Effect of UPFC on Voltage Stability Margin

J. Raju, and P.S. Venkataramu

Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of Unified Power line. Presence of UPFC in the system also contributes in
Flow controller (UPFC) on Voltage stability Margin in a real altering the VSM of the system. Hence, it is very important to
power system. The original load flow Jacobian is modified study and quantify the effect of UPFC on VSM of the system.
incorporating the static model of an UPFC and the minimum Few researchers have worked in the area of development of
singular values (MSV) of this Jacobian matrix are computed and
compared with that of MSVs of a non-UPFC system. The results UPFC model, control aspects of UPFC etc. Noroozian et.al [9]
of the case study carried out on a 22 bus, 400kV South Indian proposed optimal power flow control in electric power system
real system is presented. by the use of UPFC, where it has been shown that UPFC has
Index Terms -- MSV, Voltage Collapse, UPFC. the capability of regulating power flow and minimizing power
losses. Fuerte Esquivel and E.Acha [10] presented a load flow
I. INTRODUCTION model of UPFC, which can be incorporated into an existing
FACTS Newton Raphson load flow algorithm. Padiyar.K.R
R ECENT power systems are being operated very close to and Kulkarni.A.M [11] proposed a control strategy for UPFC
their stability limits due to the ever-increasing demand for in which real power flow through the line is controlled while
electrical power and reduced investments by the utilities regulating magnitudes of the voltages at its two ports.
in transmission line expansion. These stressed power systems O.Z.Fang et.al [12] proposed an improved injection modeling
are experiencing a new threat of voltage instability in addition approach for power flow analysis of UPFC embedded power
to conventional angle instability. Several incidents of system system. Padiyar.K.R et.al [13] presented the development of a
collapse for the past one decade are mainly caused by the control scheme for series injected voltage of the UPFC to
voltage instability leading to voltage collapse. Many damp the power oscillations and improve transient stability in
researchers all over the world have studied this phenomenon a power system. Fang.W.L et.al [14] have developed an
and have come out with very useful conclusions on the causes, effective and reliable method to perform load flow control and
effects and possible control actions etc. Basically voltage calculation for multiple UPFC-embedded systems. Chen.H
instability is described as the monotonic decrease in bus et.al [15] discussed co-ordinated excitation and UPFC control
voltages due to insufficient and fast reactive power support. to improve power system transient stability and voltage
This decrease in bus voltages results in an insufficient stability where a robust approach is used to deal with the
synchronsing power causing the synchronous machines to pull uncertainties caused by parameter variations and the inclusion
out of synchronism (traditional angle instability problem) [1]. of UPFC controller. Huayuan Chen et.al [16] discussed
Though voltage instability is a dynamic phenomenon, it is coordinated excitation and UPFC control to improve power
being studied from static methods also mainly due to the fact system transient stability where the power system is linearised
that the static methods can provide very vital information through direct feedback linearisation technique. Cazzol.M.V
regarding the loadability margin of a bus. Apart from this, et.al [17] introduced a model of UPFC in the framework of an
static methods are very fast in computation and hence suitable interior point based OPF procedure and the good performance
for on-line applications in evaluating the static security of the of the solver is demonstrated. However there is no much work
system. Many static indicators are reported in literature and reported in quantifying the effect of UPFC on VSM of a bus in
few of them are very effective [2-5]. Minimum singular value a system. Essentially this has to be investigated through
(MSV) of a load flow Jacobian is one of the accurate static various case studies on real systems which provides better
indicator, which provides voltage stability margin (VSM) of insight in to the effect of UPFC.
the system for a selected operating condition with less In this paper the static model proposed at [9] is used and
computational effort [6-8]. the case study is carried out on a real 22-bus, 400kV system
With the advent of high power electronics devices, it is for three different UPFC locations.
possible to design power electronics equipments of high rating
for high voltage system. This has enabled the power system II. COMPUTATION OF VSM USING MSV
engineers to realize the concept of flexible A.C transmission
systems (FACTS). Unified power flow controller (UPFC) is Minimum singular value (MSV) of the load flow Jacobian
one such FACTS device which can be used to control the is one of the effective Static Voltage Collapse Proximity
active power and reactive power flow through a transmission Indicator (VCPI), which accurately indicates the nearness of
the system to voltage instability. The MSV is computed
through Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of load flow
J. Raju is with VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India Jacobian matrix. The application of the SVD method to power
(e-mail: jraju(!avit.ac.in) system voltage stability analysis has been reported widely in
P.S. Venkataramu is with VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
the past. The use of MSV of the load flow Jacobian was first
proposed as a measure of static voltage stability by Thomas
978-1-4244-1762-9/08/$25.00 C2008 IEEE et.al [6-8]. The SVD is an important and practically useful
orthogonal decomposition method used for matrix
computation. If the matrix A (nxn) is a real quadratic then the
SVD is given by
A =U VT (3.1) ----

Where U and V are the orthonormal matrices whose Psi, Ps,

columns contains the singular vectors. L is the diagonal Qsi Qsj
matrix with singular values.
To use the theory of SVD on power systems, a linearised Fig. 1. UPFC model.
relation between the active and reactive powers at nodes
versus voltage magnitudes and node angles has to be found The active and reactive powers at the ends are as given
which is established by the power flow Jacobian matrix. If the below
SVD is applied to the power flow Jacobian matrix then, such a
matrix decomposition is written as Psi= r bs Vi Vj sin (Oij + y) ---(4.1)
J= U E V ----- (3.2) Psj =-rbs Vi Vj sin(Oij+y) ---(4.2)
E is the diagonal matrix of real singular values where the Qsi = r bs Vi2 cos Y ---(4.3)
minimum singular value is given by 62(n-1) Qsj =- r bs Vi Vj cos (Oij + y) ---(4.4)
If J is non-singular, the effect on [AOAV]T for a small change
in active and reactive power injection is given by The UPFC is located between node i and node j in a power
system. The admittance matrix is modified by adding a
LAO] FAP1 reactance equivalent to Xs between node i and node j. The
=ZSi AViUiT (3.3) Jacobian matrix is modified by addition of appropriate
-AVj LAQj
injection powers. If the linearized load flow model is
Close to voltage collapse point, where the singular value is
considered as below:
almost zero, system response is entirely determined by
minimum singular value 62(n-1), its singular vector V2(n-1) and 0AP -H N-j AO
...(4.5)
U2(n-1),
Hence
The Jacobian matrix is modified as given below (where the
0Z 2(n-I)V2(n-I)U2(n-1)
5
/Q superscript 'o' denotes the Jacobian elements without UPFC).
o o
Assuming H(i,j) H (i,j) - Qsj
o
N(i,j) = N (i,j) - Psj
o
H(i,j) H (i,j) ± Qsj N(i,j) = N (i,j) - Psj
o o
LQ =U2(n-1) H(j,i) H (j,i) ± Qsj
o
N(,i) =
o
(j,i) + Psj
H(j,j) H (,j) - Qsj N(,j) = (N,j) ± Psj
Then o o
J(i,i) J (,i) L(,i) = L (,i) + 2Qsi
AO] o o
-: : V2(nl1) 1'52(n-1) ....... (3.4) J(i,j J (i,j) L(i,j) =
L (i,j)
AV] o o
Jjo,i) J (j,i) - Psj
o
L(j,i) =
L (j,i) ± Qsj
o
Hence the following observations are made J(j,j J(j,) ± sj L(jj) =
L(j,j) ± Qsj
i.) The smallest singular value of a Load flow Jacobian
is an indicator of proximity to static stability limit. This modified Jacobian matrix is incorporated in to the load
ii.The right singular vector indicates the sensitive flow algorithm and the MSVs are computed. In this study the
voltages and angles. parameters of UPFC (r, y) are arbitrarily chosen, as this work
iii.) The left singular vector indicates the most sensitive is mainly to investigate the effect of UPFC connected in
direction for change of the active and reactive power different lines on VSM.
injections.
IV. CASE STUDY AND RESULTS
III. STATIC MODEL OF UPFC
To investigate the effect of UPFC on VSM a real 22-bus,
The static UPFC model proposed in [9] is incorporated in 400kV, 27 lines south Indian system is selected. The peak load
this paper. This UPFC injection method can easily be on the system is 3715.61 MW and 1042.66 MVAR.
incorporated in to the steady state power flow model. VSMs indicated by MSVs are computed for base load
condition (without UPFC) for the following cases of change in
The UPFC injection model is shown in Fig. 1. busloads:
i. Increase of only active power load keeping reactive
power load constant.
 ii. Increase of only reactive power load keeping active 11 0.0345 0.2081 0.0199 0.0285 l
power load constant. 12 0.1948 0.0888 0.1887 0.1470
13 0.1495 0.0493 0.1333 0.1297
One UPFC with r=0.03 and y=60' is connected in the 14 0.2461 0.1201 0.3494 0.1658
following three locations individually: 19 0.0519 0.2102 0.0451 0.0532
i. Line connecting a load bus and generator bus (bust 1- 20 0.0456 0.4404 0.0349 0.0443
busl 7) 21 0.0377 0.1967 0.0208 0.0359
ii. Heavily loaded line connecting two load buses TABLE II
(busl3-busl4) VSMs LOAD BUSES WITHOUT AND WITH UPFC
iii. Relatively lightly loaded line connecting two load (LOAD INCREASE BY VARYING REACTIVE POWER ONLY)
buses (bus2-bus8)
VSMs indicated by MSVs of the modified Jocabian matrix MSV MSV
are computed for all the locations of UPFC and for two MSV with UPFC with UPFC
with UPFC between between
different cases of busload increase.
The results are tabulated in Table I and Table II. Following Bus MSV between two load two load
no
without
UPFC
Generator
and load
bus
(13-14)
bus
(2-8)
observations are made based on the results:
bus (Heavily (Lightly
(11-17) loaded loaded
i. In general VSMs of all the buses varies considerably line) line)
with incorporation of UPFC in the system. 2 0.1276 0.1846 0.0277 0.0762
ii. VSMs of most of the buses (9 out of 13) increase 5 0.3408 0.1801 0.1974 0.1263
substantially with UPFC connected between a 7 0.2671 0.2614 0.2673 0.2677
generator bus and load bus for real power increase 8 0.3886 0.0846 0.0571 0.0670
10 0.0872 0.1826 0.0376 0.0928
case. But in case of reactive increase it is noticed that 11 0.0406 0.2406 0.0072 0.0479
VSMs increases in four buses out of which increase 12 0.3065 0.0059 0.2241 0.2051
is very marginal in two buses. 13 0.3475 0.1553 0.2399 0.2222
iii. VSMs of the neighboring two buses (bus 10 & bus 14 0.5186 0.0203 0.2914 0.4768
19) increases very sharply both in active power 19 0.1033 0.1403 0.0881 0.1085
increase and reactive power increase case. 20 0.6033 0.2596 0.6083 0.5721
21 0.3934 0.2358 894.53 0.1618
iv. VSMs of most of the buses (including the bus to
which UPFC is connected) are found to be decreased To draw further inferences on the effect of UPFC, the
with the incorporation of UPFC between two load analysis is carried out based on the changes in the overall
buses (13 & 14, heavily loaded line) for both the
cases of load increase
system active power losses. System losses are initially
v. Increase VSM is very marginal whereas decrease in
computed with the load of a bus maintaining at its voltage
VSM is very sharp with the UPFC connected in a collapse point without UPFC. Losses are computed
heavily loaded line for both cases of load increases. incorporating the UPFC in above mentioned three location and
results are tabulated in Table III and I Table V. Following
vi. Similar observations (no. 4 & no.5) are found with observations are made based on the results:
the UPFC located in a relatively lightly loaded line (2 i. Losses are reduced in most of the cases when the
& 8).
UPFC is located between generator bus and a load
Based on the system selected and for the selected UPFC bus (11 & 17). Losses are increased marginally when
parameters it may be concluded that if UPFC is located the loads of the following buses are kept at their
between the generator bus and load bus considerable collapse point: bus 2, 5,7,12 & 20.
enhancement in VSM could be achieved for both the cases of ii. When bus 11 is at its collapse point losses are
load increase. reduced considerably with the UPFC located between
a generator bus and load bus.
TABLE I iii. System looses are reduced marginally for most of the
VSMs LOAD BUSES WITHOUT AND WITH UPFC cases with the UPFC located in a heavily loaded line
(LOAD INCREASE BY VARYING ACTIVE POWER ONLY) for varying real power case whereas it increases for
MSV MSV
varying reactive power case.
MSV with UPFC with UPFC iv. Losses are increased and decreased in equal number
with UPFC between between of cases with the UPFC connected in a lightly loaded
Bus MSV between two load two load line.
without Generator bus bus It may be concluded from the above observations that the
no UPFC and load (3-14) (2-8)
bus (Heavily (Lightly connection of UPFC in the system has a considerable effect on
(11-17) loaded loaded altering the system losses when the system load is at collapse
line) line) point.
2 0.0559 0.1963 0.0559 0.0763
5 0.0524 0.2252 0.0423 0.0005
7 0.0297 0.1805 0.0418 0.0036
8 0.0713 0.1143 0.1067 0.2615
10 0.0236 0.2056 0.0627 0.0657
 TABLE III VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SYSTEM LOSSES WHEN EACH BUS LOAD IS AT THE COLLAPSE
POINT WITHOUT AND WITH UPFC
(LOAD INCREASE BY VARYING ACTIVE POWER ONLY) The authors are grateful to the managements of Vellore
Institute of Technology, Vellore, National Institute of
Active Active Power Active Power Active Power Engineering, Mysore and Govt. of Bhutan for the
Active loss in MW loss in MW loss in MW encouragement and support.
Power with UPFC with UPFC
Bus loss in between two between two
no MW
between
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