on the wireless network icon on your task bar and select Connect to a
Network.

Click on the Setup a connection or network link.

When the Choose a Connection option window opens, click on the Manually connect to a
wireless network option and click Next.

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At the next window, type the new network name in the network name box – remember to type it
exactly as you entered it on the Access Point itself (it is case sensitive).

For the moment, under the security type drop down box, select No authentication (open).

Check the box that says ‘Connect even if the network is not broadcasting’ and then click Next.

At the Successfully added [network name] window, click on the Connect to link.

Select the newly named network that you have just created and click Connect.

At the Successfully connected to [network name] window, click Close.

For the moment, at the select a location for the [network name] window, click cancel. (You may
want to change this setting at a later date as it will alter your firewall settings. This can be
changed from within the Network and Sharing Centre.)

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Step 7 – Add Security

At the moment, your network is hidden but there is no other security. Wireless networks use encryption
keys which have to be entered on each PC that wants to connect to your network. Using encryption is
highly recommended as it means that anyone ‘listening’ in on your wireless connection will not be able to
make sense of your data without the key to decrypt the encrypted information – in other words they will
only be able to hear ‘gobbledegook’.

There are different types of encryption available to use:

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) – Is widely used by 802.11 devices on the market. Whilst this
document does not recommend using WEP for securing wireless networks, some older devices will only
support WEP. Therefore, WEP and how to set it up is explained here. For new devices, please refer to
the WPA section overleaf. If using WEP, you can use either 64btis or 128bits depending on what your
device can support (older devices may only be able to support up to 64bit encryption and therefore, all
devices on your network must use 64bit). The number of bits relate to the length of the key that can be
used, in other words, 128bit encryption keys are longer and are therefore more secure.

WEP keys can be either ASCII (characters, letters and numbers) or Hexadecimal (hexadecimal is a
numbering system which uses the numbers 0 to 9 and the letters A to F). Again, some devices will
support both ASCII and Hexadecimal or only one or the other – please refer to the documentation that
came with your device. If you wish to use 64bit WEP, you can use a 5 character long ASCII key or a 10
character long Hexadecimal key. E.g. your ASCII key could be something like ‘Tiger’ whereas your
Hexadecimal key could be something like ‘5A78FC240C’

If you wish to use 128bit WEP, you can use a 13 character ASCII key or a 26 character long Hexadecimal
key. E.g. your ASCII key could now be something like ‘Elephant95860’ whereas your Hexadecimal key
could be something like ‘145AC45FF456D5430BD954BAC7’

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When using ASCII WEP keys, you must remember that once again they are case sensitive. Any device
which has the wrong WEP key will not be able to access the Wireless network

Some devices will allow you to use a pass phrase. This means that you can enter a string of text of any
length, and the device will then convert this text into a hexadecimal key. If both devices support pass
phrases then all you need to do is enter the same pass phrase in both. If however one device does not
support pass phrases, then you will need to take a note of the hexadecimal key generated (it is usually
displayed) and enter that into the other device.

Open or Shared WEP?

The other setting you will find when setting up WEP is whether to use Open or Shared keys. It is the
recommendation of this article to only ever use Open encryption as this is the more secure. (See glossary
for a description of both Open and Shared encryption)

WPA – WiFi Protected Access

WPA and WPA2 are today’s preferred method of encryption as they are more secure than the older WEP
system (WPA2 is the latest and most secure type of encryption and should be used if all the devices on
the wireless network support it). In the majority of home environments you will need to use WPA-PSK or
WPA2-PSK (Pre-Shared Key). This means that all users of the wireless network will use the same pass
phrase in a similar way to WEP as mentioned above. However, the use of long and complicated pass
phrases together with the way information is encrypted makes WPA much more secure than WEP.

TKIP and AES

When using WPA or WPA2 you will have a choice of two different Data encryption types: TKIP and AES.
AES is a much stronger form of encryption but in order to use it all devices on the wireless network must
support it. Therefore, if you have older devices that don’t support AES you will have to use TKIP.

To Set Up Encryption:-

Access the configuration setup page of your Access Point or Router in accordance with the user
documentation that came with it.

Depending on what your device supports, enter a WEP, WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK key or pass
phrase – ensure that you have a note of this key.

Once saved and the Access Point or Router has rebooted, you will again loose access to it.
Now on your notebook you need to add the same key or pass phrase.

Right click on the wireless network icon on the task bar and select Connect to a Network.

Select your network from the list and right click on it.

From the menu click on Properties.

Select the correct type of security from the Security Type drop down menu (e.g. WPA-Personal for
WPA-PSK networks or leave it as No authentication (open) for WEP networks).

Select the correct type of encryption from the Encryption type drop down box (e.g. TKIP or AES for
WPA networks, or WEP).

Enter the encryption key in the network security box. Ensure you enter it correctly - it is case
sensitive.

Click OK.

At the select a network to connect to window, click on your network name and click connect.

Click close at the successfully connected to [network name] window.

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Once you entered the correct settings, you should once again be able to access your wireless
network.

Troubleshooting
The following are some basic considerations to help trouble shoot some of the more common mistakes
when setting up a wireless network:-

Issue Things to try/check

I receive the message ‘Windows cannot find • Check the wireless switch is on.
any networks’ • Check FN F8 shows the wireless as being on.

I receive the message ‘connection

• Check the encryption key is correct.
unsuccessful’ • If you still can’t connect, try resetting the factory
defaults on your access point or router in accordance
with the instruction supplied with your device.

I receive the message ‘Windows cannot • Check the access point or router is switched on.
connect to [Network Name]’.

I’m successfully connected to my wireless
network but I can not get on the internet.
• In order to check if the problem lies with your ISP
(Internet Service Provider), connect the notebook
directly to the Access Point or Router via a cable.
a) If you are not able to connect to the internet via
cable, please contact your ISP for further advice.
b) If you are able to connect to the internet via cable:-
• Your anti virus software could be causing the issue.
Temporarily disable the anti virus software to see if this
resolves the issue. If it does, reconfigure your anti
virus software.
• If the step above does not resolve the issue, try
resetting the factory defaults on your Access Point or
Router in accordance with the instructions supplied
with your device.

The signal strength of my router or access
point is low.
• Check how the signal is affected when you move
around the building and if necessary, try to relocate
the Access Point to a more central place.
• Check to see if any other devices are causing
interference such as microwave ovens or cordless
phones and if necessary, relocate the Access Point to
minimise the effect.

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If you are still having problems after checking the aforementioned, please contact The TechGuys for further
diagnosis and help.

Glossary of Terms
2.4GHz The frequency that is used by 802.11b and g devices. The 2.4GHz
frequency is free to use (i.e. does not require a license) and is therefore
widely used by devices that use radio transmission.

5GHz The frequency that is used by 802.11a devices.

64bit /128bit WEP The two different strengths of encryption that is supported when using
WEP.

802.11 A set of specifications developed by the IEEE for wireless LAN technology.
There are several extensions to this standard but the most commonly used
are 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11a.

Access Point Also known as AP. A hardware device that allows users to connect to a
wired network using radio signals (wirelessly).

Ad Hoc A wireless network where devices communicate directly with each other
without the use of an access point. Also known as peer-to-peer mode.

ADSL Short for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. ADSL allows more data to
be sent over existing copper telephone lines by using a special ADSL
modem.

AES Short for Advanced Encryption Standard. AES is an encryption technique

adopted by the US government and is stronger than the other forms of
encryption currently used by wireless devices.

ASCII (pronounced As-key).
Stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange and is a
code to turn keyboard characters into 0’s and 1’s . For example, the letter
F would become 01000110. Using ASCII characters in the context of a
WEP encryption key means you can use characters, letters and numbers
in your encryption key.

Bluetooth An industryl specification for wireless Personal Area Networks. Bluetooth

allows devices such as mobile phones, headsets, notebooks and printers
to communicate wirelessly. Bluetooth also uses the 2.4GHz frequency
which can cause issues of interference on an 802.11b or g network when
there are lots of Bluetooth devices in the same vicinity.

Broadband A general term describing the ability to send multiple pieces of data
simultaneously. ADSL is a form of broadband because you can send more
data simultaneously compared to an ordinary phone line. However, fibre
optic cable may be used by some providers which can achieve even greater
data rates then ADSL and is therefore also referred to as Broadband. In
consumer terms, broadband usually refers to an ‘always on’ internet
connection as opposed to a dial-up connection making use of the normal
phone line.

Case Sensitive Making use of the differentiation of upper case and lower case characters.
In other words, ‘PASSWORD’ is completely different to ‘password’ or even
‘Password’.

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Encryption key The ‘password’ needed to decipher encrypted data. On secure wireless
networks, the encryption key needs to be entered correctly on all devices
wishing to connect. Wireless networks that make use of an encryption
key are referred to as ‘Secure networks’ as opposed those without which
are referred to as ‘unsecured networks’.

Hexadecimal A numbering system which uses base16 (as opposed to decimal which uses
base10). Therefore, hexadecimal will use the numbers 0-9 and the letters A-
F where A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14 and F=15. Some wireless
devices need to use hexadecimal encryption keys.

Hotspot A wireless network that is available to the public for a charge. Hotspots
tend to be available in places such as internet cafes, hotels and motorway
service stations. There are different charges levied and different methods of
taking payment – depending on who is running the hotspot.

IEEE Abbreviation for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (known
as the I triple E). This organisation is responsible for developing the 802.11
standard used for wireless networking.

Infrastructure The term referring to wireless networks that utilise access points or
wireless routers, as opposed to ad-hoc or peer to peer networks (see Ad-
Hoc).

LAN Abbreviation for Local Area Network. LAN normally refers to connecting to
your network via an Ethernet cable, as opposed to wirelessly which is
usually referred to as Wireless LAN.

MBits/Sec, Mbits/Sec Refers to how many million of bytes or bits of data are sent per second –
depending on whether a capital B is used or a lower case b. If the B is
capital, this refers to bytes. There are 8 bits in a byte (e.g. 011011101 is
one byte). If the b is lower case, this refers to how many million of bits are
sent per second.

Modem An acronym for MOdulator-DEModulator. A modem is a device that allows

a computer to transmit and receive data over a telephone line. Modem is a
general term although it can refer to both slow speed analogue modems
that make use of a standard telephone line as well as high speed devices
that make use of high speed cable or DSL lines.

Network Name The name assigned to a Wireless network. Also referred to as the SSID
(see SSID). All devices must use the same network name to be able to
communicate. Network names are a string of text which is case sensitive
and are usually broadcast when the access point or router is switched on.
It is normally possible to change the network name from it’s factory default
and to stop it from being broadcast so that strangers cannot easily find
your wireless network.

Open WEP Open WEP allows any device to authenticate with the Access Point. In
other words, the notebook sends the authentication request to the Access
Point, the Access Point accepts the request and then the notebook can
connect. This is more secure than Shared WEP because it avoids the
exchange of clear text between the two devices which can easily be picked
up by intruders trying to hack your network. (see also Shared WEP)

Pass phrase A string of text used as the encryption key for wireless networks. Pass

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phrases need to be entered identically on all devices wishing to connect to

the wireless network.

Peer-to-peer See Ad Hoc

PSK An acronym for Pre Shared Key. This means that the pass phrase or
encryption key is manually entered onto each device that wishes to use
the wireless network as opposed to being generated automatically by a
server.

Router A device that provides Internet connection sharing for stations (PCs) on a
local area network. Most routers have basic firewall features to permit
outgoing traffic but block incoming connections. Some broadband routers
have a built-in cable or DSL modem; others have a “WAN” Ethernet port
that you connect to your cable or DSL modem. A wireless router combines
both broadband router and wireless AP features inside one box.

Shared WEP Shared WEP works by using a piece of challenge text that the Access
Point sends to the notebook that is trying to connect. The notebook then
encrypts that text and sends it back to the Access Point. The Access
Point decrypts the text and if it is correct, allows the notebook to be
authenticated on the network. Whilst this may seem more secure, the
main problem is that the challenge text is sent in clear text (i.e.
unencrypted). So anyone ‘listening in’ on the network could pick up the
clear text then pick up the encrypted version of that clear text. This gives
hackers a head start in trying to decipher an encryption key.

SSID An acronym for Services Set IDentifier. See also, Network Name.

TKIP An acronym for Temporal Key Integrity Protocol. TKIP was designed to
work with the newer WPA encryption whilst allowing you to continue using
older equipment. TKIP ensures that every data packet is sent with its own
unique encryption key thus offering greater security then WEP.

WEP An acronym for Wired Equivalent Privacy. WEP is a security protocol

defined by the IEEE for 802.11 networks. The original specification for
WEP was for 64bit encryption (40 bits for the encryption key plus an extra
24 bits needed to perform the encryption). This was later increased to
128bit encryption (104bits for the key plus the same 24 bits for the
encryption).

WiFi Short for Wireless Fidelity. WiFi was the brand name originally licensed by
the WiFi Alliance for devices that complied with the 802.11 standard.

WPA Stands for WiFi Protected Access. WPA is based on the IEEE 802.11i
standard and was brought about to overcome the security weaknesses
found in WEP. WPA was designed as an interim measure until the 802.11i
standard could be fully implemented (known as WPA2)

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