Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Insulation
Contrary to popular belief mud bricks are not
good insulators. Since they are extremely
Paul Downton
Durability and moisture resistance good networks in Australia including a broad or metal. Bricks must dry evenly to avoid
based national organisation, the Earth Building cracking and they should be covered to
Adobe walls are capable of providing structural Association of Australia (EBAA), which is a avoid direct sunlight and overly quick drying
support for centuries but they need protection not for profit organisation “formed to promote out. There are a number of mud brick
from extreme weather (eg. with deep eaves) or the use of Unfired Earth as a building medium manufacturers that cater to the market for
continuous maintenance (the ancient structures throughout Australia.” people who do not have the time or resources
of the Yemen have been repaired continuously to make their own.
for the centuries they have been standing). The materials for making mud bricks are
As a general rule, adobe needs protection from readily available in most areas and may be A typical standard mud brick is between
driving rain (although some adobe soils are sourced directly from the site of the building in 300-375mm long, 250-300mm wide and
very resistant to weathering) and should not be some cases. 125mm high and can weigh up to 18kg – as
exposed to continuous high moisture. much as a straw bale! Smaller brick sizes
Low costs in construction can only be
are recommended for owner building. Mud
effectively achieved by self-build, reducing the
bricks can be made in a range of sizes and
labour costs associated with manufacture and/
Breathability and toxicity or laying of bricks. Commercially produced mud
moulds and can be made in special shapes
for fitting around structural elements and
Mud bricks make ‘breathable’ walls but some brick construction can be as expensive, or even
accommodating pipes and wires. Stabilised
mud brick recipes include bitumen, which more expensive, than brick veneer.
mud bricks may contain materials such as
potentially results in some outgassing of
straw, cement or bitumen. [See: 5.8 Straw
hydrocarbons. Ideally earth should be used
Bale]
in its natural state or as near it as can be TYPICAL DOMESTIC
achieved. CONSTRUCTION Although adobe can be load bearing, there
is also widespread use of frames. The
Construction process advantages of this are that a roof structure
Environmental impacts can be erected to provide weather protection
Mud brick wall construction has generally
Mud bricks have the potential to provide the for both mud brick making and construction.
been the province of owner-builders, but a
lowest impact of all construction materials. Disadvantages include the need to connect
large proportion of mudbrick buildings are now
Adobe should not contain any organic matter with and build around frame structures.
constructed by or with the help of commercial
– the bricks should be made from clays and builders. The potential for sourcing the main After the footings have been placed and
sands and not include living soil. They require wall construction material from one’s own site, the bricks are ready for laying, the building
very little generated energy to manufacture, but making the bricks, and building the walls, can process is similar to that of any other masonry
large amounts of water. The embodied energy be very appealing as both an economic and construction.
content of mud bricks is potentially the lowest lifestyle choice. As a result, the first stage of
All structural design should be prepared
of all building materials but additives, excessive construction may involve excavating the mud
by a competent person and may require
transport and other mechanical energy use can from the site.
preparation or checking by a qualified
increase the ‘delivered’ embodied energy of all
engineer. Qualified professionals, architects
earth construction. [See: 5.2 Embodied Energy]
and designers provide years of experience
In a similar way, the greenhouse gas emissions and access to intellectual property that has
associated with unfired mud bricks can (and the potential to save house builders time and
should) be very low. To keep emissions to money as well as help ensure environmental
an absolute minimum, the consumption of performance. All masonry construction has to
fossil fuel and other combustion processes comply with the Building Code and Australian
have to be avoided. [See: 5.1 Material Use
Paul Downton
Frames The mud Mortar bed are normally quite thick Finishes
and needs to provide complete bedding for the
Mud bricks can be load bearing but it is also bricks. Perpends are similarly thick (about 20 – Linseed oil and turpentine can be used to
usual Australian practice to build mud brick 30mm). The intention is to produce a wall that provide a final finish. This is also a very effective
walls between timber or steel frames. is effectively monolithic, ie. as if it were a single method of protecting walls susceptible to
piece of material. erosion. There is even the option of using
the natural plastic of cellulose, processed by
Load bearing walls bovine beasts, to create mud and manure
Load bearing mud brick wall construction Fixings slurry, although this is seldom used in Australia.
requires particular attention to good bonding Finishes can range from rustic to smooth with
Fixings to mud brick need to allow for the this typical flexibility of approach being one of
(avoiding continuous vertical joints) and relatively poor ‘pull-out’ strength of the material.
ensuring stability by having returns on the walls the material’s many appealing qualities.
Strong fixings can be achieved by embedding
that buttress them against sideways forces. dowels or plugs into a wall – the depth and type
Again, normal, traditional masonry practice of which should be determined by reference to
applies to the pattern in which bricks should be a skilled builder or engineer if the load carrying additional READING
laid. It is possible to create arches, squinches capacity of the fixing is critical. BDEP Environment Design Guide, RAIA.
and domes in mud brick and although these
www.environmentdesignguide.net.au
have featured in adobe structure since time
immemorial, they are rare in modern building Openings B iano A (2002), The Mud Brick Adventure, Earth
structures of this type. Garden Books, Trentham, Victoria.
Lintels can be in any structurally appropriate
material, although timber is typically used. SIRO (1995), CSIRO Australia Bulletin 5: Earth Wall
C
Construction, CSIRO, North Ryde, NSW.
Joints and connections Beams and lintels can be formed from quite
‘rough and ready’ timber and readily blended E arth Building Association of Australia
Mud bricks are laid on thick mortar beds that into the mud brick construction. Mud bricks www.ebaa.asn.au
are essentially the same mix as the brick, but can be also be laid to form arches, particularly
in its ‘muddy’ state. It is also common practice L awson, B (1996), Building Materials and the
over small spans (less than a metre), and even Environment: Towards Ecological Sustainable
in the commercial mudbrick industry to use domes, although this requires high levels of Development, RAIA, Canberra.
a sand-cement mortar. Once dried, it can be bricklaying skills as well as more stringent
difficult to distinguish between mortar bed and S immons G and Gray T (eds) (1996), The Earth
demands from engineering and approvals Builders Handbook, Earth Garden Books, Trentham
brick and some adobe aesthetics exploit this processes. Victoria.
‘seamless’ appearance to create a monolithic
effect. The roof timbers or steel members can
spring from the columns (particularly in the case Principal Author:
of steel) or bear on wallplates. It is generally Paul Downton
recommended that roofs have considerable
overhang in order to provide some protection to
walls from driving rain. In more sheltered areas
this requirement is less vital, but care must be
taken to provide a good quality render and
waterproofing finish, see ‘Finishes’.
Paul Downton
final finish.