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8. a. icy, cold, warmth – The metaphors describe human relationships in terms of

temperature.
b. drops, picked up, dumps – The metaphors describe thoughts and messages in terms of
ways they are conveyed.
c. eye, foot, hands, arm, table – The metaphors describe parts of objects in terms of their
function: the opening, end, pointers, sides, and support base of objects.
d. digest, eats up, chew on, juicy – The metaphors describe concepts in terms of how they
are internalized.

Huxley reading
A. Some examples of errors made by the Arabic Speakers in English are:
1. In secondary schools the courses given are required: every student should
select the scheme. (must or has to)
2. The C.S. courses are the most annoying because they want too much
reading. (require)
3. Citizens have not to neglect woman’s capacities. (should not or ought not)
4. We should better put the criminal in prison. (ought or should)
5. Girls must travel and not…have to stay at home. (should)

B. The reasons for the errors are because these terms are synonymies and natural subsets.
This means that these terms have part of their meanings in common, and part of them in contrast.
These students are familiar with how they are similar, but have difficulty contrasting these terms.
For example: The common feature is obligation. But within the feature of obligation you find
morality and propriety, expressed by ought to and should, and necessity is expressed by must and
have to. And the implication of absence or shortage of supply is expressed by lack, want, need
and require. Want means a deplorable lack. Need is a feature of necessity and absence. Require
implies insistence resulting from absence The underlying similarity among want, need and
require is need. But the students have not learned in which instances to use them.
In sentence 1, the LCA lazim means should or must, so the student inferred that the semantic
structures were interchangeable.
In sentence 2, The LCA bidd means want, but want is a better translation for anther sense of the
same term. So the student should have translated this sense of bidd as require.
In sentence 3, you see a syntactic problem, the negation of have to. In LCA structures the
negative mis lazom usually means must not or should not depending on the sense of lazim.
English not necessary or doesn’t have to is expressed by LCA mis daruri or ma fi lzum. So the
errors may have been translated either mis mis daruir (doesn’t have to) or the negative of lazim
(should).
In sentence 4, if the student thought that the citizens are obligated to put the criminals in prison,
should is the best choice. But if he thought that the citizens are obligated by moral duty, then
ought to is better.
In sentence 5, the student translated one sense of lazim as must. Since no demand was implied,
this sense of lazim would have been better translated as should.

C. In order to teach these concepts thoroughly, a great part would have to be done in the
upper levels, but can be begun with basic concepts in the earlier levels. It would be necessary to
break down the differences between the verbs, and then practice each one separately. Give
plenty of practice, and have students create their own sentences. Concentrate on one verb at a
time, practice until perfect, and then add the next one. Compare and contrast both until
mastered, then add another. Instruction needs to be focused on the differences.
To teach Must, explain that it is used to explain obligation or necessity where there is no choice.
Also, must is used with the present and future tenses. Some examples are: You must buy a ticket
to use the bus (obligation). To succeed, Mary must work harder at school. (necessity). Have to +
infinitive or have got to + infinitive mean the same thing as must. Some examples are: To
succeed, Mary has to work harder at school. To pass the test, Edward has got to pay attention
every day. You can also use must to assume knowledge of a fact or information now: Martin
must like his career; he has worked in that office for ten years. (now) But use must have to
assume knowledge of a fact or information in the past: The roads are flooded; it must have
poured while we were asleep. (past) Ought to is used to express an obligation and to give advice
that may be refused or accepted: Americans ought to send money to Latin American countries.
Should is used to express an obligation or necessity where there is a choice: You should see a
dentist about your toothache. (but he may choose not to ) Should is also used to express thoughts
and personal opinions aloud: I think you should keep your hands to yourself now. ("Learn
english blog,")
 References
Learn english blog - word press. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.learnenglishindublin.com/daily_blog/uncategorized/modal-auxiliary-verbs-to-
elementar/