RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Genetics & Evolution with the title is “Life Cycle of
(Drosophilla melanogaster)”, which made by :
name : Syaiful Bakhri
reg. no : 081 404 192
group : III
Have been checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator
and this report is accepted.

th
Makassar, november , 2010

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Misnawati S.Si Surahman Nur S.pd

Known by
Lecturer of Responsibility,

Hartati, S.Si, M.Si

Reg No : 1974040520000032002

CHAPTER I
 INTRODUCTION

A. Background
In Fruit fly represent one of animal which can be utilized in
performing a an research of concerning cycle live by the animal performing a
process metamorphosis. Fruit fly ( Drosophila Melanogaster) is one of species
owning short life cycle, easy go and flower breed the. Drosophila
Melanogaster will marry after old age 8 clock. Rose colored Adult fly is
chocolate, dark chromatic chest by 2 is lengthwise line , at stomach shares of
there are 3 transverse. Female fly at its stomach shares is more sharp-pointed,
while masculine fly more circular. From cycle live by the egg until adult fly
take place 16 day. Though its life cycle is short but this fruit fly experience of
the perfect metamorphosis passed 4 phase that is egg, larva, pupa and imago.
Crop in the form of chili, mango, banana, star fruit, coffee and clove.
Before conducting perception to cycle live the fruit fly, hence beforehand
we have to conduct the conservancy of itself fruit fly. In its conservancy, we
will use the simple medium as place from fruit fly by self.
Pursuant to the description above so that we require to execute this
practicum, that is cycle live the Drosophila melanogaster, what its life cycle
represent the perfect metamorphosis that is from egg become the larva, later
larva become the pupa and hereinafter become imago.
B. Purpose
As for intention of this practicum that is
1. Knowing cycle live the fruit fly of Drosophila melanogaster
2. Differentiating marking of female and masculine fruit fly Drosophila
melanogaster
C. Benefit
As for benefit from this practicum that is

1. Student can perceive directly cycle live the fruit fly

2. Student can perceive directly marking from every phase of fruit fly growth
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

The gene is the smallest biological unit of inheritance, and it is carried on

a chromosome. Hundreds and possibly thousand of genes are carried on each
chromosome, each in fixed or special position called a locus. The existence of a
particular gene can be determined genetically only because it exists in at least two
forms are called allelomorphs, and they usually affect a trait in contrasting
manners. Genes are so small that they cannot even be seen with the ordinary type
of microscope. Even if we could use a microscope powerful enough to enlarge the
gene image to visible size, we could not be certain what to look for. Nevertheless,
scientist have been able to learn quite a lot about the gene by using very special
methods of study (john_1963).
Scientists study Drosophila as a model specimen because of their very
short life and reproduction cycle. In fact, their life cycles only last about 14 days!
Since fruit flies don't live forever, reproduction is critical to keep the species alive.
Are you familiar with a butterfly's life cycle? If so, you'll see that Drosophila's life
cycle is very similar to a butterfly's. They both undergo complete metamorphosis,
which means that the young form looks very different from the adult! Unlike baby
humans, who have all of their adult structures (arms, legs, fingers, nose, etc.) and
look like small versions of adults, the baby fruit fly looks very different from the
adult. The baby, or larva, looks like a small worm, and does not have adult
structures like wings or legs. Like many species, female fruit flies produce eggs
and males produce sperm. When the egg and sperm unite, a new individual
develops. In fruit flies, sperm is deposited from the male fruit fly into the female
fruit fly. The female stores sperm inside of her. The eggs are fertilized when they
pass through the oviduct on their way to being deposited on a food source
(Anonyma_ 2010).
Sex is not defined by chromosome sex, but from nature of ploidi from
individual. Masculine honeybee, happened by because parthenogenesis ( the
forming of creature of day of egg cell without in preceding impregnation ).
Thereby, hence masculine honeybee has the character of the haploid, to have16
chromosome. Egg cell which is in fruit spermatozoon will yield the female
honeybee ( Queen bee) and worker, each having the character of diploid and own
32 chromosome. Because difference of place and food, hence fertile queen bee
( fertile), while barren worker bee (Victoria_2002).
If organism eukaryote, like khamir, hungry organism of that hara desist to
split the x'self, entering phase Go which stationer, and finally die. Some cell type
of at larva Diptera, what is at most in knowing is gland cell spit the fruit fly
Drosophila, also discontinue the bisection mitosis hereafter possibility 18 clock
of larva growth, but replicas DNA of chromosome and cell plant take place non-
stopped ( Adisoemarto_1988).
For the conservancy of stock of Drosophila melanogaster can be used [by]
various kinds of medium. Medium which mutilized is mixture of among banana
of and tapioca tape with the comparison 6 1. The medium wearied by during
more than 15 year. In the year 1984 putting into use some medium tried to earn
also other type Drosophila and this last some years have been used by a new
recipe. This matter because of because quality of tape and banana which is not
uniform, is so that felt by obtain the more certifiable and solid medium. New
recipe to be wearer to represent the modification from recipe which there have
and which adapted for by a Indonesia condition ( Hartati_2009).
The life cycle of the fruit fly consist of four stages: fertilized egg, larva,
pupa, and adult or imago. The rate of development is dependent on temperature,
since the files are cold-blooded invertebrates. Development from fertilization to
emergence from the pupa case takes from 12 to 15 days at room temperature. The
adults then may live for 60 days or more. The fertilized egg is diploid. It hatches
within less than 24 hr after it is laid, the exact time depending on how long it is
retained in the reproductive tract of the female after fertilization (Elrod_2006).
Abnormal chromosomal behavior in insects can result in the formation of
gynandromorphy or sexual mosaics in which some parts of the animal are female
and other parts are male. When such abnormal chromosome transmission involves
autosomes harboring genes that control easily recognized phenotypes, individuals
may also be produced that are mosaic for phenotype unrelated sex phenotype.
Some gynandromorphs in Drosophila are bilateral intersexes with male color
pattern, body shape, and sex comb on one half of the body and female
characteristics on the other half. Both female and male gonads and genitalia may
be present (Norton_1975).
XO or XY chromosome segregation as interpreted as a means of tipping
the balance between maleness and femaleness, whereas more deep-seated process
were involved in the actual process of sex determination. Bridges experimentally
produced various combinations of sex chromosome and autosomes in Drosophila
and decuded from comparisons that one X chromosome and two sets of
autosomes produced a normal male. Normal males had a ratio of X chromosome
to sets of autosomes of 0,5. Note that one set of autosomes consist of three
chromosome, on each of chromosome II, III, IV (Suryo_2008).
Females become receptive to courting males at about 8–12 hours after
emergence.[10] Males perform a sequence of five behavioral patterns to court
females. First, males orient themselves while playing a courtship song by
horizontally extending and vibrating their wings. Soon after, the male positions
itself at the rear of the female's abdomen in a low posture to tap and lick the
female genitalia. Finally, the male curls its abdomen, and attempts copulation.
Females can reject males by moving away and extruding their ovipositor. The
average duration of successful copulation is 30 minutes, during which males
transfer a few hundred very long (1.76 mm) sperm cells in seminal fluid to the
female. Females store the sperm in a tubular receptacle and in two mushroom-
shaped sperm thecae, sperm from multiple mating compete for fertilization. A last
male precedence is believed to exist in which the last male to mate with a female
sires approximately 80% of her offspring. This precedence was found to occur
through displacement and incapacitation. The displacement is attributed to sperm
handling by the female fly as multiple mating are conducted and is most
significant during the first 1–2 days after copulation. Displacement from the
seminal receptacle is more significant than displacement from the sperm thecae.
Incapacitation of first male sperm by second male sperm becomes significant 2–7
days after copulation. The seminal fluid of the second male is believed to be
responsible for this incapacitation mechanism (without removal of first male
sperm) which takes effect before fertilization occurs. The delay in effectiveness of
the incapacitation mechanism is believed to be a protective mechanism that
prevents a male fly from incapacitating its own sperm should it mate with the
same female fly repetitively (Anonymb_2010).

CHAPTER III
 METHODE PRACTICUM

A. Time and Place

Day / Date : Saturday / November 30th 2010
Time : 09.00 a.m. until 11.00 a.m.
Place : Biology Laboratory IInd floor West FMIPA UNM Makassar
B. Tool and Material
1. Tools
a. culture bottle
b. Plastic
c. Pipette
2. Materials
a. Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
b. Medium
C. Work procedure
1. Conducted fruit fly breeding of at medium which there have previously by
catching and including into jam bottle.
2. Perceived change that happened at medium and note when start the
existence of egg, larva till the in form of imago with the perception
periodically from 4-6 clock once
3. To differentiate to used the cycle phase live by using luv or microscope
4. Noting if in breeding happened more than one species drosophila
5. Differentiating fruit fly characteristic ( Drosophila melanogaster) between
male and female.

CHAPTER IV
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result
Egg Instar Pupa

Male imago Female imago

1. Egg
Keterangan :
1. Micropyle
2. Anterior
3. Posterior

2. Instar

Keterangan :

1. Posterior

2. Segment

3. Interior

4. Interior

5. Foot
3. Pupa

Keterangan :

1. Horn

4. Imago Jantan

Keterangan :

1. Eyes

2. Foot

3. Body

4. Wings

5. Black hole
5. imago betina

Keterangan :

1. Eyes

2. Foot

3. Body

4. Wings

5. Segmen

B. Discussion

Fruit fly ( Dosophila Melanogaster) is one of species owning life cycle

which short relative, easy go and flower breed the. Drosophila Melanogaster will
marry after old age 8 clock. Rose colored Adult fly is chocolate, dark chromatic
chest by 2 is line yellow lengthwise, at stomach shares of there are 3 transverse.
Female fly tip of its stomach is more sharp-pointed, while fly male more circular.
Cycle live by the egg until adult fly take place 16 day.
Fruit fly have 4 stadium metamorphosis, that is egg, larva, pupa and imago (adult
insect a. Egg
Female fruit fly place the egg into fruit by jabbing its ovipositor
(appliance of at egg). Ex- that rough poke is marked by the existence of stain /
black dot is which do not too clear and this matter represent the symptom of early
fruit fly attack.white Chromatic egg, long globular, and placed to team 2-15
female grain fruit fly can place the egg 1-40 item / female day .one tail B. dorsally
can yield the egg 1200-1500 item. Sarwono, dkk, ( 1993) reporting that size
measure of egg of mango fruit fly is 0,3 mm x 0,1 mm.
b. Larva
White Chromatic Larva of turbid or turn white the brass, long globular
wrongly its one back part become sharp the. Fruit fly larva consisted of by 3
shares; that is lead the, thorax and abdomen (8 joint). Head of is in form of
becoming sharp by 2 is fruit form the clear black spot, having appliance relate the
mouth. Larva stadium have 3 shares.
Larva makes the channel in fruit and suck of fruit dilution. This larva live
and expand in kernel of during 6 - 9 day, causing fruit become to decay, and
usually larva become to fall the instars to the ground before that larva become the
pupa. larva Instars 3 expanding maximum of the size + 7 mm, making hole go out
then hop or dash away from fruit, and become the pupa in land.
Existence of Larva of in fruit also earns the stimulation of growth and
other organism rotten life. Most stadiums, damage is larva stadium, what is
generally expanding in fruit
c. Pupa
Pupa (pupa) of[is in form of oval, chocolate colour, and length 5 mm. A
period of/to pupa is 4 - 10 day and afterwards go out the adult insect ( imago) fruit
fly
d. Imago
Imago of fairish Fruit fly rata-rat a 0,7 mm X 0,3 mm and consisted of by
the head, chest thorax), and abdomen.
Thorax consisted of by 3 joint, orange chromatic, red is chocolate, black or
brown; and own a couple of wing. At B. dorsal is complex, usually there are two
lengthwise line and a couple of transparent wing.
At abdomen generally there are two athwart ribbon and one lengthwise
ribbon of black color or form the letter T which ill defined sometime. Tip of
female fly abdomen more sharp-pointed and have the appliance of site egg (strong
ovipositor)yang enough to penetrate the fruit husk, while masculine oat fly of its
abdomen is stronger.
Cycle the fruit fly life from adult egg until in trop. take place 25 day. After
exit from pupa, fly require the protein source for the food of its and preparation
lay eggs.
 CHAPTER V
CONLUSSION AND SUGESSTION

A. Conclusion
1. cycle live the fruit fly ( Drosophila Melanogaster) started from egg, larva,
chrysalis ( pupa) and imago
2. Fruit fly ( Drosophila Melanogaster) masculine of its size measure smaller
than female and at female have 7 segment and masculine 5 segment.
B. Suggestion
a. For Laboratory
1. Laboratory should prepare complete equipment and materials which
will be use in practicum, so easy for practicant to done the practicum.
2. Laboratory should complete the practicum rooms with air conditioner
or fan so make practicant glad to be in laboratory.
For Practicant
1. Practicant should prepare anything they need before enter into
laboratory, so they will easy to done practicum.
2. Practicant should work together with teammate, so practicum will be
faster and the result.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adisumarto.1988.Genetika.Jakarta: Erlangga
Anonyma.2010.Drosophila melanogaster. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila
melanogaster
Anonymb. 2010. Life cycle http://www.unjabisnis.com/2009/12/pembuatan medium
drosophila.html
Elrod, Susan. 2006. Genetika Edisi Empat. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Hartati 2009. Penuntun Praktikum Genetika. Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM.

Makassar.

John,F lasley.1963. Genetics of live stock improvement. New Jersey. Department

of animal husbandry Universty of Nissouri.
Norton.1975. An introduction to genetics. New York. The University of
Minnesota gardner
Suryo. 2008. Genetika. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.

Victoria henuhili,suratsih. 2002. Genetika. Makassar : Biologi UNM

Drosophila: Life Cycle
Scientists study Drosophila as a model specimen because of their very short life and
reproduction cycle. In fact, their life cycles only last about 14 days! Since fruit flies don't
live forever, reproduction is critical to keep the species alive.

Are you familiar with a butterfly's life cycle? If so, you'll see that Drosophila's life cycle is
very similar to a butterfly's. They both undergo complete metamorphosis, which means
that the young form looks very different from the adult! Unlike baby humans, who have all
of their adult structures (arms, legs, fingers, nose, etc.) and look like small versions of
adults, the baby fruit fly looks very different from the adult. The baby, or larva, looks like a
small worm, and does not have adult structures like wings or legs.

Like many species, female fruit flies produce eggs and males produce sperm. When the
egg and sperm unite, a new individual develops. In fruit flies, sperm is deposited from the
male fruit fly into the female fruit fly. The female stores sperm inside of her. The eggs are
fertilized when they pass through the oviduct on their way to being deposited on a food
source.

Fruit flies begin their lives as an embryo in an egg. This stage lasts for about one day.
During this time, the embryo develops into a larva. The first instar larva hatches out of the
egg, crawls into a food source, and eats. The larva in each stage eats as much as
possible! After a day, the first instar larva molts and becomes the second instar larva.
Again, the larva in this stage eats and eats! After two days in this stage, the larva molts
again to become the third instar larva. After three days of eating in this stage, the larva
crawls out of the food source and molts again.

Following this molt, the larva stops moving and forms a pupa. Drosophila stays in the
pupa for about five days. During this time, the metamorphosis, or change, from larva to
adult is occurring. Adult structures, like wings, legs, and eyes develop.

When the adults emerge from the pupa, they are fully formed. They become fertile after
about ten hours, copulate, the females lay eggs, and the cycle begins again. The whole
life cycle takes about 12-14 days.

Drosophila (fruit fly) Butterfly

Egg Egg
1st Instar Larva
2nd Instar Larva Larva (caterpillar)
3rd Instar Larva
Pupa Chrysalis/pupa
Adult Fruit Fly Adult Butterfly
[edit] Life cycle and reproduction

Egg of D. melanogaster

The D. melanogaster lifespan is about 30 days at 29 °C (84 °F).

The developmental period for Drosophila melanogaster varies with temperature,

as with many ectothermic species. The shortest development time (egg to adult), 7
days, is achieved at 28 °C (82 °F).[5][6] Development times increase at higher
temperatures (11 days at 30 °C or 86 °F) due to heat stress. Under ideal
conditions,

Mating fruit flies. Note the sex combs on the forelegs of the male (insert)

Females become receptive to courting males at about 8–12 hours after emergence.
[10]
Males perform a sequence of five behavioral patterns to court females. First,
males orient themselves while playing a courtship song by horizontally extending
and vibrating their wings. Soon after, the male positions itself at the rear of the
female's abdomen in a low posture to tap and lick the female genitalia. Finally, the
male curls its abdomen, and attempts copulation. Females can reject males by
moving away and extruding their ovipositor. The average duration of successful
copulation is 30 minutes, during which males transfer a few hundred very long
(1.76 mm) sperm cells in seminal fluid to the female.[11] Females store the sperm
in a tubular receptacle and in two mushroom-shaped spermathecae, sperm from
multiple matings compete for fertilization. A last male precedence is believed to
exist in which the last male to mate with a female sires approximately 80% of her
offspring. This precedence was found to occur through displacement and
incapacitation.[12]. The displacement is attributed to sperm handling by the female
fly as multiple matings are conducted and is most significant during the first 1–2
days after copulation. Displacement from the seminal receptacle is more
significant than displacement from the spermathecae.[12] Incapacitation of first
male sperm by second male sperm becomes significant 2–7 days after copulation.
The seminal fluid of the second male is believed to be responsible for this
incapacitation mechanism (without removal of first male sperm) which takes
effect before fertilization occurs.[12] The delay in effectiveness of the
incapacitation mechanism is believed to be a protective mechanism that prevents a
male fly from incapacitating its own sperm should it mate with the same female
fly repetitively.[12]