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CHRONOLOGY

The following steps have been followed in carrying out the


project.
 Study the book on the relevant topic.

 Understand the working of the circuit.


 Prepare the circuit diagram.

 Prepare the list of component along with their application.


 Estimate the cost and procure them after carrying out
survey.

 Plan and prepare PCB for mounting all the component.fix


the component on the PCB and solder them.
 Tool the circuit for their desired performance.

 Trace and rectify false if any.


 Give good finish to the unit.

 Prepare the project report.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

 PROJECT TITLE

 RECOMMONDATION

 CANDIDATES DECLERATION

 CERTIFICATE

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 CHRONOLOGY

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

 LIST OF FIGURE

 REVIEW OF UNITS

 REFERENCES
LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

 Block diagram of temperature indicator and controller.


CHAPTER 3. LAYOUT

 PCB layout of temperature indicator and controller.


CHAPTER 4. WORKING

 Basic function or working of project.


 System hardware designing
 Soldering
 Temperature sensor
 Microcontroller
 Capacitors
 Diode
 Resistance
 Transistor
 Transformer
 Rectifier
 Relay
CHAPTER 5. COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT

 Temperature sensor LM35,


 Microcontroller 89c52,
 ADC 0804
 Rectifier
 Relay
CHAPTER 6, DATA SHEETS

 LM 35
 AT89C51
 ADC0804
 LM78L05A
REVIEW OF UNITS

 Chapter first provides all brief intro of temperature


indicator and controller.
 Chapter two and three shows the block and circuit
diagram of the project.
 Chapter four describes the working of the temperature
indicator and controller.
 Chapter five explains components used in the project.
 Chapter six contains
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Temperature control in manufacturing is a quintessential part
of proper product formation. If the temperature slips above or
below the ideal range needed for a particular stage in a
manufacturing process, the results can be harmful—improperly
adhered coatings, a weakened base material, or an overall
compromised component—so it becomes increasingly
important that the manufacturer not only determine the
proper temperature for each stage, but also monitor the
temperature inside the machine and receive appropriate
feedback.
An on/off temperature control is the least expensive of the
control types, and also the most simple in terms of how it
works. The control is either on or off—if the temperature drops
below a certain point, the control signals to the machine to turn
raise the temperature. Likewise, if a temperature goes above a
certain point, the control is triggered to tell the machine to
lower the temperature. A common example of on/off systems
is a household thermostat. When the temperature drops below
a certain point, the controller triggers the heater to raise the
temperature back to the programmed value. With air-
conditioning it works the other way: if the temperature rises
past a certain point, the controller triggers the air-conditioner,
dropping the temperature back to the programmed norm.
CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
CHAPTER 3
Layout
CHAPTER 4
WORKING

Working of this project is totally based on the temperature


sensor. To accurately control process temperature without
extensive operator involvement, a temperature control system
relies upon a controller, which accepts a temperature sensor
such as a thermocouple or RTD as input. It compares the actual
temperature to the desired control temperature, or set-point,
and provides an output to a control element. The controller is
one part of the entire control system, and the whole system
should be analyzed in selecting the proper controller. The
following items should be considered when selecting a
controller.
1. Type of input sensor (thermocouple, RTD) and
temperature range
2. Type of output required (electromechanical relay, SSR,
analog output)
3. Control algorithm needed (on/off, proportional, PID)
4. Number and type of outputs (heat, cool, alarm, limit)

There are three basic types of controllers: on-off, proportional


and PID. Depending upon the system to be controlled, the
operator will be able to use one type or another to control the
process.
On/Off Control:-
An on-off controller is the simplest form of temperature control
device. The output from the device is either on or off, with no
middle state. An on-off controller will switch the output only
when the temperature crosses the setpoint. For heating
control, the output is on when the temperature is below the
setpoint, and off above setpoint. Since the temperature crosses
the setpoint to change the output state, the process
temperature will be cycling continually, going from below
setpoint to above, and back below. In cases where this cycling
occurs rapidly, and to prevent damage to contactors and valves,
an on-off differential, or “hysteresis,” is added to the controller
operations. This differential requires that the temperature
exceed setpoint by a certain amount before the output will turn
off or on again. On-off differential prevents the output from
“chattering” or making fast, continual switches if the cycling
above and below the setpoint occurs very rapidly. On-off
control is usually used where a precise control is not necessary,
in systems which cannot handle having the energy turned on
and off frequently, where the mass of the system is so great
that temperatures change extremely slowly, or for a
temperature alarm. One special type of on-off control used for
alarm is a limit controller. This controller uses a latching relay,
which must be manually reset, and is used to shut down a
process when a certain temperature is reached.
Proportional Control:-
Proportional controls are designed to eliminate the cycling
associated with on-off control. A proportional controller
decreases the average power supplied to the heater as the
temperature approaches setpoint. This has the effect of
slowing down the heater so that it will not overshoot the
setpoint, but will approach the setpoint and maintain a stable
temperature. This proportioning action can be accomplished by
turning the output on and off for short time intervals. This
"time proportioning" varies the ratio of “on” time to "off" time
to control the temperature. The proportioning action occurs
within a “proportional band” around the setpoint temperature.
Outside this band, the controller functions as an on-off unit,
with the output either fully on (below the band) or fully off
(above the band). However, within the band, the output is
turned on and off in the ratio of the measurement difference
from the setpoint. At the setpoint (the midpoint of the
proportional band), the output on:off ratio is 1:1; that is, the
on-time and off-time are equal. if the temperature is further
from the setpoint, the on- and off-times vary in proportion to
the temperature difference. If the temperature is below
setpoint, the output will be on longer; if the temperature is too
high, the output will be off longer.
PID Control:-
The third controller type provides proportional with integral
and derivative control, or PID.
This controller combines proportional control with two
additional adjustments, which helps the unit automatically
compensate for changes in the system. These adjustments,
integral and derivative, are expressed in time-based units; they
are also referred to by their reciprocals, RESET and RATE,
respectively. The proportional, integral and derivative terms
must be individually adjusted or “tuned” to a particular system
using trial and error. It provides the most accurate and stable
control of the three controller types, and is best used in
systems which have a relatively small mass, those which react
quickly to changes in the energy added to the process. It is
recommended in systems where the load changes often and
the controller is expected to compensate automatically due to
frequent changes in setpoint, the amount of energy available,
or the mass to be controlled.OMEGA offers a number of
controllers that automatically tune themselves. These are
known as auto tune controllers.
System Hardware designing:-
System hardware designing is divided in to 3 sections
A. CPU Board
B. Input Board
C. PCB designing
A. CPU Board Designing:
In our project we are using 89C51 micro-controller as CPU.
89C51 micro-controller requires some extra supporting
hardware like + 5 volts power supply, POR as well as manual
RESET, Clock generator, pull up resisters, and LCD display.

1. Power supply
For getting +5 volts supply, we are using 7805 IC. The minimum
input to 7805 is +7 Vdc and Maximum input is + 35 Vdc.

2. POR and Manual RESET:


When we switch ON the power supply of the CPU board then
micro-controller must be RESET to start the program execution
from 0000H memory location. Therefore POR is must. POR
means Power On Reset. For this purpose we have to use RC
differentiator circuit. RC differentiator circuit will provide logic
High pulse to RESET pin of 89C51, when you switch ON the
power supply.
Some times we requires manual RESET. For this purpose one
push to ON tact switch is used.
When you press this tact switch then logic high signal is given to
the RESET pin of the Micro-controller 89C51.
3. Clock Generator:
The maximum clock frequency of the Micro-controller 89C51 is
24 Mhz. Therefore we can use any frequency less then 24 Mhz.
But if we are using PC interfacing then for selecting the bits per
second we have to use particular crystal. For selecting 9600 bits
per second we have to use 11.0593 MHz crystal.
Now just connecting the crystal is not sufficient to generate the
clock, it requires two additional capacitors to generate the
starting spike pulse.

4. External Pull Up resister:


In micro-controller port 0 does not have internal pull up resister
therefore we have to use the external pull up resister at port 0.
At other ports external pull up resistor is optional. But we had
connected the external pull up registers for other ports also.

5. LCD DISPLAY:
In our project to monitor the temperature, we require LCD
display. The disadvantage of LCD is it will not emit the light.
Therefore to remove this disadvantage we have to select the
LCD, which has backlight LED.
Two lines are sufficient for our project. Therefore we can select
2 line 16 character LCD display.
B. INPUT Board Designing:-

In INPUT board we have following parameters to design.


1. Power supply
2. Temperature measurement
3. ADC designing

1.Power supply:-
In our project Temperature measurement requires +5Vdc and -
5Vdc supply. For getting + 5 Vdc and . 5 Vdc supply, first 230
Vac supply is converted into 12-0-12 Vac by using center tapped
step down transformer. This 12-0-12 Vac supply is given to
bridge formed by diode 1N4007.
The output of the bridge is pulsating dc voltage therefore we
are using two 1000uF/25V filter capacitor.
The output of the filter is +12Vdc and .12 Vdc. But we want + 5
Vdc and . 5 Vdc. For this purpose we have to use IC 7805 and IC
7905.
The minimum input to 7805 is +7 Vdc and Maximum input is +
35 Vdc. And we are giving + 12 Vdc as input to the 7805.
Therefore the output of the 7805 is constant regulated +5 Vdc.
The minimum input to 7905 is .
7 Vdc and Maximum input is . 35 Vdc. And we are giving .12 Vdc
as input to the 7905. Therefore the output of the 7905 is
constant regulated . 5 Vdc.
2.Temperature measurement circuit designing:-
In our project we are using LM 35 as temperature sensor. LM
35 temperature sensor converts temperature in to electric
form. Sensitivity of LM 35 is 10 mV / 0C.
For 30 0C output of LM35 is +300 mV. This output is given to
signal conditioning block. Signal conditioning block has 2 op-
amps. First op-amp is used as voltage follower; Second op-amp
is used as amplifier with gain of 10.
The overall gain of signal conditioning block is + 10. Therefore
output of signal conditioning block for 30 0C is 3000 mV. This
output is given to ADC. The resolution of ADC 0808 for 5
Voltage is 20mV. Therefore output of ADC for 30 0C (i.e. for
3000 mV input) is 96H in hexadecimal. This output is compared
with lookup table. The output of look up table for 96H is 30.00
degree Celsius.

3. ADC designing:-

The ADC designing is very important in our project. Because


without this we can.t measure the
temperature. For designing the ADC card we have to find the
resolution of ADC. Without knowing the
resolution of ADC we can.t design temperature measurement
circuit.
Resolution means minimum change that can be detected by the
ADC.
The resolution of ADC is given by following equation

1. Resolution =    Vref
Where,
N = No of output bits
Vref = Reference voltage
In our project we are using ADC 0808. Number of output bits of
ADC 0808 is 8 and the reference voltage is + 5 Vdc. Putting
these values in the equation we are getting resolution of ADC =
20 mV/ OC.
Following table gives the idea about the resolution of ADC.
Thus from above table we can say to get output of ADC = 0000
0001 in binary we have to apply +20 mV dc input.
Again next parameter designing is clock of ADC. We had used IC
555 in AMV mode to generate clock frequency of 10 KHz.

C. PCB Designing:
For designing the PCB we had used Express PCB software. This
is user friendly and very simple.
We made the PCB layouts in this Software. The main
disadvantage of this software is,we can’t take the mirror image
directly. To eliminate this disadvantage we have to take the
print out on tracing paper. After taking the print out reverse the
tracing paper you will get the mirror image of the PCB layout.
After getting the PCB layout give it to screen printer. The screen
printer will paint that mirror image on Cu clad. After painting
it wait for drying it.
ERROR: syntaxerror
OFFENDING COMMAND: --nostringval--

STACK:
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