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With hidden cameras, a BBC Natural history team recorded in several months, a male and
female at 2.49 miles above sea level. A height previously thought to be too high for the
jungle animals to inhabit. This film was the first evidence the tigers could live and breed in
mountains.
Footage shows the female tiger lactating while the male appears to be marking its territory.
This suggests the tigers are not just passing through the area. The tigers’ behavior suggests
they are breeding and that there must now be cubs somewhere on this mountain.
Villagers told BBC team that tiger tracks have been seen in the area. Earlier this year, a
WWF survey team found a 4.2 inch-wide tiger print, suggesting a male tiger weighing more
than 440 pounds and about 9.8 feet in length.
Conservationists believe this sparsely populated, high-altitude habitat is relatively
unthreatened by human development and could provide a “tiger corridor” that would link
animals in other parts of Asia. There is pressure on tigers’ habitats from all sides. Yet we
now know they can live and breed at this altitude which is a safer habitat for them. Bhutan
was the missing link in this “tiger corridor”.
There still is a long way to go to save the tiger. Bhutan has a tiger population of about 120-
150 animals. We need to study and save wildlife by creating a series of ecological corridors.
Putting An End To Tiger Poaching
WWF is working with TRAFFIC to curb the trade in tiger parts and products, so that this
trade is no longer driving poaching and threatening wild tigers.
Our longer-term strategic activities include:
- Closing markets for tiger parts and products both in and outside tiger range countries,
focusing on trade-routes, processors, and consumers
- Closing all existing tiger farms, especially in China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand
- Preventing any legal commercialization of dead tiger body parts
- Ensuring all tiger range countries have fully CITES-compliant national legislation and fully
implement such legislation as well as other CITES Resolutions and Decisions on tigers and
Asian big cats
Putting An End To Tiger Poaching contd
- Establishing trans-boundary customs posts to foster international cooperation and liaison,
focusing on the Russia/China, China/Vietnam, India/Myanmar, Bangladesh/Myanmar and
India/Bangladesh borders
- Establishing and coordinating intelligence networks and ensuring intelligence-based law
enforcement in strategic locations, including Southeast Asia (particularly Malaysia and
Thailand), Sumatran landscapes, and the Greater Mekong Landscape (Thailand, Laos,
Cambodia, Vietnam)
- Developing the first phase of a Global Tiger Trade Information System for overall enhanced
enforcement effectiveness through better trade-route hot spot detection.
Conserving Tiger Habitats
WWF is working to restore tiger populations and distributions to at least 20% of their former
range in 13 priority landscapes. This involves:
- Recovering tiger and prey populations through better management of protected areas and
engaging a wider range of local stake holders in anti-poaching measures
- Managing tiger habitat, including restoration and management of corridors between core
areas through land-uses compatible with tiger conservation
- Creating additional or expanding existing protected areas to support viable, breeding tiger
populations, and link them with habitat corridors
- Engaging business, industry, and development groups to support tiger conservation and
adopt environmentally sensitive approaches that avoid negative impacts on habitat and
tiger populations
- Performing economic valuations of the ecological services and sustainable use of natural
resources derived from tiger landscapes to mainstream tigers and tiger conservation-
related values into development planning process and policy formulation
- Strengthening community engagement in: habitat management and tiger conservation by
providing economic incentives; multi-stakeholder forums to discuss, mediate, and resolve
conservation issues such as land and natural resource management; revenue sharing;
community-led anti-poaching strategies; and human wildlife conflict
- Using innovative wildlife research and monitoring techniques to learn more about the
tiger and prey biology in order to improve tiger conservation approaches, reduce conflict,
and prioritize interventions
- Establishing sustainable funding mechanisms to support tiger conservation, including from
philanthropic funding, carbon financing, and government grants
Making Tigers A Political Priority
WWF is working to mainstream tiger conservation into national and regional economic and
development plans.
We are working with a number of influential groups in tiger range states – including
governments, regional coalition, and international and multilateral institutions – to:
- Integrate tiger habitats into land-use plans as a legitimate category so that project and
development processes will treat them as conservation areas during project planning, and
employ the World Bank's 'tiger filter'
- Ensure ongoing discussions on tiger conservation into strategic engagements and
developmental dialogues with governments at national, regional and local levels
- Get endorsement of trans-boundary agreements at highest levels of governments to
address tiger landscape conservation, anti-poaching, and international trade of tiger parts
- Help to develop and capitalize a region-wide Trust Fund for tiger conservation
Conservation For Tigers
Color Codes For The Future Prospects For Tigers In Each Landscape:
GREEN The prospects for tigers are good; numbers are stable or increasing; conservation
efforts are succeeding.
YELLOW Prospects for tigers are fair; numbers are stable but are increasingly threatened;
significant conservation challenges lie ahead.
RED Prospects for tigers are poor; Tiger numbers are declining; major threats are growing
and, if not addressed, will continue to drive tiger numbers down.
Western Ghats
There are around 200 tigers in the Western Ghats. The tigers habitat is mountainous
forests. There are also Asian elephants, sloth bears, lion-tailed macaques, and langur
monkeys.
Many of the big cats move between territories in the Western Ghats, making interconnected
habitats key to their survival. The area is also rich in tiger prey such as deer, wild pigs, and
wild cattle.
The Western Ghats offers one of the best hopes for conserving this endangered species,
because of such a relatively large population of tigers in one spot.
In 2009, the WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society)-India program helped to develop a new
software program allowing researchers to quickly identify an individual tiger from its
unique stripe pattern and may also locate the origin of tigers from skins confiscated from
poachers. Techniques like these can be used to survey tiger populations across their
remaining range in Asia. The software that converts camera photographs into 3-D models
based on each tiger’s unique stripe pattern is enabling scientists to quickly identify
individual tigers. WCS conservationists keep tabs on tigers by employing a new fecal DNA
sampling technique. Tiger scat is collected and provides researchers with unique DNA
signatures allowing them to accurately and non-invasively identify individual tigers, and
estimate tiger populations.
With 30 million people living in the region, habitat loss and fragmentation pose the most
serious danger and threat to tigers, as farmland and roads expand across the wilderness,
and livestock compete with tigers for space.
In Western Ghats, tigers are benefiting from increased support from the Government of
India, and the State Governments, sustained conservation measures, local advocacy, and a
continuing WCS commitment to securing their future in the wild. As a result, the outlook
for tigers in this landscape look good.
Russia and China - Sikhote-Alin and Changbaishan Trans-boundary Landscapes
Together, these landscapes cover 164,093 sq. mi., represent the most biologically diverse
ecosystems in Northern Asia, and are home to the last populations of wild Siberian Tigers.
Recent data indicates numbers are declining, and in some places, potentially sharply.
Tigers regularly cross from Russia into China, where they are heavily impacted by poaching
of prey and other threats.
WCS’s 17-year long Siberian Tiger Project across the Russian landscape has enabled
conservationists to plan and manage the landscape for tigers inside and outside of
protected areas and build local ecosystem understanding. WCS launched efforts to recover
viable tiger populations in China and engage in discussions to establish trans-boundary
reserves that connect tiger populations in Russia and China. Unfortunately, despite
numerous successes, recent signs show that Siberian Tigers are once again under increased
threat. Policy changes in Russia have decreased enforcement, and poaching of both tigers
and their prey appear to be increasing.
Change In Forest Cover Of China Map
Conservation For Tigers
Cambodia - Eastern Plains Landscape
This landscape is 5,792 sq. mi. mix of semi-evergreen and deciduous forest. Years of war
and strife in the region have decimated what once was a thriving wildlife population. Tigers
have suffered from the loss of their prey and targeted poaching. They are likely down to
fewer than 10 individuals. After 10 years of the Royal Government of Cambodia and WCS
collaborating, recently they culminated in the designation of the Seima Protection Forest
(SPF), which covers more than 11,000 sq. mi. of Cambodia’s eastern border shared with
Vietnam. Seima, a former logging concession the size of Yosemite National Park, protects
not only tigers but also threatened primates and elephants.
The long-term prospects for tigers in the Eastern Plains are dire because of their low
numbers. Yet large areas of habitat remain, prey is recovering and if breeding tigers still
exist, a long-term recovery for the population may still be possible. WCS is working with
the Cambodian government on enforcement and land-use planning at the community and
provincial levels.
Asia’s most iconic animal faces imminent extinction in the wild. In the past century, tiger
numbers plummeted from 100,000 to about 3,500, and continue to fall. Tiger habitat has
declined by 40 percent in the last ten years alone. In an egregious illegal wildlife trade,
criminals earn huge profits selling tiger parts, taking advantage of poor people living around
tiger reserves to recruit poachers. People hunt the prey tigers need to survive. Adverse
human activities, including infrastructure development without concern for wildlife and
nature, has fragmented the tiger’s habitat and threatens to take it all. We must “stop the
bleeding” now before the wild tiger’s extinction become inevitable.
Conservation For Tigers
The existing method of counting tiger populations needs to be revised. Ex: the issue of
creating a state-run information center to store all the information obtained about the
condition of tiger populations and other rare species of animals.
TATP addresses popular science, educational and social issues. Raise awareness among the
people living in the areas near Russia's rare species of animals about the environment and
the animals' behavior.
Tools To Research Amur Tigers
Photo-traps
(the Lif River/Reconix models)
These are cameras used for making observations at a distance. They are located in the
tiaga at fixed intervals along the tigers' likely routes.
Each tiger has a unique coat pattern (like each person's fingerprints). A photo-trap has a
special flash card. Based on data supplied by photo-traps (similar to fingerprint analysis),
scientists make individual cards to enter information on each tiger living in the area.
Photo-traps are installed in order to photograph animals simultaneously from both sides as
this is the only way to make an individual portrait of each predator.
Special Loops
In order to attract a tiger, a special mark is left on a tree under which the loop is installed.
Like all cats, tigers are attracted by the smell of valerian. The trap is carefully concealed
so that the tiger does not detect anything suspicious. It is important that the tiger's front
paw gets caught in the loop, so the tiger won't have a chance to break free from the trap
because it does not have enough room to leap. When the tiger gets caught in the loop, a
transmitter connected to the loop by a special string changes its signal. The snare cable is
attached to an anchor cable through a swivel that allows the captured animal to rotate
freely. This swivel is critical to prevent injury. To avoid injuries, a slide stop is added to the
cable to prevent loop from closing too tightly, and cutting off circulation in the foot.
Air Rifles To Immobilize Tigers
Scientists use air rifles with telescopic sights from the Dan-Inject company to immobilize
tigers that get caught in the loops so that they can carry out research. The special injection
rifle is intended to shoot syringe darts. Gas pressure is adjusted with the help of a special
pressure gauge depending on the shooting distance. It can shoot at an animal at a distance
of up to 40 meters (131 feet). Zoletil and Medetomidin are the drugs which are currently
being used to immobilize all large predators, including tigers. The dose depends on the
animal's weight. The drugs cause the animal to sleep for 30 to 40 minutes. All procedures
relating to immobilization and veterinary checkups of tigers are conducted by expert
veterinarians. The chief veterinarian of the Moscow Zoo, Mikhail Alshinetsky, takes part in
the research.
First, veterinarians perform ultrasounds of all captured animals and take blood tests. Then,
they fasten a satellite-tracked collar around the animal's neck.
Satellite-tracked Collars
Information about the position of the tiger will be transmitted to a computer in real time.
Tigers quickly get used to wearing the transmitter, which is relatively light. The GPS collar's
battery life is about 18 months, after which the collar will automatically unfasten.
Molecular and Genetic Methods
These methods are based on the analysis of the microsatellite parts of nuclear DNA (an
animal's blood and feces are used for this purpose). The structure of these parts of DNA is
unique for each animal. The microsatellite parts of DNA that are used to identify an animal
have different numbers of di- tri- and tetranucleotide (relative mutation-rates of
microsatellite loci) sequences and consequently different lengths.
Conservation For Amur (Siberian) Tigers
The Amur Tiger Programme (TATP) contd
a
Ussuri National Reserve – Situated near Ussurisk city and about 150 km (93 miles) far from Vladivostok.
Conservation For Amur (Siberian) Tigers
The Amur Tiger Programme (TATP) contd
Ussuri National Reserve, which has been carrying out a program to protect the Amur tiger.
Wildlife Conservation
Important Elements In Wildlife Protection And Control
- Mapping and plotting the relative spatial abundance of wild animals
- Identification of risk factors
- Proximity to risk factors
- Sensitivity categorization
- Crime mapping and immediate action for apprehending the offenders based on
effective networking and communication
Wildlife Habitat And Population Evaluation System
- Mapping, data acquisition and GIS modeling
- Field data collection and validation
Bio-Diversity A Crisis
http://www.iucnredlist.org/news/biodiversity-crisis
http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20101013e1.html
Tiger Bones For Chinese medicine/Tiger And Lion Bones To Make Wine In China
http://www.tehelka.com/story_main30.asp?filename=Ne120507Stalking_the.asp
Conservation For Amur Leopard
http://wildlifebook.info/2010/02/wildlifesaving-the-critically-endangered-amur-leopard/