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Bulk Modulus:
Speed of Sound:
Vapor Pressure: boiling pressure at a given temperature
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Surface Tension:
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Incompressible fluid: · or
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Compressible fluid: (not necessary for Exam 1)
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Measurement of pressure:
Barometer: ·
Pressure variation due to rigid body linear motion: slope of line of constant pressure
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Pressure variation due to rigid body rotational motion: shape of line of constant pressure
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Chapter 3 - Bernoulli
Bernoulli: · ·
Assumptions:
1.) Inviscid (no viscosity effects, therefore no losses)
2.) Steady flow
3.) Incompressible (constant density)
4.) Acts along a streamline
Continuity: · · · ·
· · (incompressible)
Breakdown of Bernoulli
Static Pressure
Dynamic Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure ·
Total Pressure ·
Physical interpretation
“Change in fluid particle speed is accomplished by the appropriate combination of
pressure gradient and particle weight.”
D ˆ
Material Derivative
Dt
t
V
ˆ ˆ ˆ
Where: i j k
x y z
DB SYS
Reynolds Transport Theorem
Dt
b d VCS b Vˆ nˆ dA
t CV
B
Where: b
m
b d V 0 for steady flow (no accumulation or reduction)
t CV
Chapter 5 – Finite Control Volume Analysis
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E
First Law of Thermodynamics BE, b e
m
DE SYS
Q net _ in W net _ in
Dt
Simplified:
· · (steady flow)
In terms of “head”:
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Power is · · · ∆ · · ·
Good to know: 1 550
Chapter 7 – Dimensional Analysis, Similitude and Modeling
Buckingham Pi Theorem Summary (from Page 339, Young)
Step 1 List all the variables in the problem. Find “k” by counting the number of variables….remember to
include the main variable
Step 2 Express each of the variables in terms of basic dimensions Use either MLT or FLT, find “r”, usually 3 if all MLT or FLT are
used, but sometimes 2 if possible
Step 3 Determine the required number of pi terms. n=k‐r
Step 4 Select the number of repeating variables, where the We will provide these as part of any exam questions asked. Also
number required is equal to the number of reference note though, that the repeating variables are chosen as the
dimensions (usually the same as the number of basic simplest dimensionally first, none the same dimensionally, and
dimensions). representing all basic dimensions.
a b c
Step 5 Form a pi term by multiplying one of the non‐repeating Use Π1=x1*(x2) (x3) (x4) , where the x's are the variables. Note
variables by the product of the repeating variables each that Π1 will be created using the main variable….i.e. x1 = f(x2, x3,
raised to an exponent that will make the combination x4…xn). Find, a, b and c and apply them back into the pi term
dimensionless. form to create a dimensionless parameter.
Step 6 Repeat Step 5 for each remaining non‐repeating variable. Π2, Π3, Π4... Πn
Step 7 Check all resulting pi terms to make sure they are Make sure you do this step!
dimensionless and independent.
Step 8 Express the final form as a relationship among the pi terms Π1=φ( Π2, Π3, Π4... Πn)
and think about what it means.
List of the common dimensionless groups in fluid mechanics (Table 7.1)
Dimensionless Group Name Interpretation (force ratio) Types of Applications
Reynolds Number, Re Inertia force Establishes laminar and
Viscous force turbulent flow distinction.
Chapter 8 – Viscous Flow in Pipes
∆ ··
Laminar (Re < 2100) this can be shown to be equivalent to…
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2 2
Flow Meters where and , ,
Chapter 9 – Immersed Bodies
While we covered many different aspects of the behavior of immersed bodies, the most important features of these
analyses are the drag and lift. Note that the areas used in the equations below are not the same. The area for Drag is
the projected frontal area, and the area for the lift is the planform area.
Many different experimentally established drag and lift coefficients have been compiled for various shapes and objects.
Often Reynolds number may be used
The Lift must equal the weight of an aircraft for level flight.
The power required for a vehicle can be estimated based on the drag resistance and speed.
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The ratio of lift and drag coefficients can be used to estimate the angle at which an unpowered aircraft can glide.
Chapter 10 – Open Channel Flow
The consequence of OCF having free surface is that the Froude number (using depth as the significant geometric
parameter) is important:
Values of Fr less than 1 indicate subcritical flow, while greater than 1 indicate supercritical flow.
The wave speed of a small amplitude single wave (in relatively shallow water) is determined by the depth only.
Waves other than small amplitude single waves travel at speeds related by the following:
1 Large wave
Deeper water
Very deep water
The energy in an OCF can be evaluated using Bernoulli’s equation:
2 2
If we ignore the losses and treat the pressures as hydrostatic, Bernoulli’s looks like this for OCF..
2 2
Often when evaluating an OCF problem, the depth and velocity at the second position will be unknown and
need to be determined. There will be usually be two possible depths (and consequently, two associated
velocities) that are possible for a given specific energy level. This can be expressed as:
where q is the flowrate per width
Chapter 12 – Turbomachines
With centrifugal pumps, as with other turbo‐machinery, velocity triangles are used to determine relative and
absolute velocities. These can be used to predict the ideal head that could be produced for a given rotational
speed and impeller geometry. Below are a few equations used in this process.
2
2 2 1 1 · 2 2 cot
· 2
2 2 2
If there is no tangential
component at the inlet
The ideal pump head (what the pump should produce given the geometry and speed) and actual pump head
differ by the hydraulic efficiency which is often grouped together with mechanical and volumetric efficiency and
summarized as a pump performance efficiency, sometimes referred to as overall pump efficiency (this will
generally be the efficiency read from a pump curve).
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In order to avoid cavitation, pumps are often limited by Net Positive Suction Head Required, values for a range
of operation specified by the manufacturer based on geometry and/or experiment. This limitation must be
compared to the Net Positive Suction Head Available, which essentially predicts the amount lift the piping
configuration will demand of the pump.
Pump performance can be compared between nearly similar pumps using four dimensionless parameters…
Many relations can be determined from the above, but most commonly, the diameters or the speeds of two like
pumps are compared and these are the laws of similitude (also called the affinity laws).
If diameter is the same:
If pump speed is the same:
Specific speed and specific suction speed are also used to identify the most suitable pump for an application.
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