AN ALGORITHM TO CONSTRUCT A CIRCLE AND FIND THE VALUE OF PI

Sujeet Kumar Mehta

Laxmi Neewas, Pugmil Road, Hazaribag, Jharkhand

Annamalai University (B.E ECE 4 th semester)

suj3.141592@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

There is a new algorithm to construct a circle and to evaluate the value of pi. This value of pi is in term of 2 and
square roots. A theorem says about the conversion of a circle into rectangle. The rectangle formed by the circle is
transformed into a square to proof how pi can have two values. There is a quadratic equation whose coefficient is
irrational which give the value of pi. A pi function has been defined using the above theorem. The symbol of pi
contains geometrical meaning.

(1) ALGORITHM TO CONSTRUCT A CIRCLE

Definition: - Circle, in geometry, plane curve such that each point on the curve is the same distance from a fixed
point—called the centre of the circle.

THEOREM: - In an isosceles triangle the unequal side is bisected by the line of length of equal sides of isosceles
triangle and joins the vertex of unequal side to the end of bisector line. These processes construct two isosceles
triangles. Proceeding with the same process continuously will result in construction of an arc of circle.

PROOF:-

An isosceles right angle triangle (IRT) ∆ABC in that equal sides are AB=BC=L and longest side is AC=R.

The length of R according to Pythagoras theorem

R=√ 2L i.e. AC=√ 2L (1.1)

Now bisect the longest side of IRT i.e. (AC) R by a line of the length ‘L’ say BE so that the bisecting length will
exceed from bisecting point ‘D’ of AC and could form two new isosceles triangles (IT) after joining the line to AE
and EC. The exceeded length from bisected point D is

DE=BE-BD
 1 1 1
DE=L- L= √ 2−1 L= 2−√ 2 L (1.2) {BE=L, BD= L (AD=DC=BD=AC/2= L) from (1.1)}
√2 √2 2 √2 √2
AE=EC

In an isosceles triangle the unequal side is bisected at right angle [1].

AE= √ AD 2 + DE2 from (1.2)

2
1 2 2−√ 2
AE=
√( √2
L + ) (
2
L )
AE= √ 2−√ 2L (1.3)

Now again bisect the newly formed IT (∆ABE & ∆CBE) i.e. side AE & EC by line of the length ‘L’ say BG1 & BG2 so
that the bisecting length will exceed from bisecting point ‘F1 & F2’ of AE & EC respectively and could form four new
IRT after joining the line to AG1,G1E,EG2 & G2C and. The exceeded length from bisected point F1 & F2 are
F1G1=F2G2

F1G1=BG1-BF1 (Now calculate BF1 & BG1)

BF1= √ AB2 −AF 12

Where AF1=AE/2= √ 2−√ 2L/2 (1.4) ….... from (1.3) put this value in upper equation

2
BF1=
√ 2
L− ( √ 2− √2 L
2 )
( √ 2+ √ 2) L
BF1= ……… (1.5)
2

Now F1G1=BG1-BF1=L- √2+ √2 L = (1- √2+ √2 ) L=

2 2 ( 2−√22+√ 2 ) L (1.6)

Now calculate the length of the unequal side of newly formed IT i.e.AG1, G1E, EG2 & G2C
AG1= √ AF 12 + F 1 G 12
AG1=√ ¿ ¿ {from ((1.3) AF1=AE/2 = √ 2−√ 2 L/2 & (1.6))}

AG1=L¿) (1.7)

Now again bisect the newly formed IT (∆ABG1, ∆BG1E, ∆BEG2, & ∆CBG2) i.e. side AG1,G1E,EG2 & G2C by line of
the length ‘L’ say AI1, I1G1, G1I2,I2E, EI3, I3G2, G2I4 & I4C so that the bisecting length will exceed from bisecting
point ‘H1, H2, H3 & H4’ of AE & EC respectively and could form eight new IT after joining the line to AI1, I1G1,
G1I2,I2E, EI3, I3G2, G2I4 & I4C and. The exceeded lengths from bisected point ‘H1, H2, H3 & H4’ are
H1I1=H2I2=H3I3=H4I4

H1I1=BI1-BH1 (BI1=L)

BH1= √ AB2 −AH 12 (AB=L)

2
BH1=
√ L− √ √
2L 2− 2+ √2
(2 ) {AH1=AG1/2=
L √ 2− √ 2+ √ 2 (from (1.7)}
2

BH1=
L √ 2+ √ 2+ √2 (1.8)
2

H1I1=BI1-BH1

2−√ 2+ √ 2+ √ 2 L (1.9) From (1.8)

H1I1=L- L ¿ ¿ =
( 2 )
Now calculate the length of the unequal sides of newly formed IT i.e. AI1, I1G1, G1I2, I2E, EI3, I3G2, G2I4 & I4C.

AI1=√ AH 12+ H 1 I 12
2 2
AI1=
√( 〖 √ √
L 2− 2+ √ 2
2
〗+
2−√ 2+ √ 2+ √ 2 From (1.7) & (1.9)
2 ) ( L )
AI1=¿) L (1.10)
OBSERVATION

EXCEEDED LENGTH

Now observe the exceeded length from the bisecting point after each operation of formation of new IT.

2−√ 2
1) DE=( )L (1.2)
2
2−√ 2+ √ 2
2) F1G1= ( )L (1.6)
2

3) H1I1=(
2−√ 2+ √ 2+ √ 2 )L (1.9)
2

The process involved in calculating the exceeded length is the same. Observing the sorted list of the exceeded
length then we find after each calculation that root of 2 is get added in the last 2 under the root and constituting
the preceding values.

One root of 2 is subtracted in 2 in first exceeded length and one root of 2 is get added in 2 under whole root is
subtracted in 2nd and 3 in 3rd and so on. So nth exceeded length is

Nth exceeded length =¿) L

UNEQUAL SIDE OF IT

Now observe the unequal side of newly formed IT.

 1) AE= √ 2−√ 2L (1.3)
2) AG1=√ 2− √ 2+ √ 2L (1.7)
3) AI1=√ 2−√ 2+ √ 2+ √ 2L (1.10)

The process involved in calculating the unequal side of IT is the same. Observing the sorted list of the unequal side
of IT then we find after each calculation that root of 2 is get added in the last 2 under the root and constituting the
preceding values.

One root of 2 is subtracted in 2 under whole root in first unequal side of IT and two root of 2 in 2 nd and 3 in 3rd and
so on. So nth unequal side of IT is

Nth unequal side of IT=¿) L

The most basic concept of circle is satisfied only by the statement of the theorem that in an isosceles triangle the
unequal side is bisected by the line of length of equal sides of isosceles triangle and joins the vertex of unequal side
to the end of bisector line. These processes construct two isosceles triangles. Proceeding with the same process
continuously will result in a plane curve such that each point on the curve is the same distance from a fixed point—
called the centre of the circle.s

CALCULATING THE VALUE OF PI

Now calculating the number of newly formed unequal sides of IT after each process and together adding they will
give the value of the quarter circumference.

Now the first process gives two, 2nd gives four and 3 rd eight and so on. It is the geometric progression so the nth
numbers of sides are2n. The total length of the unequal sides of IT that construct the quarter circumference is
given by the product of 2nwith the length of unequal side of IT.

Quarter circumference=2n ×
√ (2−√ 2+ √2+ √2+√ 2 … … ..+ √2 ) )L

L n
π× =2 ׿) L
2
π =2 ×2n × √ (2−√ 2+ √2+ √2+√ 2. . …..+ √2)
π=2n+ 1
√(2−√ 2+ √2+ √2+√ 2 … … ..+ √2)
The number of 2 inside the root will be equal to the power of 2 that means if there are ‘n’ number of 2 under the
same condition then the power of 2 outside the root will also be ‘n’.

π=2n
√( 2− √2+ √2+√ 2+√ 2… … ..+√ 2 )
π=3.1415926535897932384626433832795 when n=62 pi gives the most approx value.

Every two n value gives one correct value [observation].

For the most accurate value n=∞

π=2∞
√( 2−√2+ √2+√ 2+√ 2 … … ….. )

PICTURIAL DEMONSTRATION OF THE ALGORITHUM TO CONSTRUCT THE CIRCLE

Continue…it will become
 (2) CONVERSION OF CIRCLE INTO RECTANGLE AND TRANSFORMATION OF THAT RECTANGLE INTO SQUARE

THEOREM:-The product of the quarter circumference of a circle & its diameter gives the area of circle.

Let radius of the assumed circle is ‘r’. According to the statement the diameter and the sides of rectangle
r×π
AB=CD=2rand the quarter circumference of circle CE=ED= .
2

Area of the circle =πr 2 (2.1)

r×π
Area of rectangle= *2r= πr 2 (2.2)
2

Equations (2.1) & (2.2) are equal. Hence proof the upper statement.
TRANSFORMATION OF RECTANGLE INTO SQUARE

Now transform this rectangle into square with having equal perimeter.

The transformed square is CFGH with the side‘s’.

 4s=r(π+4)

Squaring both sides

 16 s2=r 2 ¿ (2.3)

Now multiply both sides by ‘k ' and consider this k as the ratio of area of rectangle to square

Ar
 k=
As
π a2
 k= 2
s
 k s =π a2 (2.4)
2

Putting this equation in the L.H.S previous equation

 16 s2 k =r 2 k ¿
 16πr 2=r 2 k ( 4+ π )2 cancelling r 2
 16=( 4+ π )2k (2.5)
2
 16π=k(16+8π+ π )
 16π=k16+8πk+ π 2 k
 16k+8πk-16π+ π 2 k =0
 16k+π(8k-16)+ π 2 k =0 (2.6)

This is a quadratic equation of π. So it has two solutions i.e. π1 & π2.

16−8 k + √(8 k −16)2−64 k∗k

 π1=
2k
 8−4 k + 8 √ 1−k
 π1= (3.7)
k
16−8 k−√( 8 k−16)2−64 k∗k
 π2=
2k
8−4 k −8 √ 1−k
 π2= (2.8)
k
Equation (2.6) result in two conclusions that is:-

1) If we consider equation (2.5) and calculate the value of ‘k’ using the value of pi calculated in (1) we can
have the solution of π1 & π2.

 16π=( 4+ π )2k
 16*3.1415926535897932384626433832795=( 4+3.1415926535897932384626433832795)2k
 k=0.9855523669887770429282572508757

Using the k value in (2.8)

 π1=
8−4∗0.9855523669887770429282572508757−8 √ 1−0.9855523669887770429282572508757
0.9855523669887770429282572508757
 π1=3.1415926535897932384626433832795

Using the k value in (2.7)

 π2=
8−4∗0.9855523669887770429282572508757 +8 √1−0.9855523669887770429282572508757
0.9855523669887770429282572508757
 π2=5.0929581789406507446042804279506

Now observe the equation (2.6). It is a quadratic equation whose solution completely depends on its
coefficient i.e. ‘k’. According to (2.5) k value depends on π. Both values are interdependent. We had calculated
the value of pi so we got the ‘k’ value. After putting the k value we got the π1=π and
π2=5.0929581789406507446042804279506. Here the question arises that if we put π2 in equation (2.5) then
what will be the value of k and its root.

 16*5.0929581789406507446042804279506=( 4+5.0929581789406507446042804279506)2 k
 K=0.9855523669887770429282572508757

The most interesting and amazing fact is that using π2 in (2.5) we got the same value of k. So the roots of the
equation (2.6) will be same.

HOW π2 CAN BE TRUE?

When we consider the area of circle with the value of π2 with the radius ‘r’ then we obviously gets a larger area, so
consider a larger radius say ‘R’ with using π1. We get:-

 π2r 2= R2 π1
π2
 R=
√ π1
r

 R=1.2732395447351626861510701069838r

The transformed square is CMKL with the side ‘S’.

 4S=R(π+4)

Squaring both sides

 16 S2= R2 ¿ (2.9)

Now multiply both sides by ‘k ' and consider this k as the ratio of area of rectangle to square

Ar
 k=
As
π R2
 k= 2
S
 k S =π R2 (2.10)
2

Putting this equation in the L.H.S previous equation

 16 S2 k = R2 k ¿
 16π R2= R2 k (4+ π )2 cancelling R2
 16=( 4+ π )2k (2.11)

That’s how we got to know the value of pi2 is not as 5.096…. but the increased radius R can give the same value of
‘k’ used in the algorithms of the t transformation of the circle.
 (3) PI FUNCTION

FUNCTION:-A function from S to T, where S and T are non empty sets, is a rule that associates with each element of
S (the domain) a unique element of T (the co-domain)[2].

PI FUNCTION: - The domain of pi function (o<=n<=∞) and the range (2.8684…. <=π (n) <π), discontinuity at Natural
number.

π (n)= 2 ⌈ n ⌉
√(2− √2+√ 2+√ 2+√ 2… … ..+√ 2) { ⌈ ⌉-Greatest Integer Function }

π (1)= 21 √( 2 ) =2.828427125 0<n≤1

π (2)= 22 √( 2−√ 2 ) =3.061467459 1<n≤2

π (3)= 23 √( 2−√ 2+√ 2 ) =3.121445152 2<n≤3

π (4)= 2n √( 2−√ 2+√ 2+√ 2 ) 3.136548491 3<n≤4

π (5)= 25
√( 2− √2+√ 2+√ 2+ √2) 3.140331157 4<n≤5

(4) SYMBOL OF PI
The Greek letter π was adopted for the number from the Greek word for perimeter “πЄρíμЄτροç”. The symbol of pi
was firstly given by William Jones in 1707 and popularized by Leonhard Euler in 1737.

To me the symbol of pi is π because the upper line shows the diameter and the curved line shows two semi-

Circumference of circle. This will be more relevant according to the meaning and geometrical construction of π.

REFERENCE

[1] Challenge and thrill of pre-college Mathematics: V.Krishanmurty, C.R. Praneschar Theorem 12 page no. 59.

[2]Oxford Concise Dictionary of Mathematics: Clapham and Nicholson page no. 189.

[3]Calculation is done on computer scientific calculator.