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TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE
Objective
Introduction
Result
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Appendix

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1.0 OBJECTIVE

1.? To measure voltage and current using multi meter and to study the relationship between
voltage and current.
2.? To create waveform using function generator.
3.? To understand the functionality and usage of an oscilloscope.
4.? To understand how electrical/electronic circuits can be prototyped on a breadboard.
5.? To construct resistive circuit (series, parallel, series parallel) on a breadboard and to be familiar
with resistor color code.
6.? To identify the operating controls and the functions of various laboratories equipments and how
to measure value of resistance, current and voltage by using test instruments.

2.0 INTRODUCTION

This experiment also guides us about the connection of breadboard. As we know, breadboards have
many tiny sockets (called holes) arranged on a 0.1͟ grid the leads of most component can be pushed
straight into the holes. ICs best inserted across the central gap with their notch or dot to the left.

Wire links can be made with single-coated plastic-coated wire of 0.6mm diameter (the standard size).
Standard wire is not suitable because it will crumple when pushed into a hole and it many damage the
board if strands break off.

The top and bottom rows are linked horizontally all the way across as shown on the diagram. The other
holes are linked vertically in block of 5 with normally no link across the center as labeled on the diagram
shown in figure below.

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Figure : The diagram shows the breadboard connections

Figure 2.4 shows how schematics diagram on the left is realized on a breadboard. The connectors on a
breadboard allow the formation of voltage nodes with multiple connector locations.

Figure : Prototyping a resistive network on a breadboard

This experiment require the application of basic lab equipment, for examples measuring voltage and
current using a multi meter and using function generator and oscilloscope. A multi meter is an electrical

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instrument capable of measuring voltage, current, and resistant. Digital multi meters have numerical
displays, like digital clocks, for the indicating the quantity of voltage, current or resistance. Analog multi
meters indicate these quantities by means of a moving pointer over a printed scale. The device which is
called function generator provides one or more waveforms at frequencies ranging from approximately
0.1 Hz (1 cycle every 10 second) to perhaps 100 kHz. Typically waveforms are sine wave, square wave
and narrow rectangular pulse. The oscilloscope provides a two-dimensional visual display of a signal.
Most commonly it is used to show signal amplitude versus time, thus displaying the waveform of the
signal being monitored. Some oscilloscope have two or even four inputs, all using a common time base,
so the amplitude and shape as is progresses through stages of a circuit under test can be examined and
compared.

3.0 RESULT

3.3 CONNECTIONS ON BREADBOARD

a. Breadboard Continuity Test

1.? Set your multi meter to the highest resistance range available. The resistance function is usually
denoted by the unit symbol (ɏ). Touch the two test probes of your multi meter together. What
happened?
There was no value on the meter reading because the reading is getting big and bigger, which is
ь. The multi meter cannot read the value.
2.? Test the continuity between the holes on a breadboard as shown in Figure 2.6. What is your
meter reading? Is there any continuity between the holes?
The value of reading is 0.79 ё. So, there was any continuity between the holes.
3.? Test the continuity between the holes on a breadboard as shown in Figure 2.7. What is your
meter reading? Is there any continuity between the holes?
There was no reading. Thus, there was no continuity between the holes.

b. Construct a series/parallel circuit connection on breadboard

RESISTOR MEASURED RESISTANCE (ё)

ANALOG DIGITAL
R1 1.99 K 2.01 K
R2 4.60 K 4.61 K
R3 1.17 K 1.19 K
Total resistance of Figure 2.8 7.79 K 7.80 K
Total resistance of Figure 2.9 0.64 K 0.64 K

3.4 APPLICATION OF BASIC LAB EQUIPMENT

a. Measuring voltage by using a multi meter

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1.? Set the digital multi meter to measure the voltage.

2.? Set the DC power supply to supply 10V.
3.? Connect the multi meter probe power to the power supply as shown in Figure 2.10.
4.? Observe the voltage reading.
Answer: 10.05V
5.? Reverse the probe and measure again. What is the meter reading, including its sign? What can
you conclude from the meter reading?
Answer: -10.05V. It is because voltage have their own polarity; positive and negative.

b. Measure current by using a multi meter

Table 2.6

RESISTOR = 1 K ё
VOLTAGE (V) CURRENT (m A)
0V 0
10 V 0.01 A
15 V 0.015 A
20 V 0.02 A

Reverse the leads wire connection and what is meter reading, including its sign? Why is it so?

Answer: Got negative value, because its polarity.

25

R² = 0.965
20 20

15 15

4
4

10 10

 
0 0 0.01 0.015 0.02

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Resistor value from the graph : R2 = 0.965 ; R= 0.982 ё

From your observation in this experiment, how does the current vary with the voltage?

Ans : V ɲ I

c. Using function generator and oscilloscope

Adjust the setting to 2V/div, 1ms/div and measure :

1.? The rms voltage (V rms)

Answer: 3.421 V
2.? The period of the waveform (T)
Answer: 1.99 ms
3.? The frequency of the waveform (f)
Answer: 500 Hz
4.? How many cycles are displayed?
Answer: 5

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Oscilloscope Display

4.0 DISCUSSION

In this experiment, we go through the introduction of resistor color code, basic instrument and
circuit connection.

For the Part C, we observe the connections of breadboard. The holes or many tiny sockets on
the breadboard were arranged 0.1͛ grid. The lead of components can be pushed straight into the holes.
So it͛s easier for us to make up temporary circuits for testing or to try out an idea. Then, we have to test
the continuity of the breadboard. After set the multi meter to the highest resistance, we touch the two
probes of our multi meter and see what happened on the meter reading. The resistance function is
usually denoted by the unit symbol (ё). The meter reading has no value, because the reading was so big
and the multi meter does not able to read it. Then, we test the continuity between the holes on a
breadboard as shown in Figure 2.6. The value of meter reading is 0.79 ё, so there was any continuity
between the holes. It͛s happen because the top and bottom are linked horizontally all the way across.
Thus, the current can flow between the holes. Next, we have to construct a series and a parallel circuit
connection on breadboard. After complete construct the circuit, we measured the resistance of R1, R2,
R3 and the total resistance for both circuit; series and parallel. The value of resistance prove that total

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resistance for series circuit is R1 + R2 + R3 = total resistance while for parallel circuit is 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 =
total resistance.

Part D require us to be familiar with basic lab equipment such multi meter, function generator
and oscilloscope. First, we measure the voltage by using a multi meter. We set the digital multi meter to
measure the voltage, set the DC supply to supply 10 V and connect the multi meter probe to the power
supply. The voltage reading gives 10.05 V as the value. After that, we reverse the probe and measure
again. The reading gives us ʹ 10.05 V. The value has negative sign because voltage has their own
polarity. When reversing the probe, voltage also reverse to negative value. Secondly, we need to
measure the current by using a multi meter. We use 1kё resistor and set the multi meter as ammeter.
We observe the current reading with power supply set at 0 V, 10 V, 15 V and 20 V. After get the value
for each every voltage, the leads wire connections have been reverse. We get the negative value. This is
because the current also have their polarity. By using the result of the measured current, we able to plot
V versus I graph. The resistor from this graph is 0.982 ё. So, we can conclude that, V ɲ I. Third, we learn
to use function generator and oscilloscope as well. By using this two of equipment, we can find the rms
voltage, period of the waveform, the frequency of the waveform and how many cycles are displayed.
We select the sine waveform at frequency 500 Hz on the function generator, set peak to peak voltage at
10 V and set offset voltage at 0 V. Then, connect the oscilloscope to the generator. Select ͞ac coupling͟
after turn on the oscilloscope. Push the CH1 MENU button and set the probe option to 1X. The
oscilloscope also has to switch on the probe option to 1X. We need to push ͞Auto Set͟ on the
oscilloscope for automatic display setting. Adjust the setting to 2V/div, 1ms /div and we able to
measure the rms voltage (V rms), the period of waveform (T), the frequency of the waveform (f), and
the cycles displayed.

5.0 CONCLUSION

By the end of this experiment, we able to measure voltage and current using multi meter and
study the relationship between voltage and current. Besides the ability using multi meter, we also learn
to use the other basic lab equipment, for example oscilloscope and function generator. The function
generator is using to create waveform while the function of oscilloscope is used to show signal
amplitude versus time, thus displaying the waveform of the signal being monitored. Some oscilloscope
have two or even four inputs, all using a common time base, so the amplitude and shape as is
progresses through stages of a circuit under test can be examined and compared. Furthermore, we also
investigate the connections of breadboard. Then, we construct both series and parallel circuit on the
breadboard.

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