College of Agriculture UCC

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
A SHORT HISTORY
 1000 BC: The first calculating device ABACUS was invented in Egypt. The abacus is still in
use in some countries
 1642: A Frenchman Blaise Pascal introduced the first mechanical calculating device. It could
do both addition and subtraction
 1833: Charles Babbage professor of mathematics at the Cambridge University with the
assistance of Lady. Augusta Ada Lovelace developed a machine that could store information,
calculate numbers and solve algebraic expression.
 . 1945 : First electronic general purpose calculator ,ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator ) built in U.S ,weighs 33 tons consumes 150 kw and averages 5000
operations per second
 1947 : Transistor, essential storage device for computers invented by American engineers
William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Bartain
 1948 :First stored program computer, Manchester Mark 1 , built in UK. Using valves, it can
perform about 500 operations per second and has the first RAM . It fills a room the size of a
small office.
 1951 : Early computer game , Nim , played by Ferranti Nimrod computer at the Festival of
Britain.
 1957:FORTRAN ( Formula Translator) Programming language invented at IBM.
 1958:Integrated Circuit (microchip) produced by American engineer Jack Kilby. His circuit is
made of a single piece of semiconductor.
 1964: BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is created by professors at

Dartmouth College ,US. BASIC later becomes popular among personal computers.
 1965: First commercially successful microcomputer, DEC PDP-8 is produced in US. It sits on
a desktop.
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 1971: First microprocessor chip , the Intel 4004, produced in US. It performs 60000
operations per second.
 1975: Microsoft founded by American businessmen Bill Gates and Paul Allen . They
developed DOS which later becomes the dominant operating system for computers.
 1976: CRAY-1 supercomputer built . Word processors for personal computers , Electric
Pencil, developed. ‘Apple’ computer company formed.
 1977: Mass produced personal computer, Commodore PET (Personal Electronic Transactor )
appears
 1979: Application software for personal computers , ‘VisiCalc’, appears. A spread sheet
program, it sells 100,000 copies the first year.
 1981: First portable computer, Osborne 1, produced. At the size and weight of a sewing
machine, however, it is much less convenient than current portable computers.
 1981: IBM launches IBM PC on the personal computer market. IBM makes the first massive
sales in the personal computer market.
 1984: Apple Macintosh computer becomes first successful personal computer with a mouse
and easy to use Graphic User Interface (GUI).
 1985: Microsoft launches Windows for PC . Windows is a GUI similar to Mac’s, making
personal computer much easier to use.
 1990 : IBM Pentium PC produced. It holds up to 4,000 mega bytes of RAM and can perform
up to 112 million instructions per seconds. The microprocessor chip at the heart of the
computer measures 16mm by 17mm and contains 3.1 million transistors. It is designed using
a system called VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration).
Generations Of Computers
Generation Dates Characteristic
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1st 1944-59 Use Valves (Vacuum tubes)
2nd 1959-64 Use transistors
3rd 1964-75 Large Scale Integrated Circuits
4th 1975- Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits
5th Under development “Artificial Intelligence” based computers
ANATOMY OF MICROCOMPUTER
What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic device that accepts input as data, processes the data and gives the output
as information.
What is data? Data is the unprocessed, unorganized or uncalculated data
What is information? Information is the processed data, organized or calculated data
Components of a computer
The basic components of a computer include the monitor, system units, the keyboard and mouse
meanwhile keyboard can perform all the functions of a mouse.
• The monitor
Is also known as the screen, visual Display Unit (VDU) or Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is an output
device by which information is displayed for the assimilation of the user.
• The system unit
The system unit is the heart of the computer. It comprises two separate units; the Central Processing
Unit (CPU), and the control unit. The Control unit is the unit which co-ordinates the activities of the
machine. The CPU consists of the main memory as well as the Arithmetic and Logical Units. The
memory may be subdivided into Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).
The RAM is a immediate access store whose contents can be retrieved and changed in the computer
according to the specification of the user. The heart of the CPU is the registers where all calculations
take place.
The system unit also contains the hard disks denoted as “drive C”. This is relatively capacious disk,
which is permanently installed in the system. Another storage media is the floppy disk. They come in
two forms namely 5 2/4 inch floppy and 3 ½ inch floppy disk; this is also denoted as drive A”. The
system unit also houses the following ports; serial ports, parallel port, usb ports and fire ware ports.
• The keyboard
The keyboard feeds the CPU with raw data and consists of the Alphabetic keys, Directional Keys,
Function Keys or Programmable Keys (F1-F12) and the Numeric Key Pad.
• The mouse
Is a supporting input device which is used for pointing, selecting, navigating and dragging, and
opening of icons? It used mainly in the graphical user interface.
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Operations of the computer
Every data that is entered into computer to generate information must go though the information
processing cycle. Which falls into five major categories as stated below:
1. Input operation
The input operation allows the user to input or enter data into the main memory of the computer.
There are many devices that can be used to input data into the computer; the most common device
includes the keyboard, mouse, scanner, and the magnetic disks. Special devices that can read
special bar codes on products, numbers on cheques, handwritten characters and even devices
that understand the human voice can be used.
2. Arithmetic operation
In much application, both business and scientific, arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division are performed on the data stored in the main memory. Thousands and
even millions of arithmetic operations can be performed in one second by computer.
3. Logical operation
The logical operations performed on a computer are based on the ability of a computer, under the
control of a program, to compare data stored in the main computer memory.
4. Output operation
Output is produces by transferring data stored in main computer memory to a medium or device
which can be used by people. A commonly used output device is the monitor and the printer to
generate a hardcopy of documents.
5. Storage operation
Data must be saved for future use. Ideally, all data is stored in the main computer memory where it
can be accessed rapidly by any program needing it. When large numbers of characters must be stored,
however, the uses of main computer memory become expensive; therefore less expensive means of
storing data is used. This storage is called the auxiliary storage and this is provided by the thumb
drives.
Classification of computers
Computers are classified according to Purpose, Type, Size and speed
 Classification by purpose.
Under this class we have general and special purpose computers. A general-purpose computer is
one that is designed to handle general purpose-problems. It can be used in diverse ways according to
the desires of the user. They can for example be used in banking and commerce, industries and for
scientific analysis. The special purpose computer on the other hand is one which is designed
purposely for the analysis of a selected problem(s) in which ever field of discipline desired.
 Classification by type
Computers are also classified according to types and this is done in the manner by which data is
represented. By types, we have digital, analog and hybrid.
Digital computers as the name implies operate on representation of numbers and other characters as
a storing of discrete digits. They process data by precision in counting. Examples are addition,
subtraction, comparing etc. They are that most common computers used in the data processing
environment.
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Analog computers are so named because they perform computations by setting up physical
situations that are analogous to mathematical situations. They operate on data in the form of a
continuous physical variable quantities such as pressure, temperature etc. thus, analog computers are
essentially measuring devices. Examples are thermometer, speedometer etc.
Hybrid computers are types of computers that implore both digital and analog capabilities in the
process of data. These types of computers are usually found useful in the industries where data of
diverse forms are needed to be processed.
 Classification by size
Computer can also be calcified according to their physical size. There are four types;
microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes and the super computers.
The microcomputers are the smallest of the four sizes. Palmtops, calculators, watches, laptop are
few examples.
Minicomputers make up the middle class of computer size and power. They are physically bigger
than the micros. Nevertheless, today’s micros are so powerful that it is often difficult to distinguish
between micros and small minicomputers. Desktop is an example of a minicomputer.
Mainframe is yet another computer whose size and power supersedes that of the micros and the
minis. They are used primarily by large organization such as universities, airlines, government
agencies and manufacturing companies. These are expensive general-purpose computer with a range
of a powerful input/output processing and storage facilities. Access time is 15 nanoseconds and they
can support 100 or more terminals and needs a very high-speed printer. Example are the IBM 360
and 370, Burroughs B 7900, Amdahl 5860 etc.
Supercomputers
These have extraordinary large size and powerful input/output processing abilities. They are the most
powerful all computers and are used primarily by government and large organizations requiring high
computer power. The weather services and airline reservation services find this brand useful. They
can perform more than 20 million computations per second. Examples are the cyber 205, Cray X-MP,
Cray 2 and Cray 1.
Units of computer storage

Computers store data electronically in 1’s and 0’s called binary digit units (bit). A combination of 8
bits forms a character that occupies a unit of space called the byte. Thus, an alphabet, a number or a
special character occupies one unit of storage called the byte. For example the word COMPUTER
occupies 8 bytes of storage.
Here,
8 bits = 1 byte
100 bytes = 1 Kilobyte (KB)
1,000,000 bytes = 1 Megabyte (MB)
1,000,000,000 bytes = 1 Gigabyte (GB)
1,000,000,000,000 bytes = 1 Terabyte (TB)
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Classification by speed
By computer speed we mean the volume of work the machine can process over a period of 1 second.
It can also be said to be the rate of input/output operations performed by the computer in 1 second.
This may be measured in millisecond, microsecond, and nanosecond or in picoseconds.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

The three “wares”
1. The hardware
All computers consist of thee major pieces; the monitor screen (output device), the keyboard (input
device) and a large metal or plastic box (system unit), stuffed with electronics. These three pieces are
collectively known as the essential hardware. All other hardware are known as the peripherals i.e.
they are not essential for the use of a computer but enhance the uses of computer.
In other words hardware is the parts of computer that can be physically felt or touched.eg monitor,
the keyboard, system unit, mouse etc.
The processor
The processor can be thought of as the “brain” of the computer. It carries out calculation, text
formatting, and anything else that you may ask of the computer. It can be divided into the logical
processor and numerical processor.
2. Software
Software covers a whole range of programmes that runs on the computer to enable hardware
components of the computer to function as well as help enduser to accomplish his or her task.
Software can be classified into two as operating system or system software and application software.
Operating system
An operating system sometimes called system software: is a large computer program that is supplied
by the manufacturer of the machine and has to be permanently running in the computer in order to
carry out the work that it needs to do. There are basically two types of operating systems namely:
1. Command Line Interface (CLI); Here commands are type after which the enter key is
pressed for program to be activated. Examples are Disk Operating System (DOS), UNIX and
LINUX.
2. Graphical User Interface (GUI);

Here icons for programs to be activated and menus are selected through the clicking of the
mouse. Examples are Mac Finder 9Macintosh). WINDOWS NT 95 & 98, XP, VISTA.
Application software
These are software written to solve specific problem(s); business, scientific etc. For example we
have software for stock inventory. There are two types namely;
In-House-Software/ Vertical Software/Special Programs

They are programs developed by the user to perform either a specific task or generalized job using
application software development tools.
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Off-The-Shelf-Software
They are software packages that are written programs purchased by the user from software vendors.
Categories of application packages include, but, not limited to:
 Word processing Package – WordPerfect, MS Word, Professional Write, Word Star, Word
Pad, Note Pad, etc.
 Electronic Spreadsheets – Lotus 1-2-3, MS Excel, Qattro pro, VisiCalc, SuperCalc, Context
MBA, LisaCalc, As-Easy-As, etc.
 DataBase Packages – Dbase IV, FoxPro, oracle, SysBase, MS Access, etc.
 Graphic Packages – Harvard Graphics, Corel Draw, MS Publisher, PageMaker, MS

PowerPoint, etc.
 Mathematical & Statistical Packages – SPSS, Minitab, Shazam, MathCad, etc.
 Business & Financial Packages – MS Money, AccPac, Topaz, etc.
 Communication Packages – Netscape Communicator and Navigator, Internet Explorer,

Pegasus, Eudora, PC Pine, etc.
Computer virus
This is one of the many major threats to the computer today.

Definition
 It is a non-biological, illicit program created by an individual to a interrupt or destroy stored

files and software.
 It is a computer program which has the ability to make copies of itself.
 It is a diabolic computer program developed usually with the intention of causing a host of
problems on a computer for the user.
 It is program just like any other software but designed to operate secretly, behind the scenes,
so that they can accomplish their missions.
 It is a program that modifies other programs and possibly altered copies of itself.
3. Liveware
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The liveware is the human interacting with the computer. The liveware could be inputting data to the
computer or viewing information. Liveware can be divided into two categories:
a) Professionals – people who have had formal training in the use of computers.
b) Endusers – people who use the computer to complete a task or achieve a goal. Endusers who
achieve some level of expertise are known as power users.
Files
A stored program or set of data such as this is referred to as a “file”. A file can be of any reasonable
length; it may contain a few numbers that are required by a particular program or it may contain the
text of the complete work of prost or it may contain a program for redesigning the universe.
Disks and disk drives
As has already been mentioned, all computers have the capabilities or using floppy disks, in addition
to the hard disk.
Floppy disks
A floppy disk may be either of two possible types, namely 5.25 inch holds data of 360KB to 1.2MB
for normal, high density respectively and 3.5 inch holds data of 720KB 1.44MB for normal, high
density respectively. The 3.5 inch disk is enclosed in a rigid plastic case from which it never
emerges. Both types of disks are available in two versions, namely “normal” density and high
density. The later holds more information than the former.
The hard disk

A hard disk is quite different from a floppy disk it has much higher capacity and is permanently
installed inside the computer. It is much more convenient to use than the equivalent number of
floppy disks, since you do not have to do any swapping into and out from the drives.Hard disk holds
the highest capacity of data starting from 20MB to over 750GB.
Identifying disk drives
Because computers may have several disk drives, there has to be some means of distinguishing them.
This is done by referring to them as A, B, C, etc. Floppy disk drives are always referred to as drive
A and if there is a second one, drive B. The hard disk is always referred to as the drive C.
Backing up disks: a warning
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All disks whether floppy or hard are manufactured in the real world and are therefore subject to the
same limitations as everything else; they sometimes go wrong. For this reason it is essential that a
back up copy of all files that would be painful to lose should be kept.
CD – ROM
This is the acronym for Compact Disk read Only Memory. It is an optical storage medium capable of
holding up to 682 megabytes of data (approximately 333,000 pages of text), 94 minutes of audio, or
some combination of the two. CD-ROM uses the same metal-coated, plastic platters as used for
digital audio recording. Types of CDs include: CD-WORM, CD-RECORDABLE, CD-
REWRITABLE, DVD-ROM, DVD-RECORDABLE, DVD-RW, DVD-DL, DVD-DL-DS.
Parts of the Keyboard
Generally, the keyboard is divided into the:
Function keys, Alpha-Numeric keys, Cursor control keys/Navigating keys or Arrow keys,
Combination or Modifying keys, Numeric keys, Toggle Keys, Special keys
Function keys: F1-
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Combination
Numeric
keys
Alpha Numeric Navigating keys
The Mouse
A mouse is a supporting input device in the computer system. Almost all input done with the mouse
can be done with the keyboard. However the ease with which the mouse can be used to specify
required instructions makes the mouse much more preferred by many users. Basically, the mouse is
used for pointing, selecting and dragging.
The operation of the mouse can be seen by the appearance of a moving pointer on the screen known
as Cursor. It has sensing activators underneath that help the mouse to move toward four main areas:
Left, Right, Up and Down of the monitor's desktop; corresponding to the directions of the arrow keys
on the keyboard. At the top, the mouse has two buttons: the Left button and the Right button.
Right button: It is used to issue a context (pop-out, or short-cut) menu of a particular location after
right clicking. In most instances, right clicking reduces the steps involved in getting to a particular
command.
Left button: it is used to select, drag, and double-click to perform different output. Every mouse has
that basic setting of the left mouse button being the active key, unless on some rare instances of
certain acute left-handed users that the mouse may be configured to suit such specification.
Mouse Types
1. Mechanical mouse
This type is the most widely used. It has a ball underneath, and a cord that is attached to the system
unit. This ball can touches four directional sensor buttons. Once the mouse is moved on top of the
desk, the ball touches the respective directional sensor that moves the pointer on the screen
accordingly.
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2. Cordless Mouse
It is powered by a battery and uses infrared light or radio waves to pass on signals to the system unit.
It does not have any cord attached to the system unit.
3. Optical mouse
It has a sensor underneath that detects the shadow cast because of the opposite movement of the
mouse. In turn there is an emission of light. These effects are translated to be the mouse pointer’s
movement on the monitor.
PRINTERS
The printer, like the monitor screen is an output device and ranges from low speed to high speed.
Information printed out by a printer is called hard copy and that displayed on a monitor screen
is a soft copy. Printing techniques can be divided into two main categories: impact printers and
non-impact printers.Printers can also be categorized in another way: those which output one
character at a time (serial printers) and those which output a complete line at a time (line and page
printers).
 Impact printers
Impact printers form an image by virtue of a hammer-like object which strikes the paper on which
printing is required. Impact printers may further be subdivided into line printers (Example are chain
printer and barrel printer) and character printers (examples are Daisy-wheel printer and Dot-matrix
printer).
 Non-impact printers
Non-impact printers print output using other technologies such as laser, thermal and ink spraying.
They print at a very high speed.eg laser, Ink-jet, thermal printers etc
Print quality
Print quality is judged by comparing its output to that of a good electronic typewriter on which
characters are printed in a clear, solid form referred to as letter quality.
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Typeset quality print
Is a print that is better than a letter-quality? It is produced by special electronic typesetting devices or
laser printers. It is usually required for the printing of magazines, books, newsletter, advertisements
and special business reports.
Letter-quality print
Is a print that is about equal to clear, solid typed copy. It can be produced on daisy-wheel printer and
it required for business correspondence, report, payroll checks, customer, invoices etc.
Non-letter-quality print
This is a print that is of a poorer quality than typewriter print quality. A non-letter-quality print
records a character as series of dots and the greater the number of dots used the better the print
quality. It is used for draft copies of letter or documents.
Print speed
The speed of a printer could be low-speed, high speed and very high-speed. CVharacter or serial
printers are the slowest printers; they print character at a time. The printing speed of character
printers range from 15 to 300 characters per second (Cps). The speed of line and page printers are
measured in line per minute (1pm) and page per minute (ppm) respectively. The slower ones print in
one direction while the faster ones like the laser printer print in both directions. Some of the
commonly used impact printers are:
Dot matrix printer
This is the most popular type of printer used with personal computers because of its speed, versatility,
ruggedness and low cost. The characters are made from different combinations of pins forming a
dot-matrix. When the pins press the ribbon against the paper, printing takes place. It is faster than
daisy wheel printers in the range of 50 to 480 characters per second. It produces non-letter print
which is good for most office work.
Daisy-wheel printer
This is the second most popular computer printer. It has a pin-wheel like print unit called daisy
wheel where the characters are located. It is usually slower with printing speed of about 25 to 60 Cps
and is more expensive than the dot-matrix printers. Its quality is, however, better since it producers
letter-quality print.
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Band and chain printers
They are high-speed printers usually used in the minicomputers and mainframes environment. The
band printer has a flexible rotating steel band that contains the characters used for the printing. The
chain also has a flexible rotating steel band that contains the characters used for the printing. The
chain printer also has a rotating chain that contains the characters to be printed. They both have good
print quality.
Laser printer
This is a printer which uses a combination of laser and photocopier technology in its printing. Tiny
beans of laser light from the characters to be printed created an image of the characters on the paper.
It is the fastest and the most expensive printer some laser printers have colour cartridges and for that
matter can print in colours. They are doubtless the most efficient and rich in print quality.
The ink jet
Like laser and dot-matrix printers, inkjet printers also form images with little dots. Inkjet printers
spray small, electrically charged droplets of ink from nozzles through holes in a matrix at high speed
onto paper. Most colour printing is done on inkjets because the nozzles can hold four different
colours. Inkjet printers are quieter than laser printers and produce an equally high colour quality
image. They are less expensive as compared to laser printers
Thermal printer
For people who want the highest quality colour printing available with a desktop printer, thermal
printers are the best. However, they are expensive and they require expensive paper. Thermal printer
uses heat elements to produce images on heat-sensitive paper. They are widely used in professional
art and design work where very high quality colour is essential.
Rules for file names
Simple filenames
a. They may be as long as 256 characters
b. The characters may be letter, digits
c. Must not include any of the following: “!” “;” “:”
Use of file names extension
Filenames may be written with an “extension” of up to three letters, and this is separated from the
main part of the name by a full stop. This extension may be used to indicate the nature of the file.
For example SYS indicates a system file. There are no particular extensions that must be used for
files so your choice is OK if it falls within specification.
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The use of wildcard characters
The operating system makes things easier for use by allowing use to use some special characters in
filenames, called “wildcard” characters. We shall soon begin to appreciate the use of wildcard
characters.
? may be used in a filename and/or its extension to mean. “any single character”
* may be use in a filename and or its extension to mean all the remaining characters in a filename
and/or extension.
Introduction to Microsoft Office applications
USING MICROSOFT WORD

Microsoft word is a word processing application package used for creating and editing text, as well as
formatting or setting and editing images.
Starting the Microsoft Office Word 2003
1. Click on the start button and select All Programs
2. Locate Microsoft Office and follow the right little pointing arrow
3. Select Microsoft Office Word 2003

Title
Title
Bar Control
Control
Bar
Button
Button
Standard
Standard
Menu
Menu Toolbar
Toolbar
Bar
Bar Formatting
Formatting
Toolbar
Toolbar
Ruler
Ruler
Document
Document
Window
Window
Scroll
Scroll Bar
Bar
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Task
Task Bar
Bar Status
Status
Bar
Bar
THE STANDARD TOOLBAR
This entire toolbar could become a floating window by double-clicking on the control bar at the far
left end of this toolbar. That gives the following window, which can be placed anywhere on the
screen:
This toolbar can be restored to its original position by clicking in the gray bar at the top and dragging
it back to the top of the screen. Push the top of the window up to the bottom of the menu bar.
Function of commonly used buttons
Creates a new blank document

Opens or finds a file
based on the default template
Saves the active file with its Prints the active file - for more
current file name, location and print options go to the File menu
file format and select Print
Print preview - Shows how the
Spelling, grammar and writing
document will look when you
style checker
print it.
Cut - Removes the selection from
Copy - Copies the selected item(s)
the document and places it on the
to the clipboard
clipboard
Format painter - Copies the format
Paste - Places the content of the
from a selected object or text and
clipboard at the insertion point
applies to other objects or text
Undo - Reverses the last Redo - Reverses the action of the
command, use pull-down menu to Undo button, use the pull-down
undo several steps menu to redo several steps
Displays the Tables and Borders Insert a table into the document, or
toolbar make a table of selected text
Insert an Excel spreadsheet into Columns - Changes the number of
15Word
Page the of 69document columns in a document
Displays or hides the Drawing Zoom - Enlarge or reduce the
toolbar display of the active document
This quiz is available on a page without the table above
A B C D
You have completed the document and want to make

1 certain that you have not made spelling or grammar
errors.
Which button do you select?
Text is selected and you want to remove the selection
2 from the active document and place it on the clipboard.
You have made a change to the active document and
3 want to make certain that those changes are saved.
A phrase will appear several times in the document. To
4 save time you have selected the phrase and want to
copy it.
The document had been checked for spelling errors, it
5 has been saved, and now you are ready to print.
A document which has been saved into a folder on your
6 computer is to be opened so changes can be made.
The document had been checked for spelling and has
7 been saved. Before sending it to the printer you want to
see how it will look.
THE FORMATTING TOOLBAR
screen:
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Select the style to apply to Changes the font of the selected

paragraphs text
Changes the size of selected Makes selected text and numbers
text and numbers bold
Makes selected text and Underlines selected text and
numbers italic numbers
Aligns to the left with a ragged
Centers the selected text
right margin
Aligns to the right with a ragged Aligns the selected text to both
left margin the left and right margins
Makes a numbered list or Add, or remove, bullets in a
reverts back to normal selected paragraph
Decreases the indent to the Indents the selected paragraph to
previous tab stop the next tab stop
Adds or removes a border Marks text so that it is
around selected text or objects highlighted and stands out
Formats the selected text with
the color you click
A B C D
You wish to call attention to a statement in your

1 document by making the text bold.
A flyer is to be prepared inviting parents to a
2 performance. You want the headline to be centered
on the page.
You want to make sure that your instructions are
3 clear and plan to place them in a bulleted list.
4 To call attention to a block of text, you want place a
block of color behind the text to highlight it.
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Another way to call attention to a block of text is to
5 place a border around it.
A quoted block of text has been indented. You wish
6 to continue the document but you need to undo the
indent.
You have made a birthday certificate and you want
7 the student's name to be displayed in color.
THE DRAWING TOOLBAR
screen:
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A pull down menu with

Changes the pointer to a
several
selection arrow
drawing options
Rotates the selected object A pull down menu with
to any degree several libraries of shapes
Draws a line where you
Inserts a line with an
click and drag. Hold the
arrowhead where you click
Shift key down to make the
and drag
line straight
Draws a rectangle where Draws an oval where you
you click and drag. Hold click and drag. Hold down
down Shift to draw a square Shift to draw a circle
Draws a text box where you Create text effects with Word
click and drag Art
Add, modify, or remove fill Add, modify, or remove line
color from a selected object color
Formats the selected text Changes the thickness of

with the color you click lines
Selects dash style for dashed Select arrow style; placement
lines and shape of arrowhead
A pull down menu offers Add 3-d effects to rectangles
shadow choices or ovals
A B C D
Instead of striking the underline key fifteen

1 times, you plan to draw a single line by
clicking and dragging.
You have drawn a line, and now want to
4 change the color of the selected line.
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5 The last line you drew had an arrowhead at the
wrong
The end.ofYou
heading wantistojust
a flyer change
plain the
textarrowhead
and you
2 to the other end of the line.
would rather create special effects with text.
Which button
Which do you do
button select?
you select?
6 Youare
You created
goingan to object
draw ainperfect
a document andyour
circle on you
want toby
document tiltholding
it at an down
angle.the shift key, clicking
3
and dragging.
7 You haveWhichdrawnbutton do you around
a rectangle select? a section
of a flyer and want to change it to a dashed
line.
Customizing Microsoft Office toolbars For use with Word, Excel or PowerPoint
Customize the toolbars
Removing items from active toolbars
If any item on the toolbar is not useful to you it can be removed. I am going to use a floating copy of
the Standard toolbar as an example:
In the above toolbar I plan to remove the Insert Hyperlink button
• From the View menu select Toolbar

• From the Toolbar submenu select Customize
• Click on the button you want to remove
• Click and drag the button until you see an x attached to the pointer
• Let go of the button and it is removed from the toolbar
The same procedure can be used to move a toolbar button to a new location on any toolbar
Restoring items to an active toolbar
To restore any buttons that you removed from a toolbar follow this procedure:

• Choose the Toolbars tab
• Click on the name of the toolbar
• Select the Reset button
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• Click OK in the Reset Toolbar window
Adding buttons to a toolbar
A large number of toolbars can be added to the window from the View/Toolbar window. However,
you may wish to add only a button or two to the open toolbars. There are some actions that I used
regularly in Microsoft Works which are not listed on the commonly used toolbars in Word, such as:
• Insert date
• 1.5 space and double space
If you browse in the Customize window you may find other examples. In the example below I add
the Date button from the Insert menu. The following steps will allow you to add any buttons to any
menu:

• Choose the Commands tab
• Select the name of the menu (I used Insert)
• Scroll in the right window to find the button
• Click and drag the button to the space on the toolbar where you want the button
• Release the mouse and the button is placed.
Changing the size of the window displaying the selected font
If I am using the font Arial there is more than enough room to display the font name on the
Formatting toolbar. If more room is needed, the size of that window can be decreased. On the other
hand, if I am using the font Times New Roman MT Extra Bold the size of the window will be too
small to display the entire font name. Using the Customize menu, the window can be re-sized using
the following steps:

• When the Customize window appears click on the font name window
• When the black box outlines the window put your cursor on the right edge of the window
• When your cursor changes to a double-headed arrow click and drag
Using the Symbol toolbar button
I often use symbol characters in documents I produce. On my Macintosh I use Keycaps to find the
symbols, and on my IBM I use the Character Map. However, Word has a toolbar button which is
easier to use than either of those two applications.
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Using the steps outlined above I added the symbol button (Greek letter Omega) from the Insert menu.
One click on this button brings up a window with all available characters in a given font. Click once
on a character to see an enlarged view. Double-click a character to insert it into the document
If you perform any task repetitively in Word, there is probably a button to use for the task. Search the
Customize/Commands window to find what you are looking for.
Using MS Word Entering and Editing Text
For this lesson you will create a one page document which includes the use of a bulleted list.
Suggested possibilities include:
• A note to parents listing things to bring for a field trip

• A lesson/unit plan which lists technology integration
Note: Purple text is to be copied to Paste into the document you create
Step 1. Open Microsoft Word.
Step 2. Open a new blank document using keyboard commands
• IBM - Use Ctrl+N (Hold down the Ctrl key and tap the N key one time)
Step 3. Enter the following line at the top of the page:
• Do not use all caps anywhere on the page. The eye has difficulty scanning text in an all caps
format, even including headlines.
Step 4. Highlight the line of text and perform the following actions using toolbar buttons, menu items
or keyboard combinations:
• Format the text to Bold

• Increase the side to 18 pt.
• Center the text
• Press Return/Enter two times
• Click Bold button to remove Bold
• Return text size to default
• Note: all of these actions can be performed using the Formatting toolbar.
Step 5. Copy the following paragraph and paste it into your document two lines below the headline
using toolbar buttons, menu items or keyboard combinations:
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Students will work in teams of four to gather information for a report on a chosen
topic. Each team will have two weeks to gather the information and one week to prepare
a multimedia report, which will be given to the class. The report may be produced as a
HyperStudio stack, a PowerPoint slide show, or a Claris HomePage web page. Five
Internet sites will be listed as resources where information can be gathered. If a
group can not find enough information, searches will be allowed on only the search
engine Yahooligans. If any group is going to do a search, the search must be cleared
with the teacher first. Below is a list of the classroom stations which will be
setup for this unit:
*Click and drag to highlight the paragraph you see above. With the text selected use the toolbar
button, menu item or keyboard combination to copy text. Go to the new Word document and paste
what you copied using the toolbar button (it looks like a clipboard), menu item (it is in the Edit menu)
or keyboard combination (IBM=Ctrl+V,)
Step 6. Enter a list of stations in the form of a bulleted list. That can be done in two ways.
1. Select the bulleted list button, copy the list, paste it into the document. (be sure your cursor is
at the bullet)
2. Copy and paste the entire list, highlight the list, select the bulleted list button
or
1. Select the items one at a time

2. Copy and paste into the Word document
3. Select the bulleted list button
List of stations
Internet connected student workstation

Encyclopedia CD in a student workstation
Books and/or magazines related to the subject
Printed copies of web pages related to the project topic
Videotape or Laser Disk on the subject.
After all bulleted points have been entered hit the Return/Enter key one time. Another bullet will be
displayed at the cursor.
Step 7. Remove the last bullet produced. The simplest way to do that is to deselect the bullet button
in the formatting toolbar.
Step 8. Highlight the five bulleted points. Go to the Format menu, select Bullets and Numbering
and change the style of the bullet.
Step 9. Add one final paragraph. describing what the report should look like. You may generate your
own text or copy the paragraph below:
Instructions to students - Your group is to present a report to the class regarding

your selected topic. Each person should participate. Remember, you are to include
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pictures which you copied from the Internet. You should also remember to give credit
for each source you quote. Your report can be in the form of a HyperStudio stack, a
PowerPoint slide show, or a Claris HomePage web pag
Inserting and Editing Images in Microsoft Word
You will insert an image and modify the image, if you wish. Text will be produced first, and
then an image will be placed. Note: Purple text is to be copied to Paste into the document you
create
Step 3. Turn the document to landscape orientation that makes the longest dimension the width of the
page, not the depth. Go to the File menu, select Page Options, choose Orientation and select
Landscape.
Step 4. Enter the following line at the top of the page:
• Do not use all caps anywhere on the page. The eye has difficulty scanning text in an all caps
format, even including headlines.
Step 5. Copy the following rules and paste them into your document two lines below the headline
using toolbar buttons, menu items or keyboard combinations:
Sign in before using any Internet connected computer.

Save only to the Desktop or a floppy disk.
Get the teacher's permission before printing.
No food or drinks near the computers, no exceptions!
If you don't know how to do something, ask.
Click and drag to highlight the rules you see above. With the text selected use the toolbar button,
menu item or keyboard combination to copy text. Go to the new Word document and paste what you
copied using the toolbar button (it looks like a clipboard), menu item (it is in the Edit menu) or
keyboard combination (IBM=Ctrl+V).
Step 6. Highlight the title and perform the following actions using toolbar buttons, menu items or
keyboard combinations:

• Center the text
• Click Bold button to remove Bold
• Return text size to default
• Note: all of these actions can be performed using the Formatting toolbar.
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Step 6. Highlight the five rules and perform the following actions using toolbar buttons, menu items
or keyboard combinations:

• Left align the text, if it is not already aligned
Note: all of these actions can be performed using the Formatting toolbar.
Step 7. Place your cursor under the title, but above the five rules. You may have to hit Enter/Return
to do this.
In Word go to the Insert menu, select Picture then Clip Art. Insert the image named computer
training. It can be found in any of the following clip art libraries on Office: Academic, Office, People
At Work, Computers, PCs, Computer Hardware, Students, Schools, Education, or Personal
Computers.
Step 8. With the picture selected, go to the Format menu and select Format Picture. There are
several things that you can do with this picture.
Tab Actions available
• Crop the picture one margin at a time

• Change the color to grayscale, black and white, or make
Picture a very light watermark out of the image
• Change the brightness or contrast of the image

• Five styles of wrapping allow you to place an image in
the middle of a block of text
Wrapping • Four possible alignment of text choices are offered
• distance from the text to the picture can also be specified

• Place a block of color or a pattern behind the image
Colors and Lines
• Place a box around the image, change the thickness and
character of the line making the box
• Change the size of the picture using an inches scale, or a
Size percent scale
(best done by clicking and dragging)
Position • Change the position of the image on the page
(best done by clicking and dragging)
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Step 9. Resize the image by clicking and dragging. Click once on the image and it will be
surrounded by eight boxes; one at each corner, and one in the middle of each line.
If you click on a box in the middle of a line and drag outward from the center of the image you will
change only the width or height of the picture, causing distortion.
If you click on a corner box, hold the shift key down, and drag outward from the picture you will
change width and height proportionally. If the aspect ratio is locked, Word automatically does this
without your having to hold down the shift key.
Step 10. Move the image by clicking and dragging. Click once on the image and it will be
surrounded by eight boxes; one at each corner, and one in the middle of each line.
Move your cursor over the image and it becomes a pointer with a four headed arrow attached to it.
Click anywhere in the picture and drag it to the desired location.
Assignment
1. Open a new Word document to be used to create a certificate. This certificate will be awarded by
a student to his/her favorite character in a book
2. Turn the document to Landscape orientation.
3. Insert an image at the top center of the page using Word Clip Art.
4. Create a title for the certificate. Suggestion: "My Favorite Character"
5. Insert a name. Suggestion: "Character's name from book".
6. Write a short statement as to why the character was chosen.
7. Draw a line and leave a place for the student's name to be signed.
8. Print "Student's Name" below the line.
9. Save the document.
Page Options in Microsoft Word Orientation, Borders, and Shading
You will place a border around one line of text, place a border around the entire page, and add
shading to selected text.
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Step 3. Turn the document to landscape orientation, that makes the longest dimension the width of
the page, not the depth. Go to the File menu, select Page Options, choose Orientation and select
Landscape. Or
Step 4. Place a border in the document. First we will place a border around just the title.
• Highlight the title

• Go to the Format menu and select Border..., and choose the Borders tab
• Select the style, color and line thickness of your border. Click OK to place a border around
the highlighted text.
Step 5. Next place a border around the entire page. Go to the Format menu and select Border..., and
choose the Page Border tab.
In the middle of the Borders and Shading window, near the bottom of the window you will find a
button which will allow you to put an artistic border around the entire page.
Step 6. Click on the down arrow to display the choices. Scroll through this list to find the one you
prefer. There is a huge selection here. The graphic below illustrates only a portion of what is
available:
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Step 7. Click OK when you have made your choice. This places the border around your document.
(No computers in the art borders!)
Step 8. Go to print preview using either the File menu or the Standard toolbar. Make a judgment
regarding the appearance of your sign. Regarding the example above, I would make two changes: (1)
the text is crowded on the left, and (2) there is too much empty space below the rules
1. Crowded text - Solutions: center the text, tab each line over. (Do not use the space bar, tab!)
2. Empty space - Solutions: increase font size, increase spacing between lines
(I selected center, and 1.5x spacing )
Step 9. As a finishing touch, use the highlight feature to stress one particular rule in the sign above. I
want to call attention to the third rule.
• Use the Highlight button in the Formatting toolbar by clicking on the down arrow to select a
color
• Use the Format menu, select Borders, choose the Shading tab in the Borders and Shading
window, select a color.
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Step 10. Print your masterpiece.
Using Bullets in Microsoft Word

For this lesson you will create a one page document which includes the use of a bulleted list.
Suggested possibilities include:
• Compose a note inviting friends to a get-together at your house, including a list of things to
bring with them.
• Write a report about a book listing five facts about the main character
• PC - Use Ctrl+N (Hold down the Ctrl key and tap the N key one time)
• Macintosh - Use Command+N (Hold down the Command key and tap the N key one time)
Step 3. Create a document which requires the use of a list. If you do not use the invitation or book
report from the suggested choices above, your document must have a list of at least five things. Use a
separate line for each item in your list.
Do not use all caps anywhere on the page. The eye has difficulty scanning text
in an all caps format, even including headlines.
The exclamation point above was taken from the Monotype Sorts bullets in Word
Step 4. Add bullets to your list. That can be done in two ways.
1. Highlight the entire list

3. Bullets appear by each item in your list.
or
4. Place your cursor where your list will begin.

6. Type in your items one at a time.
7. Press Return/Enter at the end of each item.
8. Bullets appear at the beginning of each item you type.
Step 7. After completing your list and pressing Return/Enter another bullet will appear. To remove
that bullet, deselect the bullet button in the formatting toolbar.
Step 8. You may change the style of your bullets. Highlight the five bulleted points. Go to the
Format menu, select Bullets and Numbering. From the display on the Bulleted tab, select one of
the styles of bullets. After choosing one, you can see a much larger selection of bullets by clicking on
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the Customize tab. From the Customize bulleted list dialog box you may change the font and/or the
bullet.
As an example, the sample dialog box above shows bullets available in only one font. Every font on
your computer has some bullets you might use. Some of the fonts are nothing but images and icons
which could be used as bullets.
Creating Signs with Borders

• PC - Use Ctrl+N (Hold down the Ctrl key and tap the N key one time)
Step 2. Turn the document to landscape orientation. On a Macintosh go to the File menu, select Page
Options, choose Orientation and select Landscape. On a PC go to the File Menu, select Page Setup,
choose the Paper Size tab, and select Landscape as the orientation.
Step 3. Create the document you will use to complete this task. Look below for an example of an
unformatted list of rules.
This document fills only a tiny portion of the page and needs to be formatted. Suggestions for
formatting include; centering the title, adding bullets, and changing the font style, size and color.
Step 4. Next place a border around the entire page. Go to the Format menu and select Borders and
Shading..., and choose the Page Border tab.
In the middle of the Borders and Shading window, near the bottom of the window you will find a
button labeled Art which will allow you to put an artistic border around the entire page.
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Step 5. Click on the down arrow to display the choices. Scroll through this list to find the one you
prefer. There is a huge selection here. The graphic below illustrates only a portion of what is
available:
(I turned this list on its side to take up less space on the page)
Step 6. Click OK when you have made your choice. This places the border around your document.
Step 7. Go to print preview using either the File menu or the Standard toolbar. Make a judgment
regarding the appearance of your sign. On the example above, I would make three changes: (1)
increase the font size of the title, (2) center each of the five rules, and (3) change colored text to italic.
Step 9. Save, and print your masterpiece.
USING MICROSOFT OFFICE EXCEL

Microsoft Office Excel is an electronic spreadsheet used for entering and editing data, creating
charts and graphs as well as performing some mathematical functions (calculations)
Starting the Microsoft Office Excel 2003
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3. Select Microsoft Office Excel 2003
Control
buttons
Menu bar
Formatting and
Standard toolbars
Name box sharing one row
Formula bar
Active cell
Column headings
Row
headings
Sheet tabs Worksheet

Status
THE STANDARD TOOLBAR
screen:
Creates a new blank document

Opens or finds a file
based on the default template
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Saves the active file with its Prints the active file - for more
current file name, location and file print options go to the File menu
format and select Print
Print preview - Shows how the
Spelling, grammar and writing
document will look when you
style checker
print it.
Cut - Removes the selection from
Copy - Copies the selected item(s)
the document and places it on the
to the clipboard
clipboard
Format painter - Copies the format
Paste - Places the content of the
from a selected object or text and
clipboard at the insertion point
applies to other objects or text
Undo - Reverses the last Redo - Reverses the action of the
command, use pull-down menu to Undo button, use the pull-down
undo several steps menu to redo several steps
Sort Ascending - Sorts selected
Auto Sum - Adds numbers
items from the beginning of the
automatically, and suggests the
alphabet, the lowest number or the
range of numbers to be added
earliest date
Sort Descending - Sorts selected
Chart Wizard - Guides you through
items from the end of the
the steps for creating an embedded
alphabet, the highest number or
chart (graph)
the latest date
Displays or hides the Drawing Zoom - Enlarge or reduce the
toolbar display of the active document
This quiz is available without the table above
A B C D
You have completed the worksheet and want to make

1 certain that you have not made spelling or grammar
errors.
Text is highlighted and you want to remove the
2 selection from the active document and place it on the
clipboard.
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You have made a change to the active document and
3 want to make certain that those changes are saved.
4 You want to get a quick sum of a column of numbers.

The worksheet had been checked for spelling errors, it
5 has been saved, and now you are ready to print.
A worksheet which has been saved into a folder on
6 your computer is to be opened so changes can be made.
The worksheet had been checked for spelling and has
7 been saved. Before sending it to the printer you want to
see how it will look.
screen:
Changes the font of the Changes the size of selected

selected text text and numbers
Makes selected text and Makes selected text and
numbers bold numbers italic
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Underlines selected text and Aligns to the left with a ragged
numbers right margin
Aligns to the right with a
Centers the selected text
ragged left margin
Merge and Center - Merges Currency Style - Formats
two or more selected cells and selected text to display
centers the entry currency style
Percent Style - Formats Comma Style - Formats
selected cells to display selected cells to display
percent commas in large numbers
Increase Decimal - Increases Decrease Decimal - Decreases
the number of decimals the number of decimals
displayed after the decimal displayed after the decimal
point point
Decreases the indent to the Indents the selected paragraph
previous tab stop to the next tab stop
Adds or removes a border Marks text so that it is
around selected text or objects highlighted and stands out
the color you click
This quiz is available without the information above
A B C D
You wish to call attention to a portion of your

1 worksheet by making the text bold.
2 You want to center the entries in selected cells.

3 Cell A1 is to be stretched so it covers 6 cells

To call attention to text, you want place a block of
4 color behind the text to highlight it.
5 Another way to call attention to a block of cells is
to place a border around them.
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A column of numbers represents money and you
6 want to apply currency style.
A column of numbers has too many decimal
7 places after the decimal point.
THE DRAWING TOOLBAR
screen:

several
selection arrow
drawing options
Rotates the selected object A pull down menu with
to any degree several libraries of shapes
Draws a line where you
Inserts a line with an
click and drag. Hold the
arrowhead where you click
Shift key down to make the
and drag
line straight
Draws a rectangle where Draws an oval where you
you click and drag. Hold click and drag. Hold down
down Shift to draw a square Shift to draw a circle
click and drag Art
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Formats the selected text Changes the thickness of

with the color you click lines


This quiz is available without the table above
A B C D
Instead of striking the underline key fifteen times,

1 you plan to draw a single line by clicking and
dragging.
You have drawn a line, and now want to change
2 the color of the selected line.
The last line you drew had an arrowhead at the
3 wrong end. You want to change the arrowhead to
the other end of the line.
You created an object in a worksheet and you
4 want to tilt it at an angle.
You have drawn a rectangle around a selection of
5 cells and want to change it to a dashed line.
The heading of a worksheet is just plain text and
6 you would rather create special effects with text.
You are going to draw a perfect circle on your
7 worksheet by holding down the shift key, clicking
and dragging.
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Using File, Edit, and View Menu items in Microsoft Excel
The most commonly used items from the File, Edit and View menus will be explained.
File menu
New - Opens a new document. If you use the keyboard

combination indicated on the right a blank document
opens immediately. Selecting the New menu item with
your cursor gives the opportunity to open a large number
of types of documents.
Open - Opens a previously saved document.
Close - Closes the active document but does not quit the
application.
Save - Saves the active document with its current file
name, location and format.
Save As - Saves by opening a window which gives the
opportunity to change the file name, location or format.
Page Setup - Sets margins, paper size, orientation and
other layout options. Grid lines don't show up when you
print? Go to the sheet tab in this window
Print Preview - Shows how the file will look when you
print it.
Print - Prints the active file, also gives the opportunity to
change print options
Exit - Closes Microsoft Excel
Edit menu
Undo - The actual entry of this item will depend on

what you did last. In my example I had typed, so that
was displayed. This selection can be repeated several
times.
Redo - After an action has been undone, it can be
reinstated in the document.
Cut - Removes the selection from the active document
and places it on the clipboard.
Copy - Copies the selection to the clipboard, the cell
from which information is copied remains highlighted
Paste - Inserts the contents of the clipboard at the
insertion point (cursor) or whatever is selected.
Paste Special - Ten choices are available when making
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this selection; examples include pasting formulas,
vqalues, and comments.
Fill - Fill contents of a selected cell Up, Down, Left or

Right
Clear - Deletes the selected object or text, but does not
place it on the clipboard. Four choices are available;
All, Format, Contents or Comments
Delete - This menu entry can be used to delete antire
rows or columns.
Find - Searches for specified text in the active
document
Replace - Searches for and replaces specified text and

formatting.
View menu
Normal - The default document view for most word

processing tasks.
Page Break Preview - Before printing, make sure the page
breaks appear where you want them
Toolbars - Displays or hides toolbars. The right pointing
arrow indicates a list of toolbars. To add one slide down to
the name of the toolbar and click to select.
Formula Bar - Remove or display the bar which displays
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cell address and data entered into the active cell
Header and Footer - Adds or changes the text that is
displayed at the top or bottom of every page of the document
Comments - Hidden comment give further information
about cell contents. Comments are displayed when you
move the cursor into the cell, however this command causes
all comments on a page to be displayed.
Full Screen - Hides most screen elements so you can see
more of your document
Zoom - Controls how large, or small, the current document

appears on the screen.
Using Insert, Format and Font Menu items in Microsoft Excel
The most commonly used items from the Insert, Format and Tools menus will be explained.
Insert menu
Cells - Use this command to insert a cell. A pop-up window

allows you to move existing data down or to the right. You
can also insert rows or columns with this window.
Rows - Inserts a new row in the spreadsheet, above the row
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that contains the active cell.
Columns - Inserts a new column in the spreadsheet, to the left
of the column that contains the active cell.
Worksheet - By default, an Excel workbook is made up of
three worksheets. You may insert as many additional sheets as
you require. Sheets are inserted in front of the current
worksheet.
Chart - This adds a chart of the selected data, or of the entire
worksheet if you have no data selected.
Page Break - Inserts page breaks above and to the left of the
active cell. To avoid adding a page break to the left, make
sure a cell in Column A is selected before inserting the break.
Function - Opens the Paste Function window allowing the
selection of a specific equation to go in the active cell.
Comment- Have something to say about the contents of a
cell? Add a small note with the appearance of a Post-It note.
Picture - Insert pictures from clip art or a file. You can also
insert auto shapes, word art, or a chart.
Object - Insert an object such as clip art, word art, an
equation or much more.
Hyperlink - An interesting use of hyperlinks is to place a link
to any document stored on your computer. You can later open
that document by clicking on the link. If you want to see an
example of an Excel worksheet using hyperlinks to Internet
sites, download a copy and open it with Excel.
Format menu
Cells - Format the way a number is displayed, alignment

of data in the cell(s), font (size, color, style, etc.), borders
and colors for the selected cells, and you may also lock
the contents of a cell here.
Row - Specify a row height, choose auto-fit, and hide or
un-hide the selected row.
Column - Specify a column width, choose auto-fit, hide
or un-hide the selected column, or choose the standard
width for a column.
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Sheet - Here you can rename the sheet if sheet 1 is not
descriptive enough (and it's not), you can hide or un-hide
a sheet, or you can tile an image in the background of the
entire sheet.
Auto Format- There are sixteen pre-designed formats to
change the look of your spreadsheet. You may apply the
format to the entire sheet or only to selected cells.
Style - Opens a Style window which will lead to the

Format Cells window if you wish to Modify the format.
Spelling... - Check spelling in your document

AutoCorrect... - Define, or turn off automatic
corrections. If you tend to make a particular
Tools menu keystroke error often, and it is not in the
dictionary, you can add it here.
Share Workbook... - Choose this option if you
want several users to work on the data in the same
workbook simultaneously. Make it available on
your network and anyone with access can make
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changes.
Protection - You can password protect a single
sheet of a workbook, or the entire workbook. One
obvious application would be to protect a
worksheet which you are using as your grade
book.
Customize... - Select/Deselect toolbars to be
displayed with your workbook, or add buttons to
existing toolbars.
Options... - If you do not like something Excel

does automatically, or if you know it should be
doing something automatically and it is not, this is
where you turn those features on or off. One thing
I use a lot here is removing gridlines from a
worksheet so I can draw a graphic organizer.
Assignment
1. Open a new workbook.

2. Insert a new worksheet into the workbook
3. Move to sheet 2
4. Move your cursor to cell D4
5. Type your name and press the Enter key
6. Move back into cell D4 and Copy your name
7. Move from sheet 2 to sheet 4
8. Move your cursor into cell E5
9. Paste your name
10. Hide the column your name is in
Creating a Chart or Graph
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Step 1 - Launch Excel - If Excel is already open on your workstation open a new Excel workbook,
There are three ways to do that.
1. Go to the Standard toolbar and click on the New Workbook button.
2. Go to the File menu and select New.

3. Use a keyboard combination: on a Macintosh use Command + N and on a Windows computer use
Ctrl + N
Step 2 - Enter the data to be graphed. For the purpose of this lesson you will use data from a
Favorite Fruit Survey. Enter it as you see below:
Step 3 - Highlight data to be graphed. Do not include the row with heading titles, only the names
of fruit and the numbers. If your worksheet looks like the one above; put your cursor in call A2, click
hold the mouse button down and drag to cell B7. Highlighted data should look like the image below:
Note: Cell A2 is selected, the select color extends around the cell
Step 4 - Select the Chart Wizard. That is done by going to the Insert menu and selecting Chart.
You can also click on the Chart Wizard button on the Standard toolbar.
Step 5 - From the Chart Wizard box that opens select Chart type. For this activity, I selected pie.
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After you have selected the Chart type, click and hold your mouse pointer down on the Press and
Hold... button to see what your data looks like in the chart type you selected. If you do not like the
look, select another chart type. After you have selected the chart type you will have two options:
• Select Next and let Chart Wizard show you a series of options to make changes to your chart.
• Select Finish and Chart Wizard puts your completed chart on the spreadsheet. You can see the
finished product below.
The second step taken by Chart Wizard is to verify the range of data being used for this chart. The
Data range displayed below is read "all cells from A2 to B7."
Notice where the cursor is located in the dialog box above. It is pointing to the small box at the end of
the line where the Data range is displayed. If the data range should be changed, click on the box the
cursor is pointing to.
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The dialog box shrinks allowing you to see your entire spreadsheet. You can edit the data range in
this small window. When you are finished, click the same box at the end to restore the window.
Select Next to go to the dialog box below. This box allows you to add a title to the chart, make
changes on the legend, or make changes on the data labels.
Select Next to move to the final dialog box which allows you to see the chart as a new sheet or place
it on one of the sheets in your workbook.
If you let the Chart Wizard finish your chart after the first dialog box, or work through each of the
four steps, your chart will look something like the one below.
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Creating a Chart or Graph with Pictures in the Graph
Note: This module assumes that you already know how to create a chart in Excel. I Two things are
necessary before you make a graph using pictures in place of bars or columns. First, you must have
data which will be used to produce a chart or graph in the Chart Wizard. Second, you must insert the
image you wish to use in place of the bars or columns, somewhere on the excel worksheet. The one
used below is the Windows search button from an Excel toolbar.
Use the Chart Wizard to produce your graph.
Select a single bar, or column, on the chart. This requires two clicks. The first click selects all bars,
the second click will select a single bar or column. (I just tried this by clicking once to select all
columns then pasting, All columns were filled with the picture. When I completed the Fill Effects
steps [below] all columns were properly formatted.)
Go back to the worksheet which contains the image you wish to use. Click on the image to select it,
then copy the image. Once the image has been stored in your clipboard (that's what happens when
you cut or copy) return to the chart and paste the image in place of the selected bar or column.
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You will see a stretched out mess. Don't worry. Double-click the image to bring up the Format Data
Point window. In the image below I cut out part of the window to keep images on this page as small
as possible. Select Fill Effects.
On the Picture tab of the Fill Effects window, select the radio button beside Stack and scale to:.
Excel will suggest a number of units that each picture will represent. You may change this if you
wish. I suggest that you go with the recommended value first, then change if you are not happy with
the result.
Select OK twice to get out of this window back to your chart. You will notice that only one bar or
column has been changed.
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Copy that bar or column, then click on each of the other bars and paste the image. That gives you the
final chart, such as the one you see below.
USING MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
Microsoft Office PowerPoint is a graphical application package used for presentation.
Starting the Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003
3. Select Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003
A B C D
You have completed the document and want to make certain that
1 you have not made spelling or grammar errors.
Text is highlighted and you want to remove the selection from the
2 active document and place it on the clipboard.
You have made a change to the active document and want to make
3 certain that those changes are saved.
A phrase will appear several times in the document. To save time
4 you have highlighted the phrase and want to copy it.
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The document had been checked for spelling errors, it has been
5 saved, and now you are ready to print.
A document which has been saved into a folder on your computer
6 is to be opened so changes can be made.
This entire toolbar could become a floating window by double-clicking on the control bar at the far left end
of this toolbar. That gives the following window, which can be placed anywhere on the screen:
This toolbar can be restored to its original position by clicking in the gray bar at the top and dragging it
back to the top of the screen. Push the top of the window up to the bottom of the menu bar.
Changes the font of the selected

Select the style to apply to paragraphs
text
Changes the size of selected text and Makes selected text and numbers
numbers bold
Underlines selected text and
Makes selected text and numbers italic
numbers
Aligns to the left with a ragged right margin Apply shadow formatting to text
Aligns to the right with a ragged left margin Centers the selected text
Makes a numbered list or reverts back to Add, or remove, bullets in a

normal selected paragraph
Decreases the indent to the previous tab Indents the selected paragraph to
stop the next tab stop
Formats the selected text with the color you
Shows slide design templates
click
Increase font size with the Big A, or
Insert a new slide in your show
decrease size with the little A
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A B C D
You wish to call attention to a statement in your

1 show by making the text bold.
A slide show is to be prepared inviting parents
2 to a performance. You want the headline to be
centered on the title slide.
You want to make sure that your instructions
3 are clear and plan to place them in a bulleted
list.
Font numbers don't mean much to you, you just
4 want to click until the text grows large enough.
You want text to have a slight shadow to make
5 it look classy.
A quoted block of text has been indented. You
6 wish to continue the document but you need to
undo the indent.
You have made a birthday slide show and you
7 want the student's name to be displayed in
color.
THE DRAWING TOOLBAR
screen:
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several
selection arrow
drawing options
Rotates the selected object to A pull down menu with
any degree several libraries of shapes
Draws a line where you click Inserts a line with an
and drag. Hold the Shift key arrowhead where you click
down to make the line straight and drag
Draws a rectangle where you Draws an oval where you
click and drag. Hold down click and drag. Hold down
Shift to draw a square Shift to draw a circle
click and drag Art

Changes the thickness of lines
the color you click
Insert a diagram or
Insert a picture
organization chart
Insert clip art
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A B C D
Instead of striking the underline key fifteen times,

1 you plan to draw a single line by clicking and
dragging.
You have drawn a line, and now want to change the
2 color of the selected line.
The last line you drew had an arrowhead at the
3 wrong end. You want to change the arrowhead to the
other end of the line.
You created an object in a slide and you want to tilt
4 it at an angle.
You have drawn a rectangle around a section of a
5 slide and want to change it to a dashed line.
The title of a slide is just plain text and you would
6 rather create special effects with text.
You are going to draw a perfect circle on a slide by
7 holding down the shift key, clicking and dragging.
Choosing a template and creating a new slide

When you launch PowerPoint you will see the window below:
Select Template if it is not already selected. Click OK to make your choice. This tutorial was
prepared using PowerPoint in Office 98 for Macintosh. If you are using a different version of
PowerPoint you may see slightly different windows.
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In the window above the template Fireball could be chosen by double-clicking the icon, or by
clicking on the OK button. If you decide later that you wish to change the template, follow these
steps
• Go to the Format menu at the top of the screen

• Choose Apply Design
• Search for where the templates are stored. The path I followed was:
o Hard Drive/Microsoft Office 98/Templates/Presentation Designs.
That will carry you back to the window you see above. This can be done at any time during the
construction of your slide show. However, you may choose only one template for a presentation.
Backgrounds can be varied, elements can be re colored, but more than one template can not be used
in a single presentation.
After choosing a template your next choice is slide layout.
Title slide is the layout presented for your first slide. You may choose the layout by double-clicking
on the layout, or by clicking on the OK button. You may select a different layout by clicking on the
thumbnail image. Several types of layout are illustrated above:
Title Organization chart
Bulleted text Insert a Graph
Clip Art Using a Table
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After you have chosen a layout for your slide is you decide you wish to change the layout for that
particular slide, follow these directions:
• Go to the Format menu at the top of the screen

• Choose Slide Layout to see the window shown above
Adding a New Slide
After you have selected the format for your first slide, you may add a second slide to your
presentation by:
• Go to the Insert menu at the top of the page and select New Slide
• Click on the New Slide button
Adding text to a slide, moving the text, and changing text style or color
Adding Text
On whatever slide format you have chosen, you will find dashed boxes including instructions to
"Click to add ..." for whatever can be added to the slide.
• On the Title slide click in the title and type "Cool things to be found in the Library Media
Center"
• On the Sub-Title slide click in the block and type "Reasons to Keep Coming Back to the
Library," or whatever you have chosen for a sub-title.
Moving text block
To move a text block to another position on the slide, click the cursor in the border surrounding your
text. Your cursor will change to a four-headed arrow indicating that you can now click and drag the
block to a new position.
You can get this cursor by moving your mouse to any point of the border surrounding the text block
except for the eight white squares. If you move your cursor to those points it becomes a double
headed arrow indicating that you can change the size of the block.
Changing text style or color
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Any text created in PowerPoint must be highlighted before changing font, style, or color. To produce
the headline you see below I had to reformat several things:
Changing Font and size

With the text highlighted, click on the
down arrow beside the name of the font, or
font size to choose another.
With the text highlighted, click on the large
A to increase size, or the small A to
decrease size
With the text highlighted, go to the Format
Menu at the top of the page and select Font
to change font, size, style, or text color.
Changing Font style
With the text highlighted, click on B for
Bold, I for Italic, U for Underline, or S for
Shadow,
Changing Text Color
With the text highlighted, click on the
down arrow to choose a new color.
Inserting an image into a slide
Inserting Clip Art
There are a variety of ways to insert Clip Art into a slide:
Included with Button in

Menu bar
slide format the toolbar
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Action required
Select Picture
Double-Click Click
then Clip Art
Once you have made a selection a database of clip art images will be built.
The image above shows the Nature library and the sun image is selected. The selected image can be
inserted into the slide by double-clicking on the image, or by clicking on the Insert button. When the
image is inserted onto the slide it is surrounded by 8 white blocks:
Moving the image
Place your cursor inside the image and the pointer turns into a four headed arrow. Click and drag
the image anywhere on the slide you want to when the cursor is shaped like this.
Resizing the image
Place your cursor on one of the corner squares and it changes to a two headed arrow pointing
diagonally. If you click and drag away from the center of the image on any one of these 4 corner
squares the image gets larger in both width and height. If the Shift key is depressed while you are
dragging the image will not become distorted.
If the cursor is placed on one of the center squares it changes to a two headed arrow. If you click
and drag the image will change size in one direction only, width or height.
Inserting an image other than clip art
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Select the Insert menu from the top of the screen. Move the cursor down to Picture, and then over to
From File. PowerPoint displays the following window:
In the above window I selected a file of images called Memphis. A thumbnail of the selected image is
displayed. Just as with Clip Art, the picture can be inserted by double-clicking or by clicking on the
Insert button.
If the Find File button is selected, Power Point will build a database of all images stored on your
computer
Using different slide views

Five different views are available for a slide show
• Slide View - in which only the current slide is seen

• Outline View - in which a text outline of the presentation is seen
• Slide Sorter View - in which thumbnail images of each slide in the presentation are seen
• Notes Page View - in which a small image of the slide is accompanied by a notes section
• Slide Show - in which a full sized version of each slide is seen on the full computer screen
This panel of buttons at the bottom of the window allows selection of the views
Slide View
You must be working in Slide View to edit text, images, or colors on the slide.
Outline View
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In outline view you can quickly scan the entire presentation, edit text, but not the color of text, or do a
spell check. You could also print the outline view to keep for speaker's notes as you present your
show.
Slide Sorter View
This is one of the most useful views. From this view you can:
• Click and drag to move a slide to a new position in the presentation

• Copy a slide and Paste a duplicate into the presentation
• Set a Transition for each individual slide or for the entire presentation
• Choose the method of Building text
• Get an overview of what the entire presentation will look like
Notes Page View
This view suggests two principal uses:
• Print a set of these for use as speaker's notes. In each notes section below the slide image you
might record important points you want to be sure your audience knows about before going to
the next slide. Do not try to say everything you want to say on the slide.
• Leave the notes area blank and print a set of these for each person in your audience.
Encourage them to make notes regarding the slide.
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Slide Show
Clicking this button will begin the slide show. You may also begin the show by selecting Slide Show
from the View menu or by selecting View Show from the Slide Show menu.
Before you present the slide show for the first time you should go to the Slide Show menu and select
Set Up Show.
Here is where you find the command to Loop continuously until 'Esc' which will allow your
presentation to scroll over and over as students enter your media center.
Animating text
Animating text means that each bulleted point of your slide appears on the screen one at a time. For
example:
First line Second line
Third line Fourth line
How to create a simple animation
Construct the slide. Remember the 6 x 6 rule; "Avoid more than six lines of text, or six words per
line." Change to slide sorter view. Select the slide you wish to build. Select the animation effect from
the menu at the top of this page.
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If you have not already chosen an effect you will see "No Effect" where you see "Fly From Left"
above. Click on the down arrow to the right and select an effect.
Another rule to remember is the "Run Over Rule." Avoid having text run over other text on the way
to its final resting place.
Click on the Slide Show button to see this effect in action in your slide presentation.
How to create a complex animation
Construct the slide. While still in Slide view, go to the Slide Show menu and select Custom
Animation.
The following window will be displayed:
Highlight Text 2, select Animate, and click on the Effects tab.
• Entry animation and sound - Click on the name of the effect and you will see the list of
effects available. The same is true with the sound. Caution! This sound will play as each
element is presented. Some of the sounds sound interesting the first time, but get tiresome
with repetition.
• After animation - Dimming means changing the color of the previous points so the new
point presented will stand out. You may also choose to hide the previous points so that only
your new point is displayed.
• Introduce text - You may introduce the text in one of three ways.
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o All at once - This shows the entire line of text, all at once. For most presentations this
will be the preferred setting.
o One word at a time - Each word that you typed shows up one at a time. If you are
doing a presentation for children this might be fun for one slide. I can not imagine
sitting through a presentation where this effect is used on each slide, especially with
accompanying sound.
o One letter at a time - Yikes! Why would you want to? If you have a really good use
for this effect please send me Email and share it with me. To send email, add
@internet4classrooms.com to bylesb
Before you leave the Custom Animation window, click on the Preview button to see, and
hear, what your effect will look, and sound, like.
Creating transitions between slides

Create your slide show and go to the Slide Sorter View.
At the top of the window you will find slide transition and text animation controls:
Click on the button to the left. It is the Slide Transition button, and will produce the following
window:
The transitions which you choose will take place as the slide disappears and the next slide is
presented.
After you select a transition the dog will change to

a key using the transition style you choose.
Experiment with slow, medium, or fast to see
which works best with your slide show
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If your show is going to run by itself, select
automatically and enter a number of seconds. On
the other hand, if you are speaking as you present
the slides you may prefer the mouse click option.
This sound accompanies the transition from one

slide to another. Try to make sure that you have a
real need for the sound to accompany your slides.
If you want the same transition for each slide in

your show then apply to all is the option to
choose. If every slide appears the same way, your
audience may tire of the effect.
Always test your presentation before showing it. What sounded like such a good choice while you
were writing, may not work out as well as you thought.
Slide show options

Your slides have been created. Transitions and animations have been selected. It is time to work on
your entire show. Go to the slide sorter view so you can get a visual overview.
From this visual overview I know several things about my show. All three slides have a transition
between slides (the slide with an arrow to the right). The text in slides 1 and 2 will build (the three
bulleted line symbol). A time has been specified for each slide.
If you decide that a slide belongs in another place you may click and drag the entire slide to the new
spot. For example; I could click on slide 3 and drag it to the left. A vertical line will appear between
slides 1 and 2. If I let go of the mouse button, my original slide 3 will now be slide 2.
Viewing the Slide Show
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You can start a show by clicking on the Slide Show button at the bottom of the window. You may
also go to the View menu at the top of the screen and select Slide Show. Either of these options will
allow you to see your show.
There is an option which gives you more control. Go to the Slide Show menu, and select Set Up
Show or Rehearse Timings.
Set Up Show - This choice allows control over several parameters:
The principal use of this window will be to cause the show to loop continuously until you hit the esc
key. Even though timings are specified, you could choose to advance slides manually. Pen color will
allow you to write on the slide during the show, and the mark will not permanently change the slide.
More on that later.
Rehearse Timings - If you select this option, your show immediately starts. A timer begins to run in
the bottom right corner. When you are ready for the next thing to happen, click once with your
mouse. Nothing will happen until you click. Wait until the exact amount of time has elapsed before
you click. PowerPoint records all of those timings and will ask you at the end of the rehearsal if you
want to save those times. If you say yes then any times you may have entered will be changed when
you go back to the Slide Sorter view
Social Implications & Ethics

Since the introduction of computer technology, a whole spawn of policies has been created to govern
computers and the Internet. The Internet has become a very large revenue stream for companies of
all sizes, making it a serious concern for users and service providers alike. Due to its vast size and
impersonal nature, the Internet has been the topic of many political discussions and bills. Today, we
would like to review some of the ethical appeal that this supernetwork creates.
 Increasing the Capabilities of an Individual
 Fraud, Forgery, Fake
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The Internet makes it easy to pose as another individual since your face is hidden by a
computer screen. When someone steals your identity, they can easily (using computer
technology) frame you for a crime, steal something in your name, use your money, and more.
The Internet is a powerful tool which can easily give a person the ability to be a fraud.
As a counter-measure, Internet companies often use other personal identifiers such as IP
addresses, cookies, codes and encryption, fingerprints, etc. Each defense differs in the way or
level that it can identify a person using a computer
 User Vulnerability
 Have you ever received an email from your bank or other organization asking your for a
password? Did you enter it on the page the email linked to?
 Emails and messages that you receive online don't always have the integrity that they should.
This makes you vulnerable. As a vulnerable user, you are at risk to giving away passwords
and information that could later lead to theft (identity or monetary).
 Internet Service Provider Ethics
 Should an Internet provider be liable for the content that its subscribers upload or download?
 Cubby vs. CompuServe: an Internet provider is sued for providing access to a negative
newsletter. The judge ruled in favor of CompuServe.
 Medphone Corp. v. Denigris: the provider is not sued, but rather the individual who posted
the offensive material is the defendant. The case was settled.
ETHICS
Codes of ethics are created in response to actual or anticipated ethical conflicts. many codes
of ethics would be difficult to comprehend or interpret. It is only in the context of real life
and real ethical ambiguity that the codes take on any meaning
 Ethics of internet users
 downloading music
 Posting false information on wiki-pedia
 Downloading software to copy movies
 Internet users and Ethics
 Should you post pictures of your friends on your facebook, or myspace accounts
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 How about posting videos of your friends on youtube where it can be seen by billions of
people
 Should people be able to watch the death of people online such as Sadam Hussein or Pablo
Escobar
 Ethical Problems we Face
 Our privacy is constantly being intruded
 Spam
 Viruses
 Tracking cookies
Social Implications of Information Technology
 Information Technology has had some negative affects on our society.

For example:
 Privacy Invasion
 Providing malicious ideas to people
 Computers are taking the jobs of humans
 The web provides easy access to adult content
 One of the Negative Effects
 Another example of how the increase in technology has affected people negatively is
the use of “Text Messaging”
 It has caused many to begin misspelling words
 It affects mostly kids
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Information technology (IT) induces a variety of ethical issues.
 “These range from privacy and data protection to questions to digital rights
management”
Data Protection Acts
 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) requires
the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to establish national standards
for the security of healthcare information (Cantrell 2007).
 “The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted after the financial disasters of
WorldCom and Enron to protect shareholders from fraudulent practices and to ensure
financial reports are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles” (Cantrell 2007).
 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) requires
the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to establish national standards
for the security of healthcare information (Cantrell 2007).
PRINCIPLES OF CONNECTIVITY
Internet
The Internet (Inter Networks) is a global network of interconnected computers, enabling users
to share information along multiple channels or a worldwide system of interconnected
computer networks. The origins of the Internet can be traced to the creation of ARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) as a network of computers under the auspices of the
U.S. Department of Defense in 1969. Today, the Internet connects millions of computers around the
world in a nonhierarchical manner unprecedented in the history of communications. The Internet is a
product of the convergence of media, computers, and telecommunications. It is not merely a
technological development but the product of social and political processes, involving both the
academic world and the government (the Department of Defense). From its origins in a nonindustrial,
noncorporate environment and in a purely scientific culture, it has quickly diffused into the world of
commerce.
The Internet is a combination of several media technologies and an electronic version of newspapers,
magazines, books, catalogs, bulletin boards, and much more. This versatility gives the Internet its
power.
Technological features
The Internet 'Ls technological success depends on its principal communication tools, the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). They are referred to frequently
as TCP/IP. A protocol is an agreed-upon set of conventions that defines the rules of communication.
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TCP breaks down and reassembles packets, whereas IP is responsible for ensuring that the packets
are sent to the right destination.
Data travels across the Internet through several levels of networks until it reaches its destination. E-
mail messages arrive at the mail server (similar to the local post office) from a remote personal
computer connected by a modem, or a node on a local-area network. From the server, the messages
pass through a router, a special-purpose computer ensuring that each message is sent to its correct
destination. A message may pass through several networks to reach its destination. Each network has
its own router that determines how best to move the message closer to its destination, taking into
account the traffic on the network. A message passes from one network to the next, until it arrives at
the destination network, from where it can be sent to the recipient, who has a mailbox on that
network. See also Electronic mail; Local-area networks; Wide-area networks
Features of the Internet
1. Electronic mail (E-mail) has three main parts namely; the username, the @sign and
the Domain name. Example bansabort@yahoo.com
2. Search engine; it is a site that helps one to find other sites.
3. Instant messaging or charting.
4. VOIP-Voice over IP (Internet protocol).
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) is based on technology called hypertext. The Web may be thought of
as a very large subset of the Internet, consisting of hypertext and hypermedia documents. A hypertext
document is a document that has a reference (or link) to another hypertext document, which may be
on the same computer or in a different computer that may be located anywhere in the world.
Hypermedia is a similar concept except that it provides links to graphic, sound, and video files in
addition to text files.
In order for the Web to work, every client must be able to display every document from any server.
This is accomplished by imposing a set of standards known as a protocol to govern the way that data
are transmitted across the Web. Thus data travel from client to server and back through a protocol
known as the HyperText Transfer Protocol (http). In order to access the documents that are
transmitted through this protocol, a special program known as a browser is required, which browses
the Web.
Using the Internet
How does one use the Internet? First, one must have a computer with a connection to the outside
world either by a modem connection, a fiber connection such as used in local cable television, or a
wireless connection, which is becoming more important. The user is then connected to a system of
linked computer networks that encircle the globe, facilitating a wide assortment of data
communication services including e-mail, data and program file transfers, newsgroups and
chatgroups, as well as graphic images, sound, and video of all kinds. One must choose the right tool
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to accomplish each task. Thus, one needs to understand the tools to travel this information
superhighway.
The Internet is in cyberspace; think of it as a number of planets, each with a unique kind of data
program or other type of information service. The only hitch is that each planet's communicating
language is different, and one needs several communicating applications and tools. A person is
responsible for selecting the proper software program or utility to access what he or she wants. Each
program performs a specific task, ranging from providing basic connections, to accessing resources,
to preparing e-mail. Common Internet tools include the following:
1. Connection and log-on software. This software provides access to logon to cyber-space. The
software sets up the connections to the Internet. This software is usually provided by an
Internet service provider.
2. Web browser. Web browsers are usually free. The most common Web browsers are
Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Netscape's Navigator. These software programs can usually
be downloaded free of charge; they also come with office suites such as Microsoft Office.
3. E-mail manager and editor. To communicate by e-mail users must have an e-mail manager
and editor. This editor creates, sends, receives, stores, and organizes your e-mail. Again,
many of these e-mail editors can be downloaded free from the Web. One of the most common
editors is Eudora. However, office suites usually come with an e-mail manager as well.
Local Area Network
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small physical area, like a home,
office, or small group of buildings, such as a school, or an airport. The defining characteristics of
LANs, in contrast to wide-area networks (WANs), include their usually higher data-transfer
rates, smaller geographic range, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines.
Wide Area Network
Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network
whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries. WANs [a] are used
to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and computers in one location
can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one
particular organization and are private. Others, built by Internet service providers, provide
connections from an organization's LAN to the Internet. WANs are often built using leased lines. At
each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on
the other. Leased lines can be very expensive. Instead of using leased lines, WANs can also be built
using less costly circuit switching or packet switching methods. Network protocols including TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Control/Internet Control) deliver transport and addressing functions.
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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER

 1957:FORTRAN ( Formula Translator) Programming language invented at IBM.

 1964: BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is created by professors at

Generation Dates Characteristic

2nd 1959-64 Use transistors

3rd 1964-75 Large Scale Integrated Circuits

4th 1975- Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits

5th Under development “Artificial Intelligence” based computers

Units of computer storage

BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

2. Graphical User Interface (GUI);

In-House-Software/ Vertical Software/Special Programs

 DataBase Packages – Dbase IV, FoxPro, oracle, SysBase, MS Access, etc.

 Graphic Packages – Harvard Graphics, Corel Draw, MS Publisher, PageMaker, MS

 Mathematical & Statistical Packages – SPSS, Minitab, Shazam, MathCad, etc.

 Business & Financial Packages – MS Money, AccPac, Topaz, etc.

 Communication Packages – Netscape Communicator and Navigator, Internet Explorer,

This is one of the many major threats to the computer today.

 It is a non-biological, illicit program created by an individual to a interrupt or destroy stored

 It is a computer program which has the ability to make copies of itself.

Disks and disk drives

The hard disk

Identifying disk drives

Backing up disks: a warning

Parts of the Keyboard

Generally, the keyboard is divided into the:

Combination or Modifying keys, Numeric keys, Toggle Keys, Special keys

Function keys: F1-

Dot matrix printer

The ink jet

Rules for file names

a. They may be as long as 256 characters

b. The characters may be letter, digits

c. Must not include any of the following: “!” “;” “:”

Use of file names extension

Introduction to Microsoft Office applications

USING MICROSOFT WORD

Starting the Microsoft Office Word 2003

1. Click on the start button and select All Programs

3. Select Microsoft Office Word 2003

Function of commonly used buttons

Creates a new blank document

You have completed the document and want to make

THE FORMATTING TOOLBAR

Function of commonly used buttons

Select the style to apply to Changes the font of the selected

This quiz is available on a page without the table above

You wish to call attention to a statement in your

THE DRAWING TOOLBAR

Function of commonly used buttons

A pull down menu with

Formats the selected text Changes the thickness of

This quiz is available on a page without the table above

Instead of striking the underline key fifteen

Customize the toolbars

Removing items from active toolbars

In the above toolbar I plan to remove the Insert Hyperlink button

• From the View menu select Toolbar

Restoring items to an active toolbar

• From the View menu select Toolbar

Adding buttons to a toolbar

• From the View menu select Toolbar