CHAPTER 8 : THE WORLD THROUGH OUR SENSES

The degree of sensitivity depends on :

(i) thickness of epidermis

(ii) number of receptors

Figure 1 : Section through the human skin

Figure 2 : Structure of the human nose Figure 3 : Areas of taste on the tougue

Figure 4 : Structure of the human ear

 Light cornea aqueous humour pupil
lens vitreous humour retina
Optic nerve brain

Figure 5 : Structure of the human eye Figure 6 : The mechanism of sight

Reflection of light Refraction of light

(i) (ii)

The rate of reflection depends on :
(i) Colour of the surface
(ii) Condition of the surface
Laws of reflection ( i = r )
(i) When light passes from a less dense medium to a
denser medium, it speed decreases. The light
ray is refracted towards the normal.
(ii) When light passes from a denser medium to a less
dense medium, it speed increases. The light
ray is refracted further away the normal.
Defects of Vision

Figure 7 : Short-sightedness Figure 8 : Long-sightedness

- Inability to see far objects clearly - Inability to see near objects clearly
- Due to long eye balls, eye lenses - Due to short eye balls, eye lenses
abnormally think abnormally thin
- Concave lenses - Convex lenses

Stereoscopic and Monocular Vision

Figure 9 : Stereoscopic Vision Figure 10 : Monocular Vision

Advantages : - Left and right eyes look at different

areas
(i) Gives three dimensional (3D) image - Wider vision
(ii) Able to estimate distance accurately

Stimuli and Responses in Plants

1.Phototropism 2.Geotropism

Sensitive to light Sensitive to gravity

Shoot - positive phototropism Root - positive geotropism

Roots - negative phototropism Shoot - negative geotropism

3.Hydrotropism 4.Thigmotropism

Sensitive to water Sensitive to touch

Root - positive hydrotropism Tendrils of plants show positive
thigmotropism.
Shoot - negative hydrotropism

Nastic Movement

- Movement by a plant part in response to

an external stimulus
- Also known as seismonastic movement
 CHAPTER 9 NUTRITION

Figure 1 : Seven classes of food

Carbohydrates – suppliers of energy Vitamin

Divided into :
- Simple sugar (glucose, fructose,
galactose)
- Complex sugar (sucrose, maltose,
lactose)

Proteins
2 types of proteins - animal protiens and plant
protiens

Needed for :
(i) Building new cells
(ii) Repairing damaged tissues
(iii) Building enzymes and hormones

Fats
2 types of fats- animal fats and plant fats

Needed for :
(i) To provide energy
(ii) As heat insulator to prevent heat loss Mineral Salts
(iii) Dissolve vitamins A, D, E, K
(iv) Protect internal organs from injury

Fibre
- Cannot be digested
- Prevents constipation
- Helps peristalsis
 Food Test

The Human Digestive System and Process

1. Mouth (salivary glands - alkaline)
amylase
Strach + water maltose

2. Stomach (gastric juice - acid)

pepsin
Protein + water pepton + peptide
Rennin – coagulates milk

3. Duodenum (pancreas - alkaline)

amylase
Strach + water maltose
trypsin
Digestion in Stomach Protein + water pepton + peptide
The function of gastric juice (hydrochloric acid) peptidose
(i) Kill bacteria in the food Peptides amino acids
(ii) Provide an acidic medium for the action of enzyme lipase
pepsin Fats fatty acids and glycerol
(iii) Stop the action of amylase

Digestion in Duodenum 4. Small intestine (intestinal juice - alkaline)

Food is mixed with bile from gall bladder (produced by liver) Erepsin
and pancre atic juice. Peptides amino acids
maltase
The function of bile Maltose glucose
(i) Neutralize the acid in food that passes through the sucrase
stomach
(ii) Break up fats so that they can be acted on by lipases Sucrose glucose + fructose
lactase
Lactose glucose + galactose

Small intestine – absorbs digested food through

villi on its wall

Large intestine – reabsorb water from undigested

food
 Chapter 10: Biodiversity- variety of living organism in a particular area.

Living things

Plants Animals

Flowering Non-flowering Invertebrates Vertebrates

+Pollination + reproduce by spores +without backbone + with backbone

Monocotyledons Algae
-one cotyledon(Food -do not have stems, leaves aquatic/ terrestial
substances) and roots
-parallel veins -have chlorophyll
-soft stem -spirulina Mammals Reptiles Amphibians Birds Fish
-fibrous root -warm-blooed -cold-blooded -cold-blooded -warm-blooded -cold-blooded
muscular feet
-internal -hard and dry scales -gills(young), -feathers -slimy scales
Fungi fertilization -internal fertilization lung(fully grown)
-beak, feathers,lungs -gills
-do not have leaves, stems, -dolphin,whale, -crocodile, -webbed feet
internal fertilization external
roots platypus lizard,snake, tortoise. -salamandar,
unjointed legs/ jointed fertilization
Dicotyledons -do not have chlorophyll -penguin,swan
frog,toad -sea horse
-two cotyledon leg
-yeast, mushroom, mucor
-network veins
-hard stem
platypus
-tap root Mosses
-have leaves, stems
-do not have chlorophyll
-moss

Ferns
-have stem, leaf systems,
chlorophyll
-reproduce by spores
Fern -Fern

Salamander