9
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS AND METHODS FOR EVALUATING THE FLASHOVER
PERFORMANCE OF OUTDOOR INSULATORS ON A LARGE SCALE
Masoud FARZANEH 1 , Jean-Francois DRAPEAU2 ,
1 2
NSERC/ Hydro -Quebec /UQAC Institut de recherche
Industrial Chair on Atmospheric d’Hydro -Québec (IREQ)
Icing of Power Network (Varennes, Canada)
Equipment (CIGELE)
(Chicoutimi, Canada)
Abstract - This paper presents the new facilities of
the University of Québec at Chicoutimi designed
for large-scale evaluation of the electrical
performance of insulators under atmospheric icing
conditions. It also reports on the test method used
for evaluating the maximum withstand voltage of
a 735-kV station post insulator type with a
standard shed design. The tests were carried out
under wet-grown ice, during a melting period, on
a portion of insulator with a dry arcing distance of
about 2 m, corresponding to 50% of full scale.
The ice was produced at an air temperature of
-12 o C from supercooled droplets impinging on the
vertically installed insulator in the climatic
chamber. The results are highly meaningful as
they are used as the reference for ranking several
other station post insulator types and
configurations in order to choose the adequate one
for a new Hydro-Québec 735-kV substation
planned for construction.
1. INTRODUCTION
Insulator flashover under ice and snow conditions still
constitutes a challenging problem for overhead
electrical power transmission systems experiencing
atmospheric ice accretion. Reports from several utilities
demonstrate that the flashover phenomenon can occur
on most line and post type insulators during or after ice
and snow accretion followed by a period of warming
[4, 5, 18, 21, 22, 26-28, 31]. In Canada, most of the
significant insulator flashovers are reported to occur
during the melting period on station post insulators
covered with snow or ice [4, 5, 18].
Ice and snow have 2 significant roles in reducing the
flashover voltage of outdoor insulators [8]. First, the
leakage distance is reduced to approximately the dry
arcing distance if the shed spaces are completely
bridged. Second, the water present in the snow or on
the surface of the accreted ice is highly conductive in
general, causing relatively high voltage drops along the
1
Changiz TAVAKOLI1 , Michel J. ROY3
3
TransEnergie (Hydro-Quebec)
(Montreal, Canada)
air gaps, i.e. the zones on the insulators without ice or
snow. These air gaps are normally created near the
electrodes by the melting process caused by the heating
effects of partial arcs active in these areas, as the voltage
drops are relatively high [5, 20, 30]. Air gaps could also
be created by snow or ice shedding during or after
accretion.
A relatively large number of laboratory investigations
and theoretical studies have been carried out to quantify
the effects of individual parameters of ice and snow on
the critical flashover voltage of insulators. Reviews of
most of these investigations have been reported in
previous work [14, 16] and recent papers by a CIGRE
task force [2, 3]. These reviews have shown the need
for more substantial studies in this field and, especially,
the necessity to establish standard methods for
evaluating the electrical performance of insulators under
icing conditions. The reviews also revealed that, in
spite of many worthwhile studies, the role of many
major insulator parameters such as shed profile,
diameter and spacing, material covering the insulator
surfaces as well as the relation between the dry arcing
distance and flashover voltage, have not yet been clearly
determined. More recently, a new IEEE task force on
insulator icing problems was created and a position
paper was prepared [13]. The main purpose of this
paper is to positively respond to at least one of these
preoccupations, namely the establishment of methods
for evaluating the electrical performance of insulators
under atmospheric conditions including ice, snow and
cold fog.
The need for more research and development in the field
of atmospheric icing of power network equipment,
including insulators, led the CIGELE researchers of the
University of Québec at Chicoutimi (UQAC) to design
and construct a world-renowned and unique laboratory
with state-of-the-art equipment on the university
campus. Such a project, in the framework of the
Canada Foundation projects, was made possible thanks
to major financial support granted to Professor
Farzaneh’s research team by the Québec and Canadian
governments, Hydro-Québec and UQAC.
Using part of this infrastructure, namely a specially conditions and with a potential for further research
designed climatic chamber and a 350-kV AC system, under ice and contamination, this system with its 2 tap
the performance of several types and configurations of switches has a minimum short-circuit current of 10 A at
735-kV station post insulators was evaluated in a 130 kV, a maximum of 42 A at 240 kV and 32 A at
project undertaken in collaboration with Hydro-Québec. 350 kV. For voltages lower than 130 kV, a second
The primary objective of the overall project was to rank transformer of 120 kV, 240 kVA with a maximum
the insulators on the basis of their maximum withstand short-circuit current of 28 A is used.
voltage (VWS) under various icing conditions in order to
select the most adequate insulators and configurations.
In a first, exploratory, stage of the project, several 3
solutions were tested on very short portions (0.6 m) of
insulators [6, 7, 10]. In the present stage, the new
insulator types and configurations are being more
thoroughly investigated on a larger scale, with dry
arcing distances of about 2m. These insulators are 1
planned to be implemented in a new Hydro-Québec
735-kV substation. The main purpose of this paper is to
present the set-up and describe the methods used for 2
evaluating the maximum withstand voltage of ice-
covered insulators. In addition, the results obtained on a
profile of one of the standard sheds, used as reference,
are presented.

2. FACILITIES AND PROCEDURE 1 Water droplet generator

2 Insulator under test
2.1. Facilities 3 HV Bushing
The tests were performed in a uniquely designed
climatic chamber at the University of Québec at Fig. 1: Inside of the UQAC climate room used in this
Chicoutimi (UQAC) in close collaboration with Hydro- study
Québec. This chamber, 6 m (w) x 6 m (l) x 9 m (h), has
a roof designed to open, allowing for the collection of
natural precipitation, especially snow. It is also
equipped with a HV SF6 composite bushing as well as a
sophisticated water droplet generator for physical
simulations of cold precipitation. The ammonia cooling
system and computer-controlled regulators allow a
desired air temperature as low as –30°C ± .2°C to be
obtained very rapidly.
The water droplet generator comprises a system of
6 oscillating pneumatic nozzles located in front of a
diffusing honeycombed panel. Behind the panel, a series
of fans are placed in a tapering box. The fans can be
mounted in a single- or double-stage arrangement,
depending on the desired wind velocity. The specific Fig. 2: UQAC 350 kV alternating high-voltage system
design of the water droplet generator enables its position
to be changed for the formation of a very uniform ice on The test data, including the temperature, voltage and
the test object mounted in any position (horizontal, current, is monitored by commercial software integrated
vertical or transversal). The system is also able to into a PC-compatible computer. The results are
produce the ice on a large-surface test object, as the presented in MS Excel Table formats for further
wind generation system is composed of 24 fans treatment and analysis. Considering the long duration
uniformly distributed on a large panel in the climatic of each evaluation test, only the peak values of the
chamber. leakage-current data during positive and negative half-
Figure 1 shows the inside of the chamber featuring the cycles is monitored.
water droplet generator (1), the insulators under test (2)
and the HV bushing (3).
2.2. Insulator tested
The high-voltage system is composed of a newly
designed 350-kV, 700-kVA transformer and its Different 735-kV station post insulator types and
associated voltage regulator (Fig. 2). Specially configurations were tested under various icing
designed for flashover tests on insulators under icing conditions. For the purpose of the present paper, the

2
results are presented for just one insulator, which serves substations. This type of ice is considered the most
mainly as a reference. This insulator is a normal glazed dangerous, since it is associated with the highest
porcelain type with a standard shed profile and is typical probability of flashover [15, 17].
of those used in Hydro-Québec 735-kV substations. The density of ice accumulated on the insulators was
Figure 3 shows one unit of the tested insulator and some determined by weight and volume measurements. The
of its characteristics. A dry arcing distance of about 2 m volume was obtained by immersing an ice sample in
of these insulators, corresponding to 50% of full scale, light mineral oil. The conductivity of the water feeding
is tested in this study. the nozzles was adjusted to a desired value by adding
sodium chloride to de-ionized water. The median
volume diameter of the supercooled droplets impinging
on the insulators at an average angle of about 53o ,
compared to the vertical axis of the insulators, was
measured by exposing a glass slide coated with a
solution of Collargol to the flow of water droplets for a
short period [23]. The samples were then examined
under a microscope and the median volume diameter of
these droplets was determined from the average
diameter of approximately 1000 droplets. The intensity
of the precipitation was determined from measurements
of horizontal and vertical spray intensities using a
pluviometer designed for standard tests [24]. This
device is fitted with a divided collecting vessel, one
horizontal and one vertical, the latter facing the spray.
Lastly, the thickness of ice accumulated on the insulator
was controlled by a monitoring cylinder [11], 3.8 cm in
diameter rotating at 1 rpm.
Table 1 summarizes the test parameters during the ice
Without ice With ice (15 mm) accretion sequence.
Height 1540 mm Table 1: Test parameters for the ice accretion sequence
Arc distance 1360 mm
Leakage path 3500 mm Test parameters Parameters values
Higher part Air temperature -12°C (± 0.2°C)
Interior diam. 154 mm Droplet size 80 µm
Exterior diam. 246 mm
Freezing water conductivity 30 µS/cm at 20°C
Middle part
Interior diam. 168 mm Precipitation intensity 34 mm/h (± 7 mm/h)
Exterior diam. 262 mm Incidence angle 53° (± 5°)
Skirts Wind velocity 3.3 m/s
Number 26 Ice thickness on monitoring 15 mm
Spacing 50 mm cylinder
Upper angle 24.5 ° Voltage gradient 105 kV/m
Lower angle 6.0 ° (service voltage gradient)

Once the desired ice thickness on the monitoring

Fig. 3: 735 kV porcelain station post insulator with
normal glaze and standard shed profile
2.3. Test procedure
The test procedure for evaluating insulators under icing
conditions includes 4 basic sequences: ice accretion,
curing, melting and, lastly, evaluation of the maximum
flashover voltage.
2.3.1: Ice accretion sequence
In this sequence and for the purpose of the tests reported
here, wet-grown ice is built up on the vertically installed
insulators energized at approximately the equivalent
service voltage as used in Hydro-Québec’s 735-kV
cylinder is reached, 15 mm in this case, the water
spraying system and the voltage applied to the insulator
are turned off while the wind continues to blow at the
same velocity of 3.3 m/s, whereupon the curing
sequence begins.
2.3.2: Curing sequence
During this sequence, the temperature in the climatic
chamber is maintained at –12o C and the wind kept
blowing at 3.3 m/s for a period of 20 min to ensure that
the liquid water present on the ice surface, inside the ice
and at the ice/insulator interface, is completely frozen.
At the same time, it ensures a better adherence of the ice
on the insulator surface. This curing period has
provenparticularly relevant in the case of semi-

3
conducting glazed insulators (not presented here) [9] as
it allows the water film at the of ice/insulator interface,
created by the resistive current of about 1mA at the
insulator surface, to freeze, thus ensuring the good
adherence of ice to the insulator surface for the normal
duration of the melting sequence (described below). In
addition, the curing sequence is highly representative of
many icing episodes in natural conditions where cold
periods occur between ice accumulation and subsequent
warm-up of the air temperature.
Once this sequence is completed, the fans and the
cooling system are turned off and the insulators are
energized again at the same service voltage. This is
followed by the melting sequence.
2.3.3: Melting sequence
The melting sequence consists in raising the chamber
temperature from sub-zero temperatures to a
temperature near the melting point. The rate of increase
in air temperature is a particularly important parameter
and should be carefully controlled. In general, a low
rate is associated with the worst conditions, since it
promotes the formation of a highly conductive water
film at the ice surface with a relatively long duration
[8, 19]. In the case of a high rate of increase (i.e. much
faster than 1°C/h), the highly conductive water film
caused by melting quickly drips off, thus decreasing the
ice surface conductivity and consequently raising the
critical flashover voltage. In the present study, the air
temperature in the climatic chamber was increased in
2 steps by combining the opening of the door with an
electrical heating system [9]. In the 1st step, the
temperature was raised from –12o C to –2o C at a rate of
about 14°C/h and, in the 2nd step, from –2°C to +2.5°C
at a rate of about 3.5°C/h. Even though this rate is
higher than 1°C/h, it was considered severe enough.for
the purpose of the present study.
2.3.4: Evaluating sequence
This sequence consists in determining the maximum
withstand voltage (VWS) of the insulators under a given
ice thickness during the melting period, based on the
method described in IEC 60507 [25], established for
evaluating the electrical performance of polluted
insulators, and on the processes developed in previous
work [1, 8, 10, 29]. The moment at which the voltage
should be applied to the insulator is of great importance
and should correspond to the critical moment when the
probability of flashover is highest. This critical moment
typically coincides with the development of a water film
at the ice surface. The brightness of the ice surface, the
presence of water droplets at the tip of the icicles and/or
the steady increase in peak values of the leakage current
over 15 mA are all indications that the critical moment
at which to apply the flashover test voltage has been
reached. Each flashover test was performed for one
instance of ice accumulation on the insulators. The
maximum withstand voltage was considered the
maximum level of applied voltage at which flashover
did not occur for a minimum of 3 tests out of 4, under
similar experimental conditions. For each withstand
4
test, the insulators were kept at the test voltage for a
period of at least 15 min to ensure that no flashover
occurred during this period.
Figure 4 summarizes the different sequences of the test
procedure for evaluating the VWS of the insulators.
Ice Accretion Curing Melting Evaluating
Voltage
∆V
∆ ta ∆ tc ∆ tm Ti
-12 Temperature
°C
Fig. 4: Different sequences of test procedure
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Figure 5 shows the results of the test performed on a
portion of the standard station post insulator with a dry
arcing distance of approximately 2 m, tested under
15 mm of wet-grown ice. This quantity of ice was
selected for the present experiment in order to provide
icing conditions severe enough to induce flashovers on a
standard insulator at normal operating voltage.
Actually, based on Hydro-Québec’s service experience,
the visual aspect of ice accretions as observed in
laboratory for 15 mm corresponds to some of the most
severe cases observed in the field.
It may be observed that the maximum withstand voltage
(VWS) is 195 kVrms . Compared to the service voltage of
the insulator (~210 kVrms ), VWS is equal to 0.93 p.u.,
indicating that the maximum withstand voltage of the
insulators under the test conditions is lower than the
service voltage by about 7%. It provides evidence that
the ice severity was properly selected in accordance
with the test philosophy described above.
Under such icing conditions, the shed spacings are
completely bridged with icicles and the leakage distance
is dramatically decreased to approximately that of the
dry arcing distance. Naturally, insulator parameters
such as shed spacing and diameter, as well as the
material covering the surface of the insulators, are
among the other parameters that influence the VWS of
this insulator. The investigation of these insulator
parameters constitutes a challenge in our on-going
project for selecting the most adequate insulators and
configurations to be used in Hydro-Québec substations.

225 VWS= 195 kV
Test voltage (kV)
Flashover
210 Withstand
195
180
1 2 3 4 5 6
Test number
Service voltage: 195 kV
Conductivity: 30 µS/cm
Fig. 5: Test results obtained on an arcing distance of
2 m on a std station post insulator under an ice
thickness of 15 mm
4. CONCLUSIONS
1- The new infrastructure of UQAC used for a project
in collaboration with Hydro-Québec for evaluating
the electrical performance of insulators under
atmospheric icing conditions was presented. This
infrastructure offers great potential and flexibility for
icing tests on a large scale.
2. The electrical performance of a portion of a standard
735-kV station post insulator with an arcing distance
of about 2 m (50% of full scale) was evaluated under
severe icing conditions. The method used
comprises an icing sequence at service voltage, a
curing sequence in the absence of HV but in the
presence of wind, a melting sequence and, lastly, an
evaluation sequence consisting in determining the
maximum withstand voltage (VWS). The latter is
determined according to the method described in
IEC 60507 for evaluating the VWS of polluted
insulators.
3. Under wet-grown ice, known as the most dangerous
type associated with the highest probability of
flashover, and with an ice thickness of 15 mm
measured on a monitoring cylinder, the VWS of the
portion tested was about 7% less than the service
voltage. This confirms that the experimental
conditions selected for this study are in the range of
the most severe cases to be encountered on the
Hydro-Québec transmission system. The results
provide a solid basis for assessing new solutions
aimed to improve electrical performances under
icing conditions.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study has been carried out within the framework of
a joint research and development (CRD) project with
financial support from Hydro-Québec, the Natural
Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC)
5
of Canada and the University of Québec in Chicoutimi.
The authors would like to thank Dr. S. Brettschneider
for his active participation in laboratory tests at UQAC,
and also S. Desgagnés and P. Camirand for technical
assistance.
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Mailing addresses :
Masoud Farzaneh
NSERC/Hydro-Quebec /UQAC Industrial Chair
on Atmospheric Icing of Power Network Equipment
555, boul. de l’Universite
Chicoutimi (Quebec) G7H 2B1 CANADA
Phone : +1 418 545-5044 Fax : +1 418 545 5032
E-mail : farzaneh@uqac.ca
Jean-François Drapeau
Institut de recherche d’Hydro-Quebec (IREQ)
1800, boul. Lionel-Boulet
Varennes (Quebec) J3X 1S1 CANADA
Phone : +1 450 652-8323 Fax : +1 450 652 8181
E-mail : drapeau@ireq.ca
Changiz Tavakoli
NSERC/Hydro-Quebec /UQAC Industrial Chair
on Atmospheric Icing of Power Network Equipment
555, boul. de l’Universite
Chicoutimi (Quebec) G7H 2B1 CANADA
Phone : +1 418 545-5011 ext. 2192
Fax : +1 418 545 5032
E-mail : ctavakol@uqac.ca
Michel J. Roy
TransEnergie (Hydro-Quebec)
800, de Maisonneuve Est, 12e etage
Montreal (Quebec) H2L 4M8 CANADA
Phone : +1 514 840-3000 #5027 Fax : +1 514 840 5261
E-mail : roy.michel.j@hydro.qc.ca