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Exchange coupling
• Bilinear
• Energy difference
• Critical nesting vectors (Fermi surface; free electrons, Cu(001))
• Coupling strength
Measurements
• Thickness fluctuations
• Magnetization fluctuations (→ biquadratic coupling)
Summary of Lecture 13
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy
Bulk GF Perturbations
Series expansion
Multiple scattering
Neglect!
Magnetic profile
Layer-resolved magnetic
moments
SOC
Anisotropy constants
Shape anisotropy
• Dipole-dipole interaction of local magnetic moments
Superposition principle
• Interpretation of the magnetization and band-energy profiles
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy
Ni/Cu(001)
Experiment Cu/Ni/Cu(001)
XPEEM In-plane
Magnetic dichroism
Perpendicular
In-plane
Wedge-shaped Ni film
Ni film thickness
Dashed: Superposition
• Oscillations
• Superposition
• QW effects (thin films)
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy
Ni/Cu(001)
Spin reorientation transition
Out-of-plane
SRT
In-plane
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy
Ni/Cu(001)
Anisotropy constants
Angular dependence of the free energy
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy
Summary: Ni/Cu(001)
• Band energy profiles
• Superposition principle
• Effect of the tetragonal distortion in the Ni film
• Spin reorientation transition in agreement with experiments
• Anisotropy constants
Solid state magnetism
Origin of the magnetism in transition metals?
2. The term with maximum multiplicity (maximum S) has the lowest energy
level.
3. For a given multiplicity, the term with the largest value of L has the lowest
energy.
4. For atoms with less than half-filled shells, the level with the lowest value
of J lies lowest in energy. Otherwise, if the outermost shell is more than
half-filled the term with highest value of J is the one with the lowest
energy.
Solid state magnetism
Hund‘s rules applied to Fe
2. rule: S maximum
Diamagnetism Paramagnetism
(neglect)
Ansatz
Cyclotron frequency
Solid state magnetism
Landau diamagnetism
Harmonic oscillator
Landau tubes
Solid state magnetism
Landau diamagnetism
Degeneracy
B = 0:
Degeneracy
Solid state magnetism
Landau diamagnetism
Susceptibility
Energy difference
Susceptibility
Diamagnetism Paramagnetism
(neglect)
Energy shift
Spin-resolved DOS
Solid state magnetism
Pauli paramagnetism
Magnetization
Susceptibility
Density of states
Magnetization
Free energy
Potential energy (gain)
Spontaneous magnetism if
→ Stoner criterion
Solid state magnetism
Band ferromagnetism
Stoner amplification in paramagnets
Paramagnetism
Pd film thickness
Solid state magnetism
Quantum-well induced ferromagnetism in thin Pd films
→ ferromagnetism for N = 3, 4, 8, 9, ...
Magnetization profiles
Solid state magnetism
Quantum-well induced ferromagnetism in thin Pd films
Band structures
Not confined
Confined
Quantum well states
Solid state magnetism
Quantum-well induced ferromagnetism in thin Pd films
Quantum well states
Ferromagnetism for N = 3, 4, 8, 9, ...
Spin-split QWS
Landau diamagnetism
• Free-electron Hamiltonian
• Landau tubes
• Susceptibility
Pauli paramagnetism
• Energy shift by an external magnetic field
• Susceptibility