Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Copyright © P. Kundur
This material should not be used without the author's consent
1539pk
Performance Equations and Parameters
of Transmission Lines
ACT - 1
1539pk
For balanced steady-state operation, the performance of
transmission lines may be analyzed in terms of single-
phase equivalents.
where z
ZC =
y
γ = zy = α + jβ
ACT - 2
1539pk
The constant ZC is called the characteristic
impedance and γ is called the propagation constant.
L
ZC = = Real Number
C
(pure resistance)
γ = jβ = Imaginary number
ACT - 3
1539pk
For a lossless line, Equations 6.8 and 6.9 simplify to
~ ~
V = VR cos βx + jZC IR sin βx (6.17)
~ ~ V~R
I = I R cos βx + j sin βx (6.18)
ZC
When dealing with lightening/switching surges, HV
lines are assumed to be lossless. Hence, ZC with
losses neglected is commonly referred to as the surge
impedance.
V02
SIL = watts
ZC
~
I = I R e γx (6.21)
ACT - 4
1539pk
Hence, for a lossless line at SIL,
V and I have constant amplitude along the line
V and I are in phase throughout the length of the line
The line neither generates nor absorbs VARS
ACT - 5
1539pk
Typical Parameters
* direct buried paper insulated lead covered (PILC) and high pressure pipe
type (PIPE)
ACT - 6
1539pk
Voltage Profile of a Radial Line at No-
No-Load
ES sin βx (6.36)
I= j
Z C cos θ
ACT - 7
1539pk
As an example, consider a 300 km, 500 kV line with
β = 0.0013 rads/km, ZC = 250 ohms, and ES = 1.0 pu:
ACT - 8
1539pk
(a) Schematic Diagram
~ PR − jQR
IR = ~
VR*
Assuming the line to be lossless, from Equation 6.17
with x = l
~ ~ P − jQ
ES = VR cos θ + jZC sinθ R ~* R
V
R
Fig. 6.7 shows the relationship between VR and PR for a
300 km line with different loads and power factors.
The load is normalized by dividing PR by P0, the natural
load (SIL), so that the results are applicable to overhead
lines of all voltage ratings.
ACT - 10
1539pk
Figure 6.7 Voltage-power characteristics of a 300 km
lossless radial line
ACT - 11
1539pk
Voltage - Power Characteristics
of a Radial Line (cont'd)
ACT - 12
1539pk
Figure 6.8 Relationship between receiving end voltage,
line length, and load of a lossless radial line
ACT - 13
1539pk
Voltage-Power Characteristic of a Line
Voltage-
Connected to Sources at Both Ends
ACT - 14
1539pk
Power Transfer and Stability
Considerations
ES ER
PO =
ZC
PO
PR = sin δ
sinθ
ACT - 15
1539pk
Figure 6.10 PR-δ and Vm-PR characteristics of 400 km lossless
line transmitting power between two large systems
ACT - 16
1539pk
Reactive Power Requirements
General Comments
ACT - 17
1539pk
Figure 6.11 Terminal reactive power as a function of power
transmitted for different line lengths
ACT - 18
1539pk
Loadability Characteristics
ACT - 19
1539pk
"St. Clair Curve"
ACT - 20
1539pk
Stability Limit Calculation for Line
Loadability
ACT - 21
1539pk
Factors Influencing Transfer of Active
and Reactive Power
δ = load angle
Φ = power factor angle
ACT - 22
1539pk
The complex power at the receiving end is
~ ~
~ ~ ~* ~ ES − ER
SR = PR + jQ R = ER I = ER
jX
E cos δ + jES sin δ − ER
= ER S
jX
Hence,
ES ER (6.79)
PR = sin δ
X
ES ER cos δ − ER2 (6.80)
QR =
X
Similarly,
ES ER (6.81)
PS = sin δ
X
ES2 − ES ER cos δ (6.82)
QS =
X
ACT - 23
1539pk
(a) Condition with δ = 0:
From Equations 6.79 to 6.82, we have
PR = PS = 0
ER (ES − ER ) ES (ES − ER )
QR = , QS =
X X
QS − QR =
(E S − ER )
2
= XI 2
X
E2
PR = PS = sin δ
X
E2
QS = −QR = (1 − cosδ )
X
1
= XI2
2
ACT - 25
1539pk
(c) General case applicable to any condition:
We now have
P R2 + Q R2
Qloss = XI = X
2
(6.85)
ER2
P R2 + Q R2
Ploss = RI = R
2
(6.86)
E R2
ACT - 26
1539pk
Conclusions Regarding Transfer of Active and
Reactive Power
ACT - 27
1539pk
Appendix to Section on AC Transmission
ACT - 28
1539pk
ACT - 29
1539pk
ACT - 30
1539pk
ACT - 31
1539pk
ACT - 32
1539pk
ACT - 33
1539pk
ACT - 34
1539pk
ACT - 35
1539pk
ACT - 36
1539pk
ACT - 37
1539pk
ACT - 38
1539pk
ACT - 39
1539pk
ACT - 40
1539pk
ACT - 41
1539pk