Gardner’s Art Through the Ages,

13e
Chapter 23
Northern Europe and Spain,
1500 to 1600

1
Europe in the 16th Century

2
 Goals
•  Understand the consequences of the Protestant Reformation and
the Catholic Counter-Reformation
•  Understand the diversity of cultures and artistic styles in Spain
and Northern Europe
•  Identify artists from the 16th century Spain and Northern Europe
•  Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

3
23.1 Art in the Holy Roman Empire during
the 16th Century
•  Understand German culture and artistic styles
•  Identify representative German artists from the 16th century
•  Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

4
Figure 23-2a MATTHIAS GRÜNEWALD, Isenheim Altarpiece (closed, top; open, bottom), from the chapel of the Hospital of
Saint Anthony, Isenheim, Germany, ca.1510–1515. Oil on wood, 9' 9 1/2” x 10’ 9”, (center panel), 8’ 2 1/2” x 3’ 1/2” (each
wing), 2’ 5 1/2” x 11’ 2” (predella). Shrine carved by Nikolaus Hagenauer in 1490. Painted and gilt limewood, 9’ 9 1/2” x 10’ 9”.
Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar. 5
Matthias Grüenwald, The Annunciation; Madonna and Child with angels; Resurrection - from the Isenheim
Altarpiece (open) ca. 1510-15, oil on panel

Matthias Grüenwald

Resurrection

from the Isenheim Altarpiece

ca. 1510-15

oil on panel

Figure 23-2a MATTHIAS GRÜNEWALD, Isenheim Altarpiece (closed, top; open, bottom), from the chapel of the Hospital
of Saint Anthony, Isenheim, Germany, ca.1510–1515. Oil on wood, 9' 9 1/2” x 10’ 9”, (center panel), 8’ 2 1/2” x 3’
1/2” (each wing), 2’ 5 1/2” x 11’ 2” (predella). Shrine carved by Nikolaus Hagenauer in 1490. Painted and gilt limewood, 9’
9 1/2” x 10’ 9”. Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar.
10
 Hans Baldung Grien
(Schwäbisch Gmünd c.
1485-1545 Strasbourg)

The Three Ages of Man

1509/10

Tempera on Wood

H 48.2 cm, W 32.5 cm

Kunsthistorisches Museum
Vienna

 Hans Baldung Grien

The Three Ages of Man and
The Three Graces

1540

151 x 60 cm (each)

Oil on panel

Prado, Spain

 Hans Baldung Grien, The Seven
Ages of Woman, ca. 1510, Oil on
oak-wood, 96.5 x 74 cm, Museum
der Bildenden Künste, Leipzig

 Hans Baldung Grien

The Witches

1510

Monochrome print, two
plates (grey and black);

37.8 x 25.8 cm;

Louvre, Paris

Figure 23-3 HANS BALDUNG GRIEN, Witches’
Sabbath, 1510. Chiaroscuro woodcut, 1’ 2 7/8” X 10
¼”. British Museum, London.

15
Lucas Cranach the Elder
The Judgment of Paris
c. 1528

Oil on wood
101.9 x 71.1 cm

Metropolitan Museum of
Art, New York
Lucas Cranach the Elder

The Judgment of Paris

1530

Oil on panel

Staatliche Kunsthalle,
Karlsruhe, Germany

Lucas Cranach the Elder

The Judgment of Paris

1530

Oil on panel

Lucas Cranach the Elder

The Judgment of Paris

1530, tempera and oil on
wood

87 x 59 cm

Lucas Cranach the Elder

The Judgment of Paris

Ca. 1530

Oil on panel

Lucas Cranach the Elder, The Paradise, 1530, Limewood, 81 x 114 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Lucas Cranach the Elder
St. Lucretia
1533
Oil on red beechwood
14 1/2 x 9 3/16 in. (37.3 x 23.9
cm), Gemaeldegalerie, Berlin
 Albrecht Durer: “Leonardo of the
North”
•  Travelled widely through Europe and became an international
celebrity
•  Took trips to Italy to study Renaissance art
•  First artist to synthesize Northern European stylistic features
(intricate detail, realistic rendering of objects, symbols hidden as
everyday objects) and blend them with Italian features (classical
body types, linear perspective) --- admired the work of Leonardo
•  First artist to keep a thorough record of his life (self-portraits,
treatises on his thoughts, and a diary)
•  Important graphic artist --- best known for his engravings
•  Influenced significantly by Martin Luther and Protestant
Reformation

23
Albrecht Dürer, Pond in the Woods, c. 1496, Watercolor and gouache on paper, 26 x 37 cm, British Museum, London
Albrecht Dürer, Italian Mountians, ca. 1500, watercolor

Figure 23-4 ALBRECHT DÜRER, Great
Piece of Turf, 1503. Watercolor, 1’ 3/4” x 1’
3/8”. Albertina, Vienna.

26
Albrecht Durer
A Young Hare
1502
Watercolor and
gouache on paper, 25
x 23 cm; Graphische
Sammlung Albertina,
Vienna
Albrecht Durer

Self-portrait at 22
1493
Oil on linen,
transferred from
vellum
57 x 45 cm
Musee du Louvre,
Paris
Albrecht Dürer!
Self-Portrait at 26!
1498!
Oil on wood!
Albrecht Dürer

Self-Portrait at 28

1500

67 x 49cm

Oil on panel

Figure 23-4 ALBRECHT DÜRER, Last Supper, 1523. Woodcut,
8 3/8” x 11 13/16”. British Museum, London.

Albrecht Dürer

The Four Horsemen of
the Apocalypse

1497-98

Woodcut

15 3/8 x 11 in. !
(39.2 x 27.9 cm)!
Figure 23-6 ALBRECHT DÜRER,
The Fall of Man (Adam and Eve),
1504. Engraving, approx. 9 7/8” x 7
5/8”. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
(centennial gift of Landon T. Clay).

Leonardo da Vinci

Study of proportions
from Vitruvius's De
Architectura
(Vitruvian Man, a.k.a.
Canon of Proportions)

Pen and ink

34.3 x 24.5 cm (13 1/2 x

9 5/8 in.)

Academia, Venice
Albrecht Dürer

Adam and Eve

1507

Oil on panel

Each panel 209 x 82 cm

Museo Nacional del Prado,
Madrid

Figure 23-8 ALBRECHT DÜRER,
Knight, Death, and the Devil, 1513.
Engraving, 9 5/8” x 7 3/8”.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
York.

Albrecht Dürer, Melencholia I,
1514, Engraving

Albrecht Dürer
Study of Praying
Hands
1508
Brush and ink
heightened with white
on blue tinted paper
29 x 20 cm
Graphische Sammlung
Albertina, Vienna
 23.2 Protestant Reformation
•  Understand the consequences of the Protestant Reformation
and the Catholic Counter-Reformation
•  Observe how Protestantism affected the role and imagery of
art

44
Figure 23-7 LUCAS CRANACH THE ELDER, Allegory of Law and Grace, ca. 1530. Woodcut, 10 5/8” x 1’ 3/4”. British
Museum, London.
45
Figure 23-5 ALBRECHT DÜRER, Knight,
Death, and the Devil, 1513. Engraving, 9 5/8” x
7 3/8”. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
York.

46
Figure 23-6 ALBRECHT DÜRER, Four
Apostles, 1526. Oil on wood, each panel 7’ 1” x
2’ 6”. Alte Pinakothek, Munich.

47
Lucas Cranach the Elder

Martin Luther as Junker Jörg

Ca. 1521, Oil on wood

20 1.2 x 13 5/8”

Kunstmuseum, Weimer, Germany

Figure 23-8 ALBRECHT ALTDORFER, The
Battle of Issus, 1529. Oil on wood, 5’ 2 1/4” x 3’
11 1/4”. Alte Pinakothek, Munich.

49
Albrecht Altdorfer

The Rest on the Flight into
Egypt

1510, Oil on panel

Staatliche Museen,
Gemäldegalerie, Berlin,
Germany

Albrecht Altdorfer

Landscape with a Footbridge

c.1518-20; Oil on vellum and
wood, 42.1 x 35.5 cm; National
Gallery, London

Albrecht Altdorfer

The Danube Valley near Regensburg

c.1510, Wood, Private collection

Albrecht Altdorfer.

St. George

1510, 28x23cm, Oil on wood

Alte Pinakothek, Munich,

Germany

Hans Holbein the Younger

Erasmus of Rotterdam

Ca. 1523

Oil on panel

Figure 23-10 HANS HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER, The French Ambassadors, 1533. Oil and tempera on
panel, approx. 6’ 8” x 6’ 9 1/2”. National Gallery, London.

 Hans Holbein the Younger

Georg Gisze, a German merchant

in London

1532

Oil on wood, 96.3 x 85.7 cm (38
x 33 3/4 in); Gemaldegalerie,
Staatliche Museen, Berlin

 Petrus Christus

St. Eligius, as a Goldsmith,
Hands the Wedding Couple
a Ring.

1469

Oil on wood.

The Metropolitan Museum
of Art, New York, USA.

 Petrus Christus

(Detail) St. Eligius, as a
Goldsmith, Hands the
Wedding Couple a Ring.

1469

Oil on wood.

The Metropolitan Museum
of Art, New York, USA.

 Jan Van Eyck
St Jerome in His
Study
1442
Oil on parchment
on oak panel
20 x 12,5 cm
Detroit Institute of
Art, Detroit
Figure 23-17 QUINTEN MASSYS, Money-Changer and His Wife, 1514. Oil on
panel, 2’ 3 3/4” x 2’ 2 3/8”. Louvre, Paris.

 © 2005 Saskia Cultural Documentation, Ltd.

Figure 23-17 Detail

Still life on the table: Prayer book, convex mirror, scale

67
 Hans Holbein the
Younger

Portrait of King Henry
VIII

1540

Oil on panel

23.3 Art in France during the 16th Century
•  Understand the French culture and artistic styles
•  Identify representative French artists from the 16th century
•  Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

70
Figure 23-10 JEAN CLOUET, Francis I, ca.
1525–1530. Tempera and oil on wood, approx. 3’
2” x 2’ 5”. Louvre, Paris.

71
Figure 23-11 Château de Chambord, Chambord, France, begun 1519.

72
Figure 23-12 PIERRE LESCOT, west wing of the Cour Carre (Square Court) of the Louvre, Paris, France, begun 1546.

73
23.4 Art in the Netherlands during the 16th
Century
•  Understand Dutch culture and artistic styles
•  Identify representative Dutch artists from the 16th century
•  Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period
•  Examine the complex iconography of Bosch’s Garden of Earthly
Delights

74
Hieronymus Bosch - The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things, Oil on wood - painted tabletop - ca. 1475-1515

Figure 20-18 HIERONYMUS BOSCH, Garden of Earthly Delights. Creation of Eve (left wing),
Garden of Earthly Delights (central panel), Hell (right wing), 1505–1510. Oil on wood, center
panel 7’ 2 5/8” x 6’ 4 3/4”. Museo del Prado, Madrid.

 Hieronymus Bosch

The Garden of Earthly Delights

(left, or Eden Panel)

Triptych

1505-1510

Oil on wood

Figure 20-18 Center
Panel
Total, center panel

Hieronymus Bosch

The Garden of Earthly Delights

(Right, or Hell Panel)

Triptych

1505-1510

Oil on wood

Hieronymus BOSCH, The Haywain, 1500-02, Oil on panel, Museo del Prado, Madrid
Hieronymous Bosch, Triptych of Temptation of St Anthony, 1505-06, Oil on panel, 131,5 x 119
cm (central), 131,5 x 53 cm (each wing), Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon

Detail of the
Temptation of St.
Anthony

Plague victim from
St. Anthony panel
(detail)

Detail of the “Temptation of St. Anthony” triptych by Hieronymous Bosch

Figure 23-14 JAN GOSSAERT Neptune and Amphitrite,
ca. 1516. Oil on wood, 6’ 2” x 4’ 3/4”. Gemäldegalerie,
Staatliche Museen, Berlin.

111
 Figure 23-6 ALBRECHT
DÜRER, The Fall of Man (Adam
and Eve), 1504. Engraving,
approx. 9 7/8” x 7 5/8”. Museum
of Fine Arts, Boston (centennial
gift of Landon T. Clay).

 Jan Gossaert

St Luke Painting the

Madonna

1520-25

Wood, 109.5 x 82 cm

Kunsthistorisches
Museum, Vienna
Jan Gossaert

Danaë

1527

Oil on panel

Figure 23-18 PIETER AERTSEN, Meat Still-Life, 1551. Oil on panel, 4’ 3/8” x 6’ 5 3/4”. Uppsala University Art Collection, Uppsala.

 Pieter Aertson

Market Woman
with Vegetable
Stall

1567

Oil on wood, 11
x 110 cm

Staatliche
Museen, Berlin

Pieter Aertson, Market Scene with Christ and the Adulteress, 1559, oil on wood, Städelsches Kunstinstitut,
Frankfurt
 Pieter Aertson

Market Scene

Undated

oil on wood

Wallraf-Richartz-Museum,
Cologne

Figure 23-17 CATERINA VAN
HEMESSEN, Self-Portrait, 1548. Oil on
panel, 1’ 3/4” x 9 7/8”. Kunstmuseum,
Öffentliche Kunstsammlung Basel.

121
Figure 23-18 Attibuted to LEVINA
TEERLINC. Elizabeth I as a Princess, ca. 1559.
Oil on wood, 3’ 6 3/4” x 2’ 8 1/4”. The Royal
Collection, Windsor Castle, Windsor, England.

122
Figure 23-21 JOACHIM PATINIR, Landscape with Saint Jerome, ca. 1520–1524. Oil on panel, 2’ 5
1/8” x 2’ 11 7/8”. Prado, Madrid.

Joachim Patinier , Landscape with the Rest on the Flight, Oil on wood, 68 x 83 cm, Strossmayer Gallery, Zagreb

Joachim Patinier, Charon, Oil on panel, 64 x 103 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid
Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus c. 1558 Oil on canvas, mounted on wood, 73.5 x 112 cm
Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels
Pieter Brueghel, The Triumph of Death, c. 1562 Oil on panel 117 x 162 cm Museo del Prado, Madrid

129
130
131
Figure 23-22 PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER, Hunters in the Snow, 1565. Oil on panel, approx. 3’
10” x 5’ 4”. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Peasant Wedding, 1565, oil on panel

Pieter Brueghel the Elder, The Peasant Dance, 1567, oil on wood

Figure 23-20 PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER, Netherlandish Proverbs, 1559. Oil on wood, 3’ 10” x 5’ 4 1/8”.
Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen, Berlin. 138
Bruegel, Pieter, Dulle Griet (Mad Meg), c. 1562, Oil on panel, 117.4 x 162 cm, Museum Mayer van den Bergh, Antwerp 139
Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Tower of Babel , 1563; Oil on oak panel, 114 x 155 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna 140
Pieter Brueghel the Elder, The Blind Leading the Blind, 1568, oil on panel

Pieter Brueghel the Elder, The Alchemist, 1558, drawing

23.5 Art in Spain during the 16th Century
•  Understand Spanish culture and artistic styles
•  Identify representative Spanish artists from the 16th century
•  Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

143
Figure 23-22 Portal, Colegio de San Gregorio,
Valladolid, Spain, ca. 1498.

144
Figure 23-23 Portal, Casa de Montejo, Merida,
Mexico, 1549.

145
Figure 23-24 Juan de Herrera and Juan Bautista de Toledo, El Escorial, near Madrid, Spain, ca. 1563–1584 (detail of an
anonymous 18th-century painting).

146
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148
Figure 23-26 EL GRECO, The Burial
of Count Orgaz, Santo Tomé, Toledo,
Spain, 1586. Oil on canvas, approx.
16’ x 12’.

Chapel Containing El Greco’s “The
Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586

El Greco, Fray Felix Hortensio
Paravicino, ca. 1605, Oil on
canvas

El Greco

Portrait of St.
Jerome as a
Cardinal

1600-1610

Oil on canvas

Metropolitan
Museum of Art

El Greco

Christ Crucified with Two
Donors

1585-90

Oil on panel

 Discussion Questions
  How does art influence or reflect religion? How does
Protestant art differ from Catholic art during the
Reformation and Counter Reformation?
  Does religion influence art today? If so, how? How
prevalent is religious art today? Why?

154