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Heart

Chapter 11
Heart
System of a pump and pathway for
blood to travel

Arteries- vessels that carry blood


away from the heart (Arterioles)

Veins- vessels that carry blood to the


heart (Venules)

Capillaries are very small vessels that


connect the two at the microscopic level
-
Exchange nutrients for waste
-
Exchange O2 for CO2
Heart lies in the pericardial cavity
in the lower portion of the
mediastinum.

The inferior portion has a point or tip


called the apex
The pericardium consists of two principle
portions.
1- fibrous pericardium
2- serous pericardium

Fibrous pericardium: tough and inelastic


- rests on and attaches to diaphragm.
- provides protection
Serous pericardium:
- thinner, delicate, double layered.

- Visceral pericardium: (epicardium)


contacts the surface of the heart

- Parietal pericardium: loose fitting membrane


around heart

- Pericardial space: separates two layers with


pericardial fluid (lubricates membranes)
Heart consists of three layers:
1- Endocardium: lines inside of heart
and heart valves
2- Myocardium: thick heart muscle.
Blood supplied by coronary
arteries
3- Epicardium: outer layer
Heart has four chambers

Two upper chambers are called atria (sing.


atrium)
Right and left

Two lower chambers called ventricles


Right and left
Right and left ventricles are separated by a
thick walled structure called the
Interventricular septum
Blood flow between chambers and larger
arteries pass through valves
Valves that connect the upper atria to the
lower ventricles are termed
atrioventricular valves. There are two
1- Tricuspid valve. This “3 flapped” valve
connects the right atria to the right
ventricle
2- Bicuspid valve (mitral): This “2 flapped”
valve connect the left atria to the left
ventricle
Valves that connect the lower
ventricles to the larger arteries
carrying blood away from the heart are
called semilunar valves.

1- Pulmonary semilunar valve: Valve


located between the right ventricle and
the pulmonary artery
2- Aortic semilunar valve: Valve
located between left ventricle and
aorta.
Contraction of the heart is systole
Relaxation of the heart is called
diastole

When the heart beats the atria


contract first and together then the
ventricles contract second and
together.
Auscultation of the heart
“Lubb – Dupp”
“Lubb”: AV valves closing.
“Dupp”: Semilunar valves closing.

1- Pulmonary valve: ribs 2 & 3 on left


2- Aortic valve: ribs 2 & 3 on right
3- Biscuspid valve: ribs 5 & 6 on left
mid line of clavicle
4- Tricuspid valve: ribs 5 & 6 on right
sternal margin

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