AP Psych - Abnormal Psychology Review Chelsea Ashworth 3-2-11 Psychological Disorders ADHD / ADD - Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder Autism spectrum o Classical autism - disorder of neural development, characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior o Asperger syndrome - significant difficulties in social interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests o Pervasive Developmental Disorder - atypical, severe autism o Rett syndrome
AP Psych - Abnormal Psychology Review Chelsea Ashworth 3-2-11 Psychological Disorders ADHD / ADD - Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder Autism spectrum o Classical autism - disorder of neural development, characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior o Asperger syndrome - significant difficulties in social interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests o Pervasive Developmental Disorder - atypical, severe autism o Rett syndrome
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AP Psych - Abnormal Psychology Review Chelsea Ashworth 3-2-11 Psychological Disorders ADHD / ADD - Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder Autism spectrum o Classical autism - disorder of neural development, characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior o Asperger syndrome - significant difficulties in social interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests o Pervasive Developmental Disorder - atypical, severe autism o Rett syndrome
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
• Autism spectrum o Classical autism – disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior o Asperger syndrome – significant difficulties in social interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests o Pervasive Developmental Disorder – atypical, severe autism o Rett syndrome – complete lack of verbal skills and mobility, seizures, repetitive tick-like gestures o Childhood Disintegrative Disorder – late onset of developmental delays in language, social function, and motor skills • Anxiety Disorders o Generalized Anxiety Disorder – feeling persistently and uncontrollably tense and uneasy with no real causation o Panic Disorder – anxiety that escalates into periodic episodes of intense dread o Phobias – irrational fear of a specific object or situation Fear of spiders Fear of snakes Fear of heights Fear of stressful situations Fear of dogs o Obsessive Compulsive Disorder – persistent and repetitive thoughts and actions, often motivated by fear Checkers Washers/cleaners Orderers Obsessionals Hoarders o Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – when a past trauma causes memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and sleep problems • Dissociative Disorders o Dissociative amnesia – occurs when a person blocks out certain information, usually associated with a stressful or traumatic event, leaving him or her unable to remember important personal information o Dissociative fugue – suddenly efforts to abandon a past life/identity, usually due to trauma/ severe stress; show signs of amnesia and have no conscious reason for leaving o Depersonalization – loss of self-awareness/identity; feeling that one doesn’t have control over his/her actions o Dissociative Identity Disorder – a controversial diagnosis where patients seem to have sets of multiple identities/ personalities • Mood Disorders o Bipolar I & II – person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the hyperactive, wildly optimistic, impulsive phase of mania (I is more severe) o Manic episode – mania describes the occurrence of extreme elation or extreme depression o Major depressive episode – deep unhappiness, lethargy, and feelings of worthlessness AP Psych – Abnormal Psychology Review Chelsea Ashworth 3-2-11 AP Psych – Abnormal Psychology Review Chelsea Ashworth 3-2-11 • Schizophrenia o Schizotypal – uncomfortable with close relationships, thought/perceptual distortions, peculiar behavior o Schizoid – detachment from social relationships, lack of emotion in social settings o Borderline – general instability in personal relationships, self-image, and emotions; impulsiveness o Dependent – extreme need to be taken care of, separation anxiety, passive and clingy behavior o Antisocial – disregard for the rights of others, violates/takes advantage of others, manipulation o Histrionic – excessive emotionality, attention-seeking, overreaction to social situations, shallow, self-centered o Narcissistic – grandiose self-image, need for admiration, demanding nature, lack of empathy for others o Obsessive compulsive – preoccupation with order, perfectionism, and control o Avoidant – socially inhibited, feels inadequate, oversensitive to criticism o Paranoid – interprets the actions of others as threatening, malicious • Personality Disorders [see above] o Eccentric: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal o Dramatic: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic o Anxious: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive • Somatoform Disorders – disorder where the patient has a physical symptom/ailment but there doesn’t appear to be any physical/medical cause • Hysteria – physical symptoms with no physiological explanation, usually triggered by a traumatic event or extreme anxiety (ie-convulsions) • Neurotic Disorder – disorder that causes physical distress without any physiological cause • Psychotic Disorder – loss of touch with reality, hallucinations, delusions • DSM-IV – manual of mental disorders that aids in diagnosis and treatment protocol • Medical model (Philippe Pinel) – a more humane approach to treating mentally-ill patients, involves a physiological/medical approach • Bio-psycho-social model – examines all contributing factors to a mental illness (biological, psychological, social) • Ancient treatments and explanations – credited disorders to demonic possession, used lobotomy AP Psych – Abnormal Psychology Review Chelsea Ashworth 3-2-11
Psychological Therapies
• Psychotherapy – an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and
someone suffering from psychological difficulties • Psychoanalysis – to gain insight into the unconscious origins of disorders o Resistance – a disruptive response by the client to some topic they find sensitive, signals a sensitive topic that might be causation of the disorder o Dream interpretation – patient recalls dreams in order for the therapist to analyze their unconscious meaning o Transference – where patients transfer their feelings of a particular person in their lives to the therapist o Interpretation – therapists tries to interpret the meaning of certain utterance, behaviors o Defense mechanisms – way for the mind to protect us from being consciously aware of thoughts or feelings that are too difficult to tolerate, signals a sensitive topic o Psychosexual stage/fixation – fixation on an earlier psychosexual stage that is causing the disorder (Freud) o Insight – therapist helps the patient become more aware of his/herself • Humanism – focus on clients’ current conscious feelings and on their taking responsibility for their own growth o Carl Rogers – used active listening to express genuineness, acceptance, and empathy o Person/client centered therapy – centers around the patient o Active listening – therapist listens to the patient explain and uses their input to analyze/interpret the situation o Unconditional positive regard – therapist shows no judgment, only positive review • Behavioral – don’t attempt to explain the origin of problem behaviors; instead, attempt to modify the problem behaviors themselves o Counter conditioning – uses principles of classical conditioning that attempts to replace bad or unpleasant emotional responses to a stimulus with more pleasant responses o Systematic desensitization – reduce a person's anxiety responses through counter conditioning by presenting them with the feared stimulus o Token economy – type of conditioning in which the patient is given a reward for good/desired behavior o Aversive therapy – use of something unpleasant, or a punishment, to stop an unwanted behavior • Cognitive – aims to change self-defeating thinking by training people to look at themselves in new, more positive ways o Aaron Beck’s theory of depression – depressed people acquire a negative schema of the world in childhood and adolescence o Albert Ellis’ Rational Emotive therapy – focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and enabling people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives o Cognitive-behavioral therapy – emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do • Biomedical o Psychopharmacology Antipsychotics – tranquilizing psychiatric medication primarily used to manage psychosis Tardive Dyskinesia – side effect of long-term antipsychotic drug use; involuntary movement of facial muscles, tongue, and limbs AP Psych – Abnormal Psychology Review Chelsea Ashworth 3-2-11 Sedatives – sedate the patient (put them to sleep or in a twilight state) Stimulants – psychoactive drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function Mood stabilizers – psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders Anti-anxiety – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin- norepinpehrine reuptake inhibitor, reduce the level of chemicals that procoke anxiety o Electroconvulsive therapy – stimulates mild seizures, by sending mild shocks to the brain, to create a re-wiring of neural networks o Psychosurgery – cutting of neural cords that connect the frontal lobe to the emotion control center (lobotomy) • Eclectic Therapy – combines the above approaches to create a varied treatment, used by most psychologists/psychiatrists • Four types of mental health professionals o Psychiatrists – physician who specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders, can provide medication o Clinical psychologists – integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically based distress or dysfunction, cannot provide medication o Clinical/psychiatric social workers – provide mental health services for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental, behavioral, and emotional disorders in individuals, families, and groups o Counselors – counsel those suspected/affected by mental illness • Family/group therapy – therapy in which a group of afflicted people convene together to discuss disorder, treatment, and struggles