RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Animal Structure experiment with title “Integument

System” which written by:

Name : Sureni Hikmawati s

ID : 081404176

Group : VI

Class : D (Biology ICP)

After checked by assistant and coordinator assistant, this report accepted.

Makassar,

Coordinator Assistant Assistant

(Djumarirmanto, S.Pd) (Rasmawati)

 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

The integumentary system may contain additional body structures such as

hair, scales, feathers, nails, and glands. Hair is entirely composed of keratin protein. It

has no nerve tissue and is not considered living. Scales are rigid plates composed of a

variety of substances, including keratin protein and can vary in shape, size, and

structure across different species of animals. Feathers, the defining feature of all

birds, are believed by biologists to have derived from reptilian scales. They are

produced by cells in the epidermis and are composed of keratin proteins. Nails, also

made from keratin, grow out from the fingers and toes and are connected to nerve

endings at the base of the nail. The term gland characterizes any organ in an animal

body that produces and secretes a substance, such as a hormone. Exocrine glands,

such as sweat glands in the skin, secrete these substances through tubelike ducts.

The integumentary system is the largest organ system. It distinguishes,

separates, protects and informs the animal with regard to its surroundings. Small

bodied invertebrates of aquatic or continually moist habitats respire using the outer

layer (integument). The integumentary system is an animal’s first way of defending

against and interacting with the outside world. This organ system is composed of the

protective layer, skin, as well as additional structures such as hair, nails, feathers,

scales, and glands.

 Epidermis is epitel cells layer and consists of Keratinized stratified squamous

epithelium, Four types of cells are Keratinocytes deepest, produce keratin (tough

fibrous protein), Melanocytes make dark skin pigment melanin, Merkel cells

associated with sensory nerve endings, Langerhans cells macrophage-like dendrite

cells, Layers (from deep to superficial), Stratum basal or germinativum – single row

of cells attached to dermis; youngest cells , Stratum spinosum spinyness is artifactual;

tonofilaments (bundles of protein) resist tension , Stratum granulosum layers of

flattened keratinocytes producing keratin (hair and nails made of it also) , Stratum

lucidum (only on palms and soles), Stratum corneum – horny layer (cells dead, many

layers thick.

B. Purpose

For to learn about histology and anatomy structure of integument system and

their derivate

C. Benefit

Can adding the our knowledge about integument system and can knowing

about histology of hair folikel, anatomy structure of scales, feathers, nails, and

glands and their derivate and part from of that.

 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

The integumentary system, formed by the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands,

enwraps the body. It is the most visible organ system and one of the most complexes.

Diverse in both form and function from delicate eyelashes to the thick skin of the

soles—the integumentary system protects the body from the outside world and its

many harmful substances. It utilizes the Sun's rays while at the same time shielding

the body from their damaging effects. In addition, the system helps to regulate body

temperature, serves as a minor excretory organ, and makes the inner body aware of its

outer environment through sensory receptors. (Anonym, 2008)

Integument comes from the Latin word integument, meaning "cover" or

"enclosure." In animals and plants, an integument is any natural outer covering, such

as skin, shell, membrane, or husk. The human integumentary system is an external

body covering, but also much more. It protects, nourishes, insulates, and cushions. It

is absolutely essential to life. Without it, an individual would be attacked immediately

by bacteria and die from heat and water loss. The integumentary system is composed

primarily of the skin and accessory structures. Those structures include hair, nails,

and certain exocrine glands (glands that have ducts or tubes that carry their secretions

to the surface of the skin or into body cavities for elimination). (Adnan,2007)

Although the skin is not often thought of as an organ, such as the heart or

liver, medically it is. An organ is any part of the body formed of two or more tissues
that performs a specialized function. As an organ, the skin is the largest and heaviest

in the body. In an average adult, the skin covers about 21.5 square feet (2 square

meters) and accounts for approximately 7 percent of body weight, or about 11 pounds

(5 kilograms) in a 160-pound (73-kilogram) person. It ranges in thickness from 0.04

to 0.08 inches (1 to 2 millimeters), but can measure up to 0.2 inches (6 millimeters)

thick on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. The skin in these areas is

referred to as thick skin (skin elsewhere on the body is called thin skin).

( Bavelander,1998)

The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from

damage, comprising the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, and nails).

The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof,

cushion and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, regulate temperature and is the

location of receptors for pain, sensation, pressure and temperature. In humans the

integumentary system additionally provides vitamin D synthesis. The integumentary

system is the largest organ system. It distinguishes, separates, protects and informs

the animal with regard to its surroundings. Small-bodied invertebrates of aquatic or

continually moist habitats respire using the outer layer (integument). This gas

exchange system, where gases simply diffuse into and out of the interstitial fluid, is

called integumentary exchange.(fransdson,1996)

This is the top layer of the skin made up of epithelial cells. It does not contain

blood vessels (non vascular). Its main job is protection, absorption of nutrients, and
homeostasis. Structurally, it consists of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

comprising four types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and

Langerhans' cells. The major cell of the epidermis is the keratinocyte, which produces

keratin. Keratin is a fibrous protein that aids in protection. Millions of dead

keratinocytes rub off everyday. The epidermis contains different types of cells, the

most common are: squamous cells which are flat, scaly cells on the surface of the

skin, basal cells which are round cells, and melanocytes which give the skin its color.

The epidermis also contains Langerhan's cells, which are formed in the bone marrow

and then migrate to the epidermis. They work in conjunction with other cells to fight

foreign bodies as part of the body's immune defense system. Granstein cells play a

similar role. Melanocytes create melanin, the substance that gives skin its color.

These cells are found deep in the epidermis layer. Accumulations of melanin are

packaged in melanosomes (membrane-bound granules). These granules form a

pigment shield against UV radiation for the keratinocyte nuclei. (Adnan,2008)

The epidermis itself is made up of four to five layers. From the lower to upper

epidermis, the layers are named: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum

granulosum, stratum lucidum (the extra layer that occurs in places such as palms and

soles of the feet), and the stratum corneum. The stratum basale is the only layer

capable of cell division, pushing up cells to replenish the outer layer in a process

called terminal differentiation. The stratum corneum is the most superficial layer and

is made up of dead cells, proteins and glycolipids. The protein keratin stiffens
epidermal tissue to form fingernails. Nails grows from thin area called the nail

matrix, growth of nails is 1 mm per week on average. The lunula is the crescent

shaped area at the base of the nail, this is a lighter colour as it mixes with the matrix

cells. (Anonym,2009)
 CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD

A. Place and date

Day/Date : Thursday, May 7th , 2009

Time : At 02.00 – 04.00 pm

Place : In Eastern Biology Laboratory of FMIPA of Universitas Negeri

Makassar (UNM)

B. Tool and Materials

1. Tool

a. Microscope

2. Materials

a. Human skin / Hair insertion

b. Chelonia sp

c. Quill

d. Tory

e. Goat palm

f. Nail

g. Horn

C. Work procedure

In this lab work, we did nine observations which the procedures were:

1. Observation I
 a. Observed lengthwise or athwart from hair follicle.

b. Pay attention shares their share that is hair bar, epidermis, oil gland,

pilorum erektorus m, hair root, hair follicle, hair papilla hair bulbuls and

hair matrix.

c. Drew the observation result.

2. Observation II

a. Observed part of carapace : marginal plats, nukhal, neural,pigal, and costal

plats

b. Observed plastron : gular, humeral, pectoral, abdominal, femoral, and anal

c. Drew the observation result

3. Observation III

a. Observed parts of fur specific plumula. Determining parts of calamus,

vesiculum, umbilicus inferior, umbilicus superior, rachis, rami, radii, and

radioli.

b. Observed kinds of fur according to the structure ( pluma, plumula and

filopluma )

c. Drew the observation result

4. Observation IV

a. Observed carefully parts of tory ( feet pillow ) at the other mammalian

animal like cat, monkey, and rabbit. determining tory digital, tory

integrate, torus hypogeal, and torus thenar.

b. Observed parts of goat palm,cow and other, determining unguis, phalanx

distal, unguis sub.

c. Observed parts of horn at the some mammalian animal, like goat and cow

and other animal. Determining horn epidermal, prong and core bony.

d. Observed parts of nail at the human like tip of nail, nail body, lunula, nail

tail and eponychium.

e. Drew the observation result

 CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result

Observation I : Hair follicle

Notes:
hair bar
epidermis
oil gland
pylorus m.arektores
hair root
hair follicle
hair nightingale
hair papilla
hair matrix

Observation II : Anatomy structure of horn ( carapace )

Notes:
Nukhal
Marginal
Costal
Pigal
Neural
Plastron

Notes:
Gular
Humeral
Pectoral
Abdominal
Femoral
Anal

Observation III : Fur structure

Pluma

Notes:
Fur flag
Fur bar
Superior umbilicus
Calamus
Inferior umbilicus
Rami
Plumula

Notes:
Rami
Vesiculum
Rakis
Calamus

Filopluma

Notes:
Fur handle
Observation IV : Intregumen and their derivate

Foot palm

Notes:
Phalanges
Unguis
Distal phalanges
Subunguis

Foot pillow

Notes:
Tory digital
Tory interdigital
Torus hypothenar
Torus thenar
Horn

Notes:
Horn epidermal
Prong
Bony core

Nail at the human

Notes:
Tip of nail
Nail body
Nail pallet
Nail wall
Lunula
Nail proksimal
Eponichium
Nail root
B. Discussion

1. Observation I

Roughly 5 million hairs cover the body of an average individual.

About 100,000 of those hairs appear on the scalp. Almost every part of the

body is covered by hair, except the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet,

the sides of the fingers and toes, the lips, and certain parts of the outer genital

organs.

Each hair originates from a tiny tube like structure called a hair follicle

that extends deep into the dermis layer. Often, the follicle will project into the

subcutaneous layer. Capillaries and nerves attach to the base of the follicle,

providing nutrients and sensory information. Inside the base of the follicle,

epithelial cells grow and divide, forming the hair bulb or enlarged hair base.

Keratin, the primary component in these epithelial cells, coats and stiffens the

hair as it grows upward through the follicle. The part of the hair enclosed in

the follicle is called the hair root. Once the hair projects from the scalp or

skin, it is called a hair shaft.

The older epithelial cells forming the hair root and hair shaft die as

they are pushed upward from the nutrient-rich follicle base by newly formed

cells. Like the upper layers of the epidermis, the hair shaft is made of dead

material, almost entirely protein. The hair shaft is divided into two layers: the
 cuticle or outer layer consists of a single layer of flat, overlapping cells; the

cortex or inner layer is made mostly of keratin.

Hair shafts differ in size, shape, and color. In the eyebrows, they are

short and stiff, but on the scalp they are longer and more flexible. Elsewhere

on the body they are nearly invisible. Oval-shaped hair shafts produce wavy

hair. Flat or ribbonlike hair shafts produce kinky or curly hair. Perfectly round

hair shafts produce straight hair. The different types of melanin—yellow, rust,

brown, and black produced by melanocytes at the follicle base combine to

create the many varieties of hair color, from the palest blonde to the richest

black. With age, the production of melanin decreases, and hair color turns

gray.

Attached to each hair follicle is a ribbon of smooth muscle called an

arrector pili muscle. When stimulated, the muscle contracts and pulls on the

follicle, causing the hair shaft to stand upright.

2. Observation II

At this observation we observed anatomi structure of horn at the

chelonia sp. At this animal dorsal surface and closed ventral by horn lamina

which very big. More than composed by bones dermal. At the dorsal parts

called by plastron. Carapace and plastron is the specific characteristic from

Chelonia sp.
 Carapace consist of marginal plates, an series from plates gore with

horn laid at in the middle of from rearward front partakes, Costal plats which

located between neural and marginal.

At the plastron composed a lamina which located at the interior media

are entoplastron an five kinds of lamina. Plastron at the chelonian sp to build

by five kinds of plats of horn, like gular, humeral, pectoral, abdominal,

femoral, and anal.

3. Observation III

According to structure and composed , fur consists of three kinds,

there are :

a. Pluma consist of calamus, inferior umbilicus, umbilicus inferior,

umbilicus superior, vascsilum, fur bar, rami, and radioli.

b. Plumula consist from calamus, rachis, rami, and radioli. At the plumula

not located at the viksiculum. At the plumula usually located in the other

fur which called hyporachis.

c. Filopluma is hair fur which very smooth, consist from rachis, and rami,

calamus to reduction and growth in all part of body but the distansce of

that is very long. The fur like this is the characteristic at the casuari, where

hyporakhis same it tall with the rachis. Beside that at the other bird

hyporakhis more short than the cells.

 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

From the observation we can to conclusion that the structure histology of

hair follicle to get parts like hair bar, epidermis, oil gland, m. erectors pylorus,

hair roots, hair follicle, hair bulbuls, hair papilla, and hair matrix. At the anatomy

structure horn to get