ENGOs and the State in China

中国：环境非政府组织，政府

Source: Landezine. Available: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2010/12/a-cepf-campaign-by-jwt-agency/ [Accessed 06/03/2011].

Conflict and Cooperation

Environmentalism v. Communism I
(In)Compatible?

Source: Author.
 Environmentalism v. Communism II
Collision Course?
Magyar Népköztársaság

Source: Think About It. Available: http://water.thinkaboutit.eu/think5/post/

dam_on_danube_and_the_end_of_communism/ [Accessed 06/03/2011].

Source: Digitális Irodalmi Akadémia. Available:

http://dia.pool.pim.hu/html/muvek/MOLDOVA/
moldova00072/moldova00073e/
moldova00073e.html [Accessed 06/03/2011].
 Environmentalism v. Communism III
Collision Course?
Deutsche Demokratische Republik

Source: Jugend Opposition in der DDR. Available: http://

www.jugendopposition.de/index.php?id=201 [Accessed
06/03/2011].
Source: Haus der Geschichte der Source: Deutscher Naturschutztag.
Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Available: Available: http://www.deutscher-
http://www.hdg.de/lemo/objekte/pict/ naturschutztag.de/fileadmin/DNT/
NeueHerausforderungen_zeitschriftArc documents/Vortraege/
heNova/index.html [Accessed Beleiters_DNT2010.pdf [Accessed
06/03/2011]. 06/03/2011].
Environment in Mao’s China I
Industrialization
蒸蒸日上

Source: Chinese Posters. Available: http://www.chineseposters.net/posters/e13-43.php [Accessed 06/03/2011].

 Environment in Mao’s China II
Farmland
愚公移山

Source: Shapiro, J. (2001). Mao's war against nature: politics and the environment in Revolutionary China. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
 Environment in Mao’s China III
Land Reclamation
围湖造田

Source: Shapiro, J. (2001). Mao's war against nature: politics and the environment in Revolutionary China. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
 Environment in Mao’s China IV
Railways
与天斗，其乐无穷

Source: Shapiro, J. (2001). Mao's war against nature: politics and the environment in Revolutionary China. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
 Environment in Mao’s China V
Dams
高峡出平湖

Source: Confucius Online. Available: http://www.confuciusonline.com/wp-content/

plugins/wp-o-matic/cache/92006_20101205sanmenxia1.jpg [Accessed
06/03/2011].
Source: Shapiro, J. (2001). Mao's war against nature: politics
and the environment in Revolutionary China. Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press.
 Environment in Mao’s China VI
Campaigns
人定胜天

Source: Chinese Posters. Available: http:// Source: Jiang, H. (2008). Grassland campaigns during the collective era:
www.chineseposters.net/themes/four- socialist politics and local strategies in Uxin Ju. China's embedded
pests.php [Accessed 06/03/2011]. activism: opportunities and constraints of a social movement. P. Ho
and R. L. Edmonds. London, Routledge: 89-110.
Environment in Present-Day China I
Air Quality

Source: Google Data. Available: http://www.google.com/publicdata [Accessed 06/03/2011].

Environment in Present-Day China II
Clean Water

Source: The Boston Globe. Available: http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/09/scenes_from_china.html [Accessed 06/03/2011].

Environment in Present-Day China III
Deforestation

Source: The Boston Globe. Available: http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/09/scenes_from_china.html [Accessed 06/03/2011].

Environment in Present-Day China IV
Desertification

Source: The Boston Globe. Available: http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/09/scenes_from_china.html [Accessed 06/03/2011].

Environment in Present-Day China V
Endangered Species

Source: National Geographic. Available: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/

bigphotos/24972519.html [Accessed 06/03/2011].
Environment in Present-Day China VI
Soil Contamination

Source: China Hush. Available: http://www.chinahush.com/2009/10/21/amazing-pictures-

pollution-in-china/ [Accessed 06/03/2011].
 ENGOs in China I
Public Response, Media, Internet, Fertile Ground (?)
信访

Source: Brettell, A. (2008). Channeling Dissent: The Institutionalization of Environmental Complaint Resolution. China's embedded activism: opportunities and
constraints of a social movement. P. Ho and R. L. Edmonds. London, Routledge: 114,119.
 ENGOs in China II
History, Numbers, Activities & “Female Mildness”
温柔

“We guide the public instead of blaming them and help the
government instead of complaining about it. This, perhaps, is
the “female mildness” referred to by the media. I don’t
appreciate extremist methods. I’m engaged in
environmental protection and don’t want to use it for
political aims. This is my way, and my principle too.”
Liao Xiaoyi (廖晓义)
Global Village of Beijing (北京地球村环境文化中心)

Source: Time. Available: http://www.time.com/

time/specials/packages/article/
0,28804,1924149_1924155_1924436,00.html
[Accessed 06/03/2011].
 ENGOs in China III
Leaders & “Organizational Entrepreneurs”
Liang Congjie（梁从诫）

Source: The Guardian. Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/15/liang-congjie-obituary

[Accessed 06/03/2011].
 ENGOs in China IV
International ENGOs & Transnationalism

Source: China Smack. Available: http://advertising.chinasmack.com/2010/greenpeace-plants-disposable-chopstick-forest-in-china.html

[Accessed 06/03/2011].
 ENGOs in China V
The State, Regulatory Framework & “Embeddedness”

“For an NGO to supervise the government it is necessary that it can see what the government
is doing. At present, Chinese NGOs can only see the result of policies, they cannot see the
process of policy-making ... they do not see much more than the common people. Does
an NGO understand what it must do to influence policies? ... If you cannot survive because you
get into conflict with the government, what use does that have? China’s political system is
different from the West. China has a one-party rule, and the development of NGOs and
civil society is closely related to that.”
Zhang Tianzhu, Tsinghua University
Co-drafter of the 10th National Environmental Five-Year Plan
 NGOs in China VI
The State, GONGOs & “Blurred Divides”
政府组织的非政府组织

Source: Wu, F. (2003). "Environmental GONGO Autonomy: Unintended Consequences of State Strategies in China." The Good Society 12(1): 38.
 Conclusion I
Negative Outlook...

Source: Landezine. Available: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2010/12/a-cepf-campaign-by-jwt-agency/ [Accessed 06/03/2011].

 Conclusion II
... or Positive Outlook?

Source: Author.
Thank You!
谢谢！
 Sources
(2010). "Liang Congjie." The Economist Retrieved 24/02/2011, from http://www.economist.com/node/
17519870?story_id=17519870.
Brettell, A. (2008). Channeling Dissent: The Institutionalization of Environmental Complaint Resolution.
China's embedded activism: opportunities and constraints of a social movement. P. Ho and R. L.
Edmonds. London, Routledge: 111-150.
Carter, N. and A. P. J. Mol (2007). China's Environmental Governance in Transition. Environmental
governance in China. N. Carter and A. P. J. Mol. London, Routledge: 1-22.
Chen, J. (2010). "Transnational Environmental Movement: impacts on the green civil society in China."
Journal of Contemporary China 19(65): 503-523.
Dyer, G. (2008). "China pressure groups learn to tread carefully." The Financial Times Retrieved
24/02/2011, from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/626e2fd0-5744-11dd-916c-000077b07658.html.
Economy, E. (2007). "The great leap backward?" Foreign Affairs 86(5): 38-59.
Ho, P. (2001). "Greening without conflict? Environmentalism, NGOs and civil society in China."
Development and Change 32(5): 893-921.
--- (2008a). Introduction: Embedded Activism and Political Change in a Semi-Authoritarian Context.
China's embedded activism: opportunities and constraints of a social movement. P. Ho and R. L.
Edmonds. London, Routledge: 1-19.
--- (2008b). Self-imposed Censorship and Depoliticized Politics in China: Green Activism or a Color
Revolution? China's embedded activism: opportunities and constraints of a social movement. P. Ho
and R. L. Edmonds. London, Routledge: 20-43.
Jiang, H. (2008). Grassland campaigns during the collective era: socialist politics and local strategies in
Uxin Ju. China's embedded activism: opportunities and constraints of a social movement. P. Ho
and R. L. Edmonds. London, Routledge: 89-110.
Lu, Y. (2007). "The autonomy of Chinese NGOs: A new perspective." China: An International Journal 5(2):
173-203.
Lubman, S. (2010). "China’s Government’s Ambivalence Toward NGOs." The Financial Times Retrieved
24/02/2011, from http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2010/05/24/stanley-lubman-chinas-
government%E2%80%99s-ambivalence-toward-ngos/.
Martens, S. (2007). Public Participation with Chinese Characteristics: Citizen Consumers in China's
Environmental Management. Environmental governance in China. N. Carter and A. P. J. Mol.
London, Routledge: 63-84.
Ru, J. and L. Ortolano (2008). Corporatist Control of Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations: A
State Perspective. China's embedded activism : opportunities and constraints of a social
movement. P. Ho and R. L. Edmonds. London, Routledge: 44-68.
Shapiro, J. (2001). Mao's war against nature: politics and the environment in Revolutionary China. Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press.
Wing-Hung, C. and S.-Y. Tang (2007). Institutional Reform, Economic Changes, and Local Environmental
Management in China: the case of Guangdong Province. Environmental governance in China. N.
Carter and A. P. J. Mol. London, Routledge: 42-62.
Wu, F. (2003). "Environmental GONGO Autonomy: Unintended Consequences of State Strategies in China." The
Good Society 12(1): 35-45.
Yang, G. (2005). "Environmental NGOs and institutional dynamics in China." The China Quarterly 181:
46-66.