Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2009
Annual Report 2009
ȱǯȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȃȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢Ȅǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱŗȱ¢ȱȱřŗȱȱŘŖŖşǯ
GC(54)/4
Contents
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ
ȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ
ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ ¡
ŘŖŖşȱȱȱǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ ŗ
Technology
ȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ ŗş
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ Řś
¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ ŘŞ
ȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ řŗ
ȱȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ řŜ
ȱ
ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ ŚŘ
ȱȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ Śŝ
ȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ śŖ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ śř
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ śş
¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ ŜŘ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ Ŝś
ȱȱȱȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ ŜŞ
ȱ¢ȱǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ ŝř
Verification
ȱǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ ŝş
Technical Cooperation
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ şŗ
Annexȱ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ȱ şŝ
Organizational Chart ȱǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǯ ŗŘś
Member States of the
International Atomic Energy Agency
ǻȱȱřŗȱȱŘŖŖşǼ
ȱ
ē
ǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
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ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ
ZȱȂ ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ¢Ȃȱȱ ȱȱȱŘřȱȱŗşśŜȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱŘşȱ¢ȱŗşśŝǯȱȱ
ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȃȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ȅǯ
ȚȱǰȱŘŖŗŖ
iv
The Agency at a Glance
ǻȱȱřŗȱȱŘŖŖşǼ
151 ȱǯ
71 ȱȱȬȱ£ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
¢Ȃȱ ȱǯ
52 ¢ȱȱȱǯ
2338 ȱȱȱěǯ
¼285 million ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱŘŖŖşȱȱȱǧśŞǯŗȱǯ
2 ȱĜȱǻȱ ȱȱȱ ǼȱȱŘȱȱȱĜȱǻȱ¢ȱȱ
Ǽǯ
2 ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǼǯ
11 ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢Ȃȱǯ
4 Ȧȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
110 ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
¢ǯ
125 ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗśŞŞȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱǰȱŞşȱȱȱȱ ȱǯ
171 ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ şŚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱ ȱŗşŞřȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşǯȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ŘŖŖşȱȱȱǧŗŖŚǯŘȱȱȱȱȱȱǧŗřǯŗȱȱȱ¡¢ȱ
ǯ
12 million ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȂȱǯȱǰȱȱŘǯŗȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱǯ
3.1 million ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ¢Ȃȱ ȱ
ǯ
214 ǰȱ ǰȱ Ěȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ǽǯ
v
The Board of Governors
¢
£ħ ȱ
£
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
£
¢ ¢
¢ ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ
¢ ¢
ǰȱȱ £
vi
The General Conference
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
¢Ȃȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱȱȯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱȱȱŗśŗǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱŗȱȱŘŖŖşǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȃȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¢Ȅǯȱ
vii
Notes
y ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȂȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŞȮŘŖŖşȱǻ ǻśŗǼȦŘǼǯ
y ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȁŘŖŖşȱ ȱ Ȃǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ¢Ȃȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯ
y ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ĵȱȱ Ȭǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĴȱDZȦȦ ǯǯȦȦ
ȦŘŖŖşȦ¡ǯ
y ¡ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯ
y ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
y ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱǻ ȱȱȱȱȱǼȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
y ȱ ȱ ȁȬȬ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşŜŞȱ ȱ
ȱ ȬȬȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȦŝŘŝŝǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȬȱȱȱȱǻǼǯȱȱȱȁȱ ȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
viii
Abbreviations
ȱ £Ȯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȬȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢
Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢
ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢
ȱȱĜ
ȱ ȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢
ȱȱ
Ȭȱ ȱȱȱ¢
ȱ ȱȱȱ£
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǻǼ
ȱ ȱȱ£
ȱ ȱȱȱ¢
ȱ ȱȱȱǻǼ
ȱ ȱȱȱ
ix
ȱ ȱ£ȱȱ£
ȱȱ
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ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ£
ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȬȱȱ
Ȧȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢
ȱ £ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
£ȱȱ¢ȱȱȬȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ£Ȧ
ȱ £ȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ £ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ęȱ¢
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱě
ȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱǰȱęȱȱȱ£
ȱ ȱȱȂȱ
ȱ ȱȱĜȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱȱęȱĴȱȱȱěȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ£
ȱȱ£
ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
x
2009 IN PERSPECTIVE
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ řŜȱ ȱ ȱ śśȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řŖȱȱȱȱŚŗȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱǯ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱęǯȱȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŞƖǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱęȱȱ
¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ ęȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ǯȄȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ę¢ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
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ŗşşŘǯȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
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ǯȱȱȱŗŗȱȱǰȱŗŖȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
2009 in Perspective 1
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2009 in Perspective 3
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2009 in Perspective 5
FIG. 4. Areas considered fruit fly free or with low prevalence of these insect pests obtain a special status
for vegetable and fruit exports, thus generating employment and export revenues.
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ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
FIG. 5. The Bhabhatron radiotherapy unit donated by India as installed in a local hospital
in Can Tho Province, Vietnam.
2009 in Perspective 7
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ȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱǯ ŘŖŖşǯȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ŘŘȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Nuclear Safety and Security
2009 in Perspective 9
ęȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ȱȱǰȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯ ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱŗśǯȱĞ¢Ȭȱ ȱ ¢¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ
ŚŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ řȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ŝȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
¡ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ŘŖŖşDZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱǻǼȱȱŘŖŖşȱǯǯǯȄ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ğȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
£ǰȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ
ȱǻ
Ǽǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
¢ȱ ǻ
Ǽȱ ȱ [ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŘŖȱ ¢ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŖǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŘřǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ŘŖŘŖȱ ȱ ŘŖŘśǰȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
2009 in Perspective 11
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȂȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ęȱ ȱ¢ǯ
ȱȱȱǯ
2009 in Perspective 13
+XPDQ+HDOWK
1XFOHDU6DIHW\
1XFOHDU6HFXULW\
(QYLURQPHQW
:DWHU5HVRXUFHV
1XFOHDU3RZHU )RRGDQG
$JULFXOWXUH
1XFOHDU)XHO&\FOH
1XFOHDU6FLHQFH 5DGLRLVRWRSH
3URGXFWLRQDQG
+XPDQ&DSDFLW\ 5DGLDWLRQ
'HYHORSPHQWDQG 7HFKQRORJ\
3URJUDPPH6XSSRUW
ěȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȦŜŜȦǯŘȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝŖŜȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ǯŝȱ ¢Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ śŘȱ ȱ ȱ ǰŞȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řŝȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȃȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱ ȱȱȱŗŝŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȄ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱǯȱȱŝřȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŘȱ ȱ ȬȬ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ŚŚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǯȱ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱȱȱ
Ŝȱ ȱ ŗŝŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ŝȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱŜȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
Şȱ ȱ ǰȱǯ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ
2009 in Perspective 15
ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ Ĝ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ğȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ŗŘȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ śřȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ǯ
ȱ ȱȁȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ŘŖŗŖȮŘŖŗŗȂȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱŘŚȱȱȱȱȱ Conclusion
ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱ ȃȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯǯǯȄ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ Ȅǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢DZȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ Ȋȱ ȱȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Management Issues ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢Ȭ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǰȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ Ȋȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ǻ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ¢Ȭ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȋȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȁȱȂȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ŘŖŗŗǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŗǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱǯ
Technology 17
Nuclear Power
Objective ȱ ȱ ȁȂȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ǯŗȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱęȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱǯ
¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ £ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Engineering Support for Operation,
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ Maintenance and Plant Life
Management
Launching Nuclear Power ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Programmes ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ
ȱ ȱ ŜŖȱ ȱ ȯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȃȱȱŜŖȱȱȯȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ śŞȱ ¢ȱ ȱ řŖȮŚŖȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱȯȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Śřŝȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱǯȃ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ řřşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗŝȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŘŖȱ¢ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ DZȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǻȬȬŗŜŘŝǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȬȬŗŜřŗǼǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ŘŖŖşȮŘŖŗŗȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ£ǰȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱȱĚ ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱǯȱ
ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȬ ȱȬřǯŗǰȱǰȱȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǯ
Technology 19
FIG. 1. Construction of water cooled reactors (2 × 917 MW(e)) at Kundankulam, in India.
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ęȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱĴȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯ
Ĵȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȯȱ
ǻȱȱ¢ȱȱȬȬřǯŗŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǭȱ ¢ȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻǼȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǯȱ ŗǼǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ǭȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŖǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Řŗȱ ¢Ȃǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ŘŝŖȱ ȃȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ śŚȱ ȱ ȱȯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǭȱ¢ȱǻǼȱȯȱȱ ǻǭǼȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱȱǭȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǭȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱ ȱǯȃ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ǻȬǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Řŗȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǭȱ
¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ £DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱĚȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȬȬŗǯŚǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǭȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȬȬŗǯśǼǯ
ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ
¡ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱŘŖŖŞ
¢ ŘŖŖş
ǯȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ
ȉ Ɩȱȱ
ǻǼ ǻǼ
ȱ Ř şřś ŗ ŜşŘ Ŝǯş ŜǯŘ ŜŘ ŝ
ȱ ŗ řŝŜ ȱ Řǯř řşǯŚ řś Ş
ȱ ŝ śȱŞŜř ȱ ŚřǯŚ śřǯŞ Řřř ŝ
ȱ£ Ř ŗȱŝŜŜ ȱ ŗřǯŘ řǯŗ řŝ ř
ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȯȱȱŜȱǰȱŚşŚşȱǻǼȱȱDzȱŘȱǰȱŘŜŖŖȱǻǼȱȱǯ
ȯȱȱřşǯřȱȉȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱŗŝǯśƖȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯ
ȯȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşDZȱŗŝŖȱ¢ǰȱŗȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻŞŗȱ¢Ǽǰȱ
£ȱǻŘśȱ¢ǰȱŗŖȱǼȱȱȱ
ǻŚřȱ¢ǰȱŜȱǼǯ
Technology 21
Nuclear Reactor Technology
Development
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ
ęȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȬȬŘǯŘǼǯ
Technology 23
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȬȬŗŜřŜǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ĵȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱǯȱ ȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŘŖŗŜȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŞȱ
ȱ ȱ ǻ
Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Řŗȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŗǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱřŗȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱ
ŝśƖȱȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱŜśƖȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ
Ȃȱǯȃ
ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ě ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŗǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řŗȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱŝśƖȱȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ŜśƖȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŗǰȱ řŞȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¡ȱȱŗŜȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȬȬŗŜŘŘǼǰȱ
ȱ Ȃȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢Dzȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱDzȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ
Technology 25
'LVFKDUJHG
5HSURFHVVHG
6WRUHGLQFOXGLQJVWRUDJHIRUUHSURFHVVLQJ
W+0
FIG. 1. Projections for the total amount of spent fuel in storage show an increase until 2020.
Technology 27
Capacity Building
and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance
for Sustainable Energy Development
Objective ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȯ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱȱ
Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ě¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
Energy Modelling, Databanks and ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Capacity Building ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ
Ǽȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
śŗŗȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ŘŖřŖǰȱ ȱ ŚŖƖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
řŝŖȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǯȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŘŖȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱ
ŞŖŝȱ ǻǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ£ǯȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱśŖŖȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ
ǯȃ
ŘŖřŖȱ ȱ ŞƖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŞȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ £ȱ
ȱȱȱŘŖŖŞǯ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱĞȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ğȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŝŖȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŚŚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱęǯȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱĞ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ğǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ğȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Energy Economic Environment (3E)
ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŞǰȱ ȱ ȱ Analysis
ěȱȱȱěȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ěǰȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ǯ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗśȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǻȬŗśǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
FIG. 1. Intensity of carbon dioxide and the shares of non-fossil sources in the electricity sector of selected countries.
(Source: Agency calculations based on IEA data.)
ȱ ǯȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱǻǯȱŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗřȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȁȬ
Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȃȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
¢ǰȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ǯȃ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱ ǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Technology 29
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ Ĝ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ǻĴDZȦȦ ǯȬǯǼǯȱ ȱ Ȭ
¡ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ĵȱȱǯ ǯȱ
±
±
/HYHOV
±
± ±
±
±
±
±
±
FIG. 1. The correlation matrix for the iridium-193 (n, 2n) iridium-192 reaction showing how
cross-section data at different energies are linked.
Technology 31
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ȱ
¡ǰȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
Ȧ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ
¢ǰȱ ǰȱ
¢ǰȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ǰȱǰȱǰȱ
ȱǰȱǰȱ
Research Reactors ǰȱ
ȱȱ ǰȱǰȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ǰȱǰȱ
¢ǰȱǰȱȱ
Ȧ£ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ
Ǽȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ǰȱǰȱ¡
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖȱ ȱ ȱȱ £Ėȱǰȱ
¢ǰȱ
ȱ
£ǰȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ£
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ŘŖŖşǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱ£ȱǰȱ
ȱȱ
¢ǰȱǰȱ
¢ȱȱȱ£ħǰȱǰȱȱȱ ǰȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱǻ Ǽǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǻǼǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ǯȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻĴDZȦȦ ǯǯȦ ȦȦǼȱ Ȭ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ Ȭ
ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȃ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ £ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱǻȱŗǼȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱȱȱǯȃ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ŝȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ Addressing the Shortage of
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Molybdenum-99 Supplies
¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ¢Ȭşşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŝǯȱ ȱ
Technology 33
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȬ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȬŗŜŖŝǼȱ ȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱǯ Nuclear Instrumentation and
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Spectrometry
¢ȱȱŘŖŖşȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȦ¢ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ
ȱȱ£ȱȱ¡ȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȃȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ
ȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ěȱ ǻǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱęȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ȭ
Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ
ǯȃ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȬǯ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £Ȭ
ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȬȬŗŜřŚǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǯ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
FIG. 2. A participant in the fellowship training programme in the X ray fluorescence laboratory at the Agency’s
Laboratories, Seibersdorf.
Nuclear Fusion
Technology 35
Food and Agriculture
Objective ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŞŖƖȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱǯ ȱ¢ǯ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
Mutation Breeding and Its Impact on ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
Food Security and Poverty Alleviation ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱĜ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱ¡ȱȱȱřŗŖŖȱȱȱ
ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ŗŝŖȱȱȱŜŖȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ
¢ȱǯȃ
ȱ řŗŖŖȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ŜŖȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻĴDZȦȦǯǯȦǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ǯ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǻ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
¢ȱ ȱ Ȭŝȱ ǻǯȱ ŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯ
FIG. 1. The new mutant rice variety, BINA Dhan-7, is tolerant to drought and has been released in Bangladesh.
ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȭ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃǯǯǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻ Ǽȱ ȱ
ȱǯȃ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
¢Ȃȱȱȱȱǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ
ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
Food Security and Sustainable ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Agriculture in Tajikistan ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ
ǻǯȱ ŘǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ŝƖȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ǻǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭŗřŝȱ ȱ
¢Ȭŝǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Impact of Conservation Agriculture on
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ Soil Quality and Water Use for Crop
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Productivity
ǰȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗśŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ŞȮŗśȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
Technology 37
FIG. 3. Conservation agriculture for cereal crop in dry lands (in this case north-west Pakistan) to improve crop yield,
soil organic carbon, soil nitrogen status and water use efficiency.
(Photograph courtesy of the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.)
ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗřȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯ
ǰȱȱǰȱǰȱ£ǰȱǰȱ
ǰȱ
¢ǰȱ ¡ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ Sustainable Improvement of Animal
ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Production and Health
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭŗśȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ Ȭŗřǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȃȱ¢ȱ£ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯǯǯȃ
ǻ¢ȱ śŖȮŗŖŖƖǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ
ȱ ǻ¢ȱ ŗȮŗŖŖƖǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ę¡Ǽȱ ¢ȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ¡ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ŚŖƖȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ £ȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱǯ
ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ǰȱ
ǻǯȱ řǼǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŘŖȮřŖƖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǯȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ǰȱ ŗśƖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱŘŖŖȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ğȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ŗŖȮŗŖŖƖȱȱȱȱ¢ȱŗŗȮřśƖȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ŘŖƖǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃȱ
ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱŘŖŖşȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ
¢ȱ¢ȱŘŖƖǯȃȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗǰȱ
ǻǯȱ ŚǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Sustainable Management of Major
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Insect Pests
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ě¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȭȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ Ğȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ě¢ǰȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗȱ
ȱȱ
ȱǰȱ Ȭ
ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱĴȱǰȱȱřŘŚȱǻŘŖŖşǼȱśŘŞȮśřŘǯ
Technology 39
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯ
ȱȯȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗřśȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŗŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ
¢ȱȱȱěǰȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ
¢ȱ ȱ Ě¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃȱŘŖŖşǰȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ě¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱěȱȱȱȱ
ǻǼǰȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱĚ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯǯǯȃ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǞŗŞśȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ Ě¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ě¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ śƖǯȱ ȱ ȱ ŞśƖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ Food Safety and Food Control
¢ȱȱǰȱȱŜŖƖȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ęǯȱ ǰȱ şŝƖȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱĚ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
FIG. 5. Analysts training in sample preparation for the multiresidue analysis of anthelmintics
at the Agency’s Laboratories, Seibersdorf.
Technology 41
Human Health
Objective ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯ
Nuclear Techniques to Monitor ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
Nutrition during Early Life ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ǯȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȃȱȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ £ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ǰȱ
ȱȱǯȃ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Řȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȁ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ȱȱǻǯȱŘǼǯȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǯȱŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗřȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱřȱȱŗŘȱȱȱǯȱȱęȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ǰȱǰȱ
ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ£ȱȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ
ȦȦȦ
¢Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǻǼǯȱ
FIG. 1. In 2009, the Agency published its first report on
the use of stable isotope techniques ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
in assessing body composition and energy expenditure. ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǻǼȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ǯȱ ŗǼȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ŜǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ǻȦǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ǻȦǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ǻĴDZȦȦ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ
ǯǯȦȦ
Technology 43
ǻǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
Radiation Oncology ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢Ȃȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ǻǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŘŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǼȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱǻǯȱřǼǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Quality Assurance and Metrology in
ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Radiation Medicine
ȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱ ŘǼDzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱŚřǯȱ¢ȱ
ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȃ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻĴDZȦȦ Ȭ Ȃǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȦȦǯǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
Technology 45
ȱ ǞŞŖŖȱ ŖŖŖǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŘȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱřȱȬ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ
ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǞŝśŖȱ ŖŖŖȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱŘŖŖşȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŝȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȂȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȃ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ£ǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ£ȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯ
ȱ ȱ ŝŘȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȂȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ŝŜȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯęȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ǯȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯ ȁȱ £ȱȱȂǯ
Technology 47
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Increasing Awareness and
ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Strengthening Member State
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Capabilities
ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ě ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȁȱ Ȃȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ śȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱśȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȃ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ęȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢¢ȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱ £DZȱ ȁǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ǻ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ǼDzȱ ȁĜȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǻǰȱ
ȱ ǯ ¢ǼDzȱ ȁ
¢¢ȱ ŘŖŖşȂȱ ǻǰȱ ǼDzȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱŘŖŖşǰȱ
ŗŘȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ŗśȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŘȱ ǯȱĞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ ŘŘȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǯȱ
/DVHUDQDO\VHUDQGWUDLQLQJSURYLGHGWKURXJKWKH$JHQF\ 7UDLQLQJSURYLGHGWKURXJK$JHQF\ZRUNVKRSV
Technology 49
Environment
Objective ȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱ
ȱ ȱ ŗśȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭŗśǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ęȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
Climate Change and Economic Ȭŗśǯȱ
Aspects Related to Ocean
Acidification Capacity Building and Networking
ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȬǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Řŗȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ
ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȬŚśȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ řŚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ¡¢ȱŗŖŖȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȬŚśȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǻǯȱŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
FIG. 1. Ocean acidification adversely affects many marine organisms such as corals, oysters, mussels and molluscs.
FIG. 3. Visit to the Paks nuclear power plant during the ALMERA Coordination Meeting in Hungary.
Technology 51
FIG. 4. Preparation of simulated air filter reference material for the ALMERA proficiency test.
ȱ ŘŖŖŜǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ǰȱ ŗŞŖŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řŖŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ŝŜȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱęȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȮęȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȬŘŘŘǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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ȃ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ
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¡ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
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ȱ¡ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ęȱȱȱǻȬŚřŚǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ě¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȁȱ ¡ȱ ¢ǯȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĚȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
FIG. 1. ‘Kamadhenu’, a fully automated strontium-90/yttrium-90 electrochemical generator designed and built by
Isotope Technology Dresden using technology developed through an Agency CRP. (Photograph courtesy of J. Comor.)
Technology 53
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭŗŝŝȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǯȱ Ȭŗŝŝȱ ȱ ¢ĴȬşŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ŗŗȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŜȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ŗŝŝȬǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ŗŝŝȬȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ŗŝŝȬǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ǻǯȱ ŘǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȬşŖȦ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
¢ĴȬşŖȱ ȱ ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ řŖŖȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱǯȃ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȁ
Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȬ
ǻǯȱ ŗǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řŝȱ ȱ ǻŗȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ĴȬşŖȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱȱǯȱ
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ŚŝŗǼȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ DZȱ şŖȦşŖȱ ȱ ŗŞŞȦŗŞŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱǻȱȱȱǯȱŚŝŖǼǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ DZȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱȱȱǯȱŚŜŞǼǯ
FIG. 2. A cyclotron beam extractor (left) and production hot cell (right) for manufacturing PET radionuclides
in Recife, Brazil.
Applications of Radiation Technology ¡ǰȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ śŖȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŘŖȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ ȱ DZȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
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FIG. 4. An accelerator based neutron generator at Necsa (South Africa), previously used by the De Beers company to
detect diamonds in kimberlite, is being adapted for use in other industrial applications such as locating and identifying
organic and inorganic contaminants in wool bales.
Technology 55
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
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ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖşǯȱ
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¡ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱ ȱǯȱ
Technology 57
Incident and Emergency
Preparedness and Response
Objective ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ
ǰȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Capacity Building and Assistance to
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Member States
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
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£ǰȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ
Emergency Preparedness and ȱ ǻǼȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
Response around the World in 2009 ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
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FIG. 1. The role of INSaC and how it fits in the wider context of global nuclear safety and security.
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¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ £ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Operating Experience ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řŜŖŖȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ
FIG. 1. The RASIMS web page for collecting and evaluating information on national radiation safety infrastructures.
ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ The 2009 ISOE International ALARA
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ Symposium
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻǼǯȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǻǼǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱ ¢ǯȱ Ȭȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǻĴDZȦȦ ǯȬ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱǯ ǯȦǼǯȱ
FIG. 1. A building for the interim storage of high level radioactive waste and spent fuel at the COVRA site,
the Netherlands, which is designed to provide safe storage for at least 100 years.
FIG. 3. Remotely operated liner removal at the SILOE research reactor in Grenoble, France.
0DLOXX6XX.\UJ\]VWDQ±$SULO
7DLOLQJV
/DQGVOLS
5LYHU
3ODQW
/DQGVOLS
/DQGVOLS
FIG. 5. The Mailuu-Suu site in Kyrgyzstan. The tailings piles are in the centre of the photograph and
the potential landslips are on the left (red soil) and across the river on the hillside.
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǯȱŜǼǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ęǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
£ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ Ȭȱ Ĝǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ęȱ ǯȱ
ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ£ǯȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯ
The Contact Expert Group
FIG. 2. The Interdepartmental Special Training Centre in Obninsk, the Russian Federation.
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȯȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ğǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ
ȱȱǯ ǰȱ ęȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱŗŗȱȱ£ȱǰȱ
Illicit Trafficking Database ęȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ£ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşşřȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȃȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ŗŖşǯȱ ¢ȱ řŗȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ŗŞŖŗȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȃ
ȱ Dzȱ Řřşȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŘŚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŜȱ ǰȱ Ğȱ Nuclear Security Equipment
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ Laboratory
ȱ ȱ Şşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ £ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Technology 77
Safeguards
Objective ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Dzȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Safeguards Conclusions for 2009 ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝŖŗȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ¢Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱǯȱȱśŘȱȱȱǰŘȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řŝȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǯȃ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱŝřȱȱ ȱȱ
ęDzȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ Ȃȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱǯř
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ǻǼǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǼDzȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ŗȱ ȱŗŝŖȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǻ
Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Řȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řȱ ȱŝřȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǯ
Verification 79
1R$3LQIRUFH
$3LQIRUFH
FIG. 1. Status of APs for States with safeguards agreements in force, 2004–2009
(the DPRK is not included).
ȱ ȱ řŗȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ŘŘȱ ȬȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¡ȱ ŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Şȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ şȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯŗŖȱ¢ȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱ¢ȱ
ȱŗȱȱȱ ȱĜȱȱśŗȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯ
Conclusion of Safeguards Agreements ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖśǰȱ
and Additional Protocols ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ¡ȱȱęȱǯŗŗȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȦŜŜȦǯŘȬ¢ȱȱȱ
ǯŚȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰśȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ǯŜȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ řŗȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ŗǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ
Śȱ
ęȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŘŖŗŖȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱŘŖŖśǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱ
¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ŝȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
¢ǰȱ ǰȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱ ǰȱȬǯ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Şȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
¢ǰȱ
Ĵȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ Ȭǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ
ǯ şȱ ǰȱǰȱ
¢ǰȱ ǰȱǯ
śȱǰȱȱȱǰȱǰȱ
¢ǰȱ ŗŖȱǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
¢ǰȱ ǰȱ
ǰȱǰȱȱǰȱȱǯ ǰȱȱȱǰȱǯȱ
Ŝȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŗŗȱ ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱǯ ȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ£ǯ
Verification 81
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Implementing Safeguards in the
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Syrian Arab Republic (Syria)
ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ£ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱŘŖŖŝȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȃȱŗŚȱȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱęȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ ¢ȱ
ȱǯǯǯȱȱȱȱȱ
Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¡Ȭ¢ȱǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŞȱ ȱ Ȭ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
Ȃȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱęȱȱǯǯǯȃ
ȱ ǭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ £ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
ǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ Implementing Safeguards in the
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Democratic People’s Republic of
ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Korea (DPRK)
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȬŚŖȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŘǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱǯ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŞǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ŗŚȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȭ¢ȱ ǰȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȂȱȱǯȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ĞǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ
ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ŗŚȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ęȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŗśȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ
Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ
¢ǯȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ęȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȃȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ŗŗřřȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ǰȱęȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ śŞŝȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŚŖȱ
ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ
ǯ ȱ ǻǯȱ ŘǼȱ ȱ řřȱ ǯŗŚȱ
ȱȱȱǯȃ
ȱ ȱ
Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Řśȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ŘŖŖşȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻȱǰȱȱ ¢ȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱŗŞŝŚȱǻŘŖŖşǼǰȱ ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ¡Ȭ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
Equipment Development and ȱ ęȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ
Implementation ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ę£ȱ ȱ
ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ şŜŚȱ Ĵȱ Ȭȱ ¢ȱ ŗŚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻǼȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ
Verification 83
1XPEHURI6\VWHPV
FIG. 3. Increased use of remote monitoring over the last ten years.
£ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱǯȱ
Enhancing Sample Analysis
Remote Monitoring
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǻǯȱŚǼǯȱȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱȱŗśŖȱ
Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řśȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ
ȱǯȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ŗşřȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱŗŚȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŞŚȱ ȱȱǯȱ¡¢ȱŞŖŖȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ŗŞȱ ǯŗś ¢Ȭęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻ¡ȱ Ǽȱ
¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱȱȱŗŘŖȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ŘŖŖşǯȱ ȱ řȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ śŖȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱȱ ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŘşȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ Řŗȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
ŚŞȱǯȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗŗȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ śŜȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ŗŜȱ ǰȱ£ȱǰȱǰȱǰȱ
¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱ£ǰȱǰȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ
ŗśȱ ȱȱ ǰȱǯ ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ğ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ řŗŝȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŚȱ ěȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŜȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ řŗŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŞŜȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
¡ȱ¢ȱȱ¡ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ŗśŜȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
Satellite Imagery Analysis ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǻȱȱşśȱȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ
ȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Open Source Information
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ¢Ȧȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ęȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱŗŖŖȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ǯȃ
ȱ £ȱ ǰȱ řȬȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
£ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭęȱ ǯȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ ŘśŖŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱĜǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ śŖřȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ
Verification 85
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŘŖŗŖǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬŘŖŗśǯȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯȱ¡¢ȱşŝŖŖȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱŘŖŖşǯ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
Significant Safeguards Projects ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȃȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯǯǯȱȱȱǽȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ǿǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱŘŖŗŗǯȃ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŖǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ
ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ŗŜȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŞǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŗǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱŘŖŖşǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Śȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ŘŖŗřǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ Ğȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱǻȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ¢Ȃȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Śǯȱ ȱ
Ĵȱ ǻǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ Ğ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ
Verification 87
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ǯȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǭȱǰȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ŘŖŗŖȮŘŖŘŗǯ ȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ǻǼȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ŘŖŗŖȮŘŖŗŗǰȱ ȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱ
Ĝ¢ȱȱěǰȱȱȱŘŚȱȱȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ǰȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşǰȱřŚŚȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ Ǽǰȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ Řŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȃȱȱŘŖŖşǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ Şȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ȱȱȱȱ
ȱřŗȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱřŚŖȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱǻǼȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱŘŖŖşǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǯȃ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ
Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ
ęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ¢ǯ
Technology 89
Management of Technical Cooperation
for Development
Objective şȱǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱŗŖŞŘǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱŘśŜȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşǯȱ
ȱȱȱǯ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȁę¡ȱ
¡Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ŞŖƖȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ȬȬ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǵȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ğȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ ¢Ȃȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ
ȃȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱŘŖŖşȮŘŖŗŗȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ¢ǰȱŚśřȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ
ȱǰȱŗŘŚȱ ȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ Ȃȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱŜȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȃ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȭ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǻǼǯȱ
ȱ ȱ śŖȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱŘŖŗŘǯȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱě¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯ
Strengthening the Agency’s Technical
Cooperation Programme Managing for Impact and Promoting
Quality
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȮŘŖŗŗȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ Śśřȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǰȱ ŗŘŚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ řśŗȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Technical Cooperation 91
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşşŝȱ ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŘǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ
Ȧǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯ
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Country Programme Frameworks
ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ǯ ǰȱŗşȱȱ ȱȱǻȱȱȱǰȱ
âȱ Ȃǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ
Supporting the Achievement of the ǰȱ
£ǰȱ
ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
Millennium Development Goals ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ śŖȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŘȮŘŖŗřȱ ȱ
ȃ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǻ Ǽǯȱ ȱǯȱ
ȱŘŖŖşȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱǯǯǯȃ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱDzȱȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŗǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢DZȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ
¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ ŗŜƖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĜȱǻǼȱȱȱȱŘŘȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Coordination with the United Nations
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ System and Other International
ȱ ȱ ě¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ Organizations
ȱǯ
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¥Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Technical Cooperation 93
5DWHRI$WWDLQPHQW
FIG. 1. Rate of attainment on pledges for the TCF, 2000–2009.
Technical Cooperation 95
Annex
ȱŗǯȱ ȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŘǯȱ ¡¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱřǯȱ ǻǼȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşDzȱȱ
ǻǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱřǻǼ
ȱŚǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşȱ¢ȱ
ȱśǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
řŗȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŜǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱŝǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱ
ȱŞǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
Ȧȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢
ȱşǯȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǻǼȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŗŖǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǻǼȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŗŗǯȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǻǼȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŗŘǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱǻǼȱ
ȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŗřǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱ
ȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŗŚǯȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱǻǼȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŗśǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǻǼȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŗŜǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱǻǼȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŗŝǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǻǼȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŗŞǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǻǼȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŗşǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŘŖǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŘŗǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŘŘǯȱ ȱȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŘřǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱŘŖŖş
ȱŘŚǯȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱŘśǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
řŗȱȱŘŖŖş
DZȱȱŗşȮŘśȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȬǯ
Annex 97
Table A1. Allocation and utilization of regular budget resources in 2009
(unless otherwise indicated, the amounts in this table are in euros)
Budget Expenditure Unused
Original Adjusted Per cent rate (over expended)
Programme/Major Programme at $1.0000 at $1.3893a Transfersb Amount of utilization adjusted budget
(4) / (2) (2) + (3) – (4)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Operational and Recurrent Portion of the Regular Budget
1. Nuclear Power, Fuel Cycle and Nuclear Science
Overall Management, Coordination and Common Activities 907 351 850 894 850 117 99.9% 777
Nuclear Power 5 703 336 5 287 948 5 325 066 100.7% (37 118)
Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies 2 567 201 2 378 239 2 278 722 95.8% 99 517
Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance 10 389 925 9 748 626 (598) 9 517 341 97.6% 230 687
for Sustainable Energy Development
Nuclear Science 9 170 001 8 731 975 8 739 838 100.1% (7 863)
Subtotal — Major Programme 1 28 737 814 26 997 682 (598) 26 711 084 98.9% 286 000
2. Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection
Overall Management, Coordination and Common Activities 908 293 847 932 1 095 849 129.2% (247 917)
Food and Agriculture 12 360 284 11 737 172 11 642 989 99.2% 94 183
Human Health 8 732 724 8 229 058 8 155 884 99.1% 73 174
Water Resources 3 416 257 3 193 843 3 126 793 97.9% 67 050
Environment 5 449 001 5 161 582 5 117 908 99.2% 43 674
Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology 1 996 306 1 861 091 1 891 255 101.6% (30 164)
Subtotal — Major Programme 2 32 862 865 31 030 678 0 31 030 678 100.0% 0
3. Nuclear Safety and Security
Overall Management, Coordination and Common Activities 921 566 860 841 994 994 115.6% (134 153)
Incident and Emergency Preparedness and Response 1 421 618 1 330 686 1 367 106 102.7% (36 420)
Safety of Nuclear Installations 8 450 303 7 927 724 12 356 7 747 936 97.7% 192 144
Radiation and Transport Safety 5 394 160 5 064 201 5 069 549 100.1% (5 348)
Management of Radioactive Waste 6 379 963 5 937 917 5 946 910 100.2% (8 993)
Nuclear Security 1 114 066 1 041 936 1 049 166 100.7% (7 230)
Subtotal — Major Programme 3 23 681 676 22 163 305 12 356 22 175 661 100.1% 0
4. Nuclear Verification
Overall Management, Coordination and Common Activities 1 063 133 1 001 487 1 020 777 101.9% (19 290)
Safeguards 116 087 347 108 953 352 (9 771) 104 249 350 95.7% 4 694 231
Subtotal — Major Programme 4 117 150 480 109 954 839 (9 771) 105 270 127 95.7% 4 674 941
5. Policy, Management and Administration
Subtotal — Major Programme 5 75 050 660 72 000 335 (1 844) 71 115 887 98.8% 882 604
6. Management of Technical Cooperation for Development
Subtotal — Major Programme 6 16 307 161 15 458 918 (143) 15 390 508 99.6% 68 267
Total Operational and Recurrent Budget 293 790 656 277 605 757 0 271 693 945 97.9% 5 911 812
Essential Investments Portion of the Regular Budget
1. Nuclear Power, Fuel Cycle and Nuclear Science 51 050 46 201 34 700 75.1% 11 501
2. Nuclear Techniques for Development and
193 990 175 563 175 563 100.0% 0
Environmental Protection
3. Nuclear Safety and Security 112 310 101 642 101 642 100.0% 0
4. Nuclear Verification 3 367 074 3 068 168 552 400 18.0% 2 515 768
5. Policy, Management and Administration 1 489 710 1 441 042 1 150 040 79.8% 291 002
6. Management of Technical Cooperation for Development 319 800 279 208 270 428 96.9% 8 780
Total Essential Investments 5 533 934 5 111 824 0 2 284 773 44.7% 2 827 051
Total Agency Programmes 299 324 590 282 717 581 0 273 978 718 96.9% 8 738 863
Transfer to the Major Capital Investment Fundc 8 738 863 0.0% (8 738 863)c
Total Regular Budget 299 324 590 282 717 581 0 282 717 581 100.0% 0
Reimbursable Work for Othersd 2 523 046 2 361 589 2 902 550 122.9% (540 961)d
Grand Total 301 847 636 285 079 170 0 285 620 131 100.2% (540 961)
a Appropriations in General Conference Resolution GC(52)/RES/5 of October 2008 were revalued at the UN average rate of exchange of $1.3893 to ¼1.00.
b Based on the decision of the Board of Governors in document GOV/1999/15, an amount of ¼12 356 was transferred to Major Programme 3 ‘Nuclear Safety and Security’ to cover the
cost of emergency assistance provided in Ecuador. To recover this advance, year end unencumbered balances in the Regular Budget Appropriation Sections were used.
c In accordance with the Agency’s Programme and Budget document GC(53)/5 dated August 2009, ¼8 738 863 was transferred to the Major Capital Investment Fund to support major
infrastructure investments.
d (¼540 961) represents the costs of additional services provided to: (1) other VIC based organizations; and (2) projects financed from the Technical Cooperation Fund and extrabudgetary
resources.
Annex 99
Table A2. Extrabudgetary funds in support of the regular budget 2009
(unless otherwise indicated, the amounts in this table are in euros)
Extrabudgetary Resources Expenditure Unused
budget Unused balance New resources Total as at balance
Programme/Major Programme figures as at in 2009 available 31 December
2009a 1 January 2009 in 2009 2009
(2) + (3) (4) – (5)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
1. Nuclear Power, Fuel Cycle and Nuclear Science
Overall Management, Coordination and Common Activities
Nuclear Power 2 112 929 2 057 758 3 313 343 5 371 101 2 352 394 3 018 707
Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies 397 177 257 798 320 944 578 742 399 079 179 663
Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance 135 347 73 992 209 339 93 881 115 458
for Sustainable Energy Development
Nuclear Science 327 747 96 436 1 767 941 1 864 377 349 550 1 514 827
Subtotal — Major Programme 1 2 837 853 2 547 339 5 476 220 8 023 559 3 194 904 4 828 655
2. Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection
Overall Management, Coordination and Common Activities 126 863 76 000 202 863 78 457 124 406
Food and Agriculture 2 222 267 25 564 1 880 132 1 905 696 1 500 870 404 826
Human Health 946 454 582 173 1 021 105 1 603 278 686 403 916 875
Water Resources 100 113 203 000 303 113 98 824 204 289
Environment 699 042 121 944 446 824 568 768 559 945 8 823
Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology 3 844 3 844 3 844
Subtotal — Major Programme 2 3 867 763 960 501 3 627 061 4 587 562 2 924 499 1 663 063
3. Nuclear Safety and Security
Overall Management, Coordination and Common Activities 2 621 943 1 613 947 1 680 903 3 294 850 1 142 688 2 152 162
Incident and Emergency Preparedness and Response 1 262 225 988 266 983 871 1 972 137 796 859 1 175 278
Safety of Nuclear Installations 2 495 339 4 194 372 5 126 055 9 320 427 4 629 495 4 690 932
Radiation and Transport Safety 2 214 114 616 585 558 098 1 174 683 595 158 579 525
Management of Radioactive Waste 1 328 869 779 603 1 072 230 1 851 833 828 969 1 022 864
Nuclear Security 15 500 042 3 963 828 20 876 845 24 840 673 13 415 305 11 425 368
Subtotal — Major Programme 3 25 422 532 12 156 601 30 298 002 42 454 603 21 408 474 21 046 129
4. Nuclear Verification
Overall Management, Coordination and Common Activities 1 888 123 (1 726 986) 161 137 25 161 112
Safeguards 15 709 939 17 348 600 17 760 598 35 109 198 13 089 907 22 019 291
Subtotal — Major Programme 4 15 709 939 19 236 723 16 033 612 35 270 335 13 089 932 22 180 403
5. Policy, Management and Administration
Subtotal — Major Programme 5 701 335 2 980 989 2 518 584 5 499 573 2 615 319 2 884 254
6. Management of Technical Cooperation for Development
Subtotal — Major Programme 6 0 215 239 129 280 344 519 229 332 115 187
Total Extrabudgetary Programme Fund 48 539 422 38 097 392 58 082 759 96 180 151 43 462 460 52 717 691
a Column (1): Extrabudgetary budget figures include: (a) ¼2 406 851 from United Nations organizations; and (b) ¼16 174 967 for the Nuclear Security Fund.
Annex 101
Table A3(b). Graphical representation of the information in Table A3(a)
Distribution by region
(in thousands of dollars)
$IULFD $VLDDQGWKH3DFLILF
(XURSH /DWLQ$PHULFD
*OREDO,QWHUUHJLRQDO 7RWDO
Note: Numbers denote Agency programmes, which are explained in the previous summary.
Nuclear material
Plutoniumd contained in irradiated fuel and in 110 182.67 1201.94 16 024.77 127 408.39
fuel elements in reactor cores
HEU (equal to or greater than 20% 235U) 246.54 1.37 0.235 248.15
Source materiale (natural and depleted uranium 8137.50 141.28 1468.45 9747.24
and thorium)
233U 18.71 — — 18.72
Non-nuclear materialg
a SQ: significant quantity. Defined as the approximate amount of nuclear material for which the possibility of manufacturing a nuclear
explosive device cannot be excluded. Significant quantities take into account unavoidable losses due to conversion and manufacturing
processes and should not be confused with critical masses. They are used in establishing the quantity component of the Agency’s
inspection goal.
b Covering safeguards agreements pursuant to the NPT and/or the Treaty of Tlatelolco and other CSAs; includes facilities in Taiwan,
China.
c Covering facilities in India, Israel and Pakistan.
d The quantity includes an estimated 11 460 SQs of plutonium in irradiated fuel, which is not yet reported to the Agency under the
reporting procedures agreed to (the non-reported plutonium is contained in irradiated fuel assemblies to which item accountancy and
containment/surveillance measures are applied), and plutonium in fuel elements loaded into the core.
e This table does not include material within the terms of subparagraphs 34(a) and (b) of INFCIRC/153 (Corrected).
f Does not include nuclear material reported by SQP States of 0.52 SQs.
g Non-nuclear material subject to Agency safeguards under INFCIRC/66/Rev.2 type agreements.
h In Taiwan, China.
Annex 103
Table A5. Number of facilities under safeguards or containing safeguarded material on
31 December 2009
Number of facilities
Conversion plants 18 0 0 18
Reprocessing plants 11 1 1 13
Enrichment plants 13 0 3 17
Other facilities 76 0 0 76
a Covering safeguards agreements pursuant to the NPT and/or the Treaty of Tlatelolco and other CSAs; includes facilities in Taiwan,
China.
b Covering facilities in India, Israel and Pakistan.
c Excludes the two LOFs at the Agency and one Euratom LOF.
Annex 105
Table A6. Status with regard to the conclusion of safeguards agreements, additional protocolsa,b
and small quantities protocolsc (as of 31 December 2009) (cont.)
Annex 107
Table A6. Status with regard to the conclusion of safeguards agreements, additional protocolsa,b
and small quantities protocolsc (as of 31 December 2009) (cont.)
Annex 109
Table A6. Status with regard to the conclusion of safeguards agreements, additional protocolsa,b
and small quantities protocolsc (as of 31 December 2009) (cont.)
Key
States: States not party to the NPT whose safeguards agreements are of INFCIRC/66 type.
States: Non-nuclear-weapon States which are party to the NPT but have not brought into force a safeguards agreement
pursuant to Article III of that Treaty.
*: Voluntary offer safeguards agreement for NPT nuclear weapon States.
a. This Annex does not aim at listing all safeguards agreements that the Agency has concluded. Not included are agreements
whose application has been suspended in light of the application of safeguards pursuant to a comprehensive safeguards agreement.
Unless otherwise indicated, the safeguards agreements referred to are comprehensive safeguards agreements concluded pursuant
to the NPT.
b. The Agency also applies safeguards in Taiwan, China under two agreements, INFCIRC/133 and INFCIRC/158, which came
the quantities of nuclear material do not exceed the limits of paragraph 37 of INFCIRC/153), have the option to conclude a so-called
“Small Quantities Protocol”, thus holding in abeyance the implementation of most of the detailed provisions set out in Part II of a
comprehensive safeguards agreement as long as these conditions continue to apply. This column contains countries whose SQPs
have been approved by the Board and for which, as far as the Secretariat is aware, these conditions continue to apply. For those
States that have accepted the modified standard SQP text, which was approved by the Board of Governors on 20 September 2005,
the current status is reflected.
1 Sui generis comprehensive safeguards agreement. On 28 November 2002, upon approval by the Board of Governors, an
exchange of letters entered into force confirming that the safeguards agreement satisfies the requirement of Article III of the NPT.
2 Safeguards agreement refers to both the Treaty of Tlatelolco and the NPT.
3 Date refers to the safeguards agreement concluded between Argentina, Brazil, ABACC and the Agency. On 18 March 1997,
upon approval by the Board of Governors, an exchange of letters entered into force between Argentina and the Agency confirming
that the safeguards agreement satisfies the requirements of Article 13 of the Treaty of Tlatelolco and Article III of the NPT to
conclude a safeguards agreement with the Agency.
4 The application of safeguards in Austria under the NPT bilateral safeguards agreement INFCIRC/156, in force since
23 July 1972, was suspended on 31 July 1996, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon
States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Austria had acceded, entered into force for Austria.
5 Date refers to a safeguards agreement pursuant to Article III of the NPT. Upon approval by the Board of Governors, an
exchange of letters entered into force (for Saint Lucia on 12 June 1996 and for Belize, Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint
Vincent and Grenadines on 18 March 1997) confirming that the safeguards agreement satisfies the requirement of Article 13 of the
Treaty of Tlatelolco.
6 The NPT safeguards agreement concluded with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (INFCIRC/204), which entered
into force on 28 December 1973, continues to be applied in Bosnia and Herzegovina to the extent relevant to the territory of Bosnia
and Herzegovina.
7 Date refers to the safeguards agreement concluded between Argentina, Brazil, ABACC and the Agency. On 10 June 1997,
upon approval by the Board of Governors, an exchange of letters entered into force between Brazil and the Agency confirming that
the safeguards agreement satisfies the requirements of Article 13 of the Treaty of Tlatelolco. On 20 September 1999, upon approval
by the Board of Governors, an exchange of letters entered into force confirming that the safeguards agreement also satisfies the
requirements of Article III of the NPT.
8 The application of safeguards in Bulgaria under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/178, in force since
29 February 1972, was suspended on 1 May 2009, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon
States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Bulgaria had acceded, entered into force for Bulgaria.
9 Date refers to a safeguards agreement pursuant to Article 13 of the Treaty of Tlatelolco. Upon approval by the Board of
Governors an exchange of letters entered into force (for Chile on 9 September 1996; for Colombia on 13 June 2001; for Panama
on 20 November 2003) confirming that the safeguards agreement satisfies the requirement of Article III of the NPT.
10 The application of safeguards in Cyprus under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/189, in force since
26 January 1973, was suspended on 1 May 2008, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon
States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Cyprus had acceded, entered into force for Cyprus.
11 The application of safeguards in the Czech Republic under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/541, in force since
11 September 1997, was suspended on 1 October 2009, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-
weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which the Czech Republic had acceded, entered into force
for the Czech Republic.
12 The application of safeguards in Denmark under the bilateral NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/176, in force
since 1 March 1972, was suspended on 5 April 1973, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 (INFCIRC/193) between
the non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency, to which Denmark had acceded, entered into force for
Denmark. Since 1 May 1974, that agreement also applies to the Faroe Islands. Upon Greenland’s secession from EURATOM as of
31 January 1985, the agreement between the Agency and Denmark (INFCIRC/176) re-entered into force for Greenland.
Annex 111
13 The application of safeguards in Estonia under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/547, in force since
24 November 1997, was suspended on 1 December 2005, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the
non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Estonia had acceded, entered into force
for Estonia.
14 The application of safeguards in Finland under the bilateral NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/155, in force since
9 February 1972, was suspended on 1 October 1995, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 (INFCIRC/193) between the
non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency, to which Finland had acceded, entered into force for Finland.
15 The safeguards agreement referred to is pursuant to Additional Protocol I to the Treaty of Tlatelolco.
16 The NPT safeguards agreement of 7 March 1972 concluded with the German Democratic Republic (INFCIRC/181) is no
longer in force with effect from 3 October 1990, on which date the German Democratic Republic acceded to the Federal Republic of
Germany.
17 The application of safeguards in Greece under the NPT bilateral safeguards agreement INFCIRC/166, provisionally in
force since 1 March 1972, was suspended on 17 December 1981, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the
non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Greece had acceded, entered into force
for Greece.
18 The application of safeguards in Hungary under the bilateral NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/174, in force since
30 March 1972, was suspended on 1 July 2007, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon
States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Hungary had acceded, entered into force for Hungary.
19 The application of safeguards in Latvia under the bilateral NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/434, in force since
21 December 1993, was suspended on 1 October 2008, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon
States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Latvia had acceded, entered into force for Latvia.
20 The application of safeguards in Lithuania under the bilateral NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/413, in force since
15 October 1992, was suspended on 1 January 2008, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon
States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Lithuania had acceded, entered into force for Lithuania.
21 The application of safeguards in Malta under the bilateral NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/387, in force since
13 November 1990, was suspended on 1 July 2007, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon
States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Malta had acceded, entered into force for Malta.
22 The safeguards agreement referred to was concluded pursuant to both the Treaty of Tlatelolco and the NPT. The
application of safeguards under an earlier safeguards agreement pursuant to the Treaty of Tlatelolco, which entered into force on
6 September 1968 (INFCIRC/118), was suspended as of 14 September 1973.
23 Whereas the NPT safeguards agreement and small quantities protocol with New Zealand (INFCIRC/185) also apply to
Cook Islands and Niue, the additional protocol thereto (INFCIRC/185/Add.1) does not apply to those territories.
24 The application of safeguards in Poland under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/179, in force since
11 October 1972, was suspended on 1 March 2007, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon
States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Poland had acceded, entered into force for Poland.
25 The application of safeguards in Portugal under the bilateral NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/272, in force since
14 June 1979, was suspended on 1 July 1986, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon
States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Portugal had acceded, entered into force for Portugal.
26 The NPT safeguards agreement concluded with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (INFCIRC/204), which entered
into force on 28 December 1973, continues to be applied in Serbia (formerly Serbia and Montenegro) to the extent relevant to the
territory of Serbia.
27 The application of safeguards in Slovakia under the bilateral NPT safeguards agreement with the Czechoslovak Socialist
Republic (INFCIRC/173), in force since 3 March 1972, was suspended on 1 December 2005, on which date the agreement of
5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Slovakia had
acceded, entered into force for Slovakia.
28 The application of safeguards in Slovenia under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/538, in force since 1 August 1997,
was suspended on 1 September 2006, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon States of
EURATOM, EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Slovenia had acceded, entered into force for Slovenia.
29 The application of safeguards in Sweden under the NPT safeguards agreement INFCIRC/234, in force since 14 April 1975,
was suspended on 1 June 1995, on which date the agreement of 5 April 1973 between the non-nuclear-weapon States of EURATOM,
EURATOM and the Agency (INFCIRC/193), to which Sweden had acceded, entered into force for Sweden.
30 The SQP ceased to be operational upon entry into force of the amendments to the SQP.
31 Date refers to the INFCIRC/66-type safeguards agreement, concluded between the United Kingdom and the Agency, which
remains in force.
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Annex 113
Table A7. Participation by States in multilateral treaties for which the Director General is depositary,
conclusion of Revised Supplementary Agreements and acceptance of amendments to Articles VI
and XIV.A of the Agency’s Statute (status as of 31 December 2009) (cont.)
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Annex 115
Table A7. Participation by States in multilateral treaties for which the Director General is depositary,
conclusion of Revised Supplementary Agreements and acceptance of amendments to Articles VI
and XIV.A of the Agency’s Statute (status as of 31 December 2009) (cont.)
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Annex 117
Table A7. Participation by States in multilateral treaties for which the Director General is depositary,
conclusion of Revised Supplementary Agreements and acceptance of amendments to Articles VI
and XIV.A of the Agency’s Statute (status as of 31 December 2009) (cont.)
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Annex 119
Table A8. Conventions negotiated and adopted under the auspices of the Agency and/or for which the
Director General is the depositary (status and relevant developments) (cont.)
Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the IAEA (reproduced in INFCIRC/9/Rev. 2). In 2009, two
States became Party to the Agreement. By the end of the year, there were 81 Parties.
Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (reproduced in INFCIRC/500). Entered into force on
12 November 1977. In 2009, one State became Party to the Convention. By the end of the year, there were
36 Parties.
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (reproduced in INFCIRC/274/Rev.1). Entered into
force on 8 February 1987. In 2009, four States became Party to the Convention. By the end of the year,
there were 142 Parties.
Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material. Adopted on 8 July 2005. In
2009, 11 States adhered to the Amendment, bringing the total to 33 States.
Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (reproduced in INFCIRC/335). Entered into force on
27 October 1986. In 2009, four States became Party to the Convention. By the end of the year, there were
106 Parties.
Joint Protocol Relating to the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention (reproduced in
INFCIRC/402). Entered into force on 27 April 1992. In 2009, one State became Party to the Protocol. By
the end of the year, there were 26 Parties.
Convention on Nuclear Safety (reproduced in INFCIRC/449). Entered into force on 24 October 1996. In
2009, four States became Party to the Convention. By the end of the year, there were 66 Parties.
Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste
Management (reproduced in INFCIRC/546). Entered into force on 18 June 2001. In 2009, five States
became Party to the Convention. By the end of the year, there were 51 Parties.
Protocol to Amend the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (reproduced in INFCIRC/566).
Entered into force on 4 October 2003. In 2009, the status remained unchanged, with five Parties.
Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (reproduced in INFCIRC/567). Opened for
signature on 29 September 1997. In 2009, the status remained unchanged, with four Contracting States
and 13 Signatories.
Revised Supplementary Agreement Concerning the Provision of Technical Assistance by the IAEA (RSA).
In 2009, two States became Party to the Agreement. By the end of the year, there were 111 States that
concluded RSA Agreements.
Fourth Agreement to Extend the 1987 Regional Co-operative Agreement for Research, Development and
Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology (RCA) (reproduced in INFCIRC/167/Add.22). Entered
into force on 26 February 2007 with effect from 12 June 2007. In 2009, two States became Party to the
Agreement. By the end of the year, there were 15 Parties.
Co-operation Agreement for the Promotion of Nuclear Science and Technology in Latin America and the
Caribbean (ARCAL) (reproduced in INFCIRC/582). Entered into force on 5 September 2005. In 2009, three
States became Party to the Agreement. By the end of the year, there were 18 Parties.
Co-operative Agreement for Arab States in Asia for Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear
Science and Technology (ARASIA) (First Extension) (reproduced in INFCIRC/613/Add.2). Entered into force
on 29 July 2008. In 2009, the status remained unchanged, with seven Parties.
Agreement on the Establishment of the ITER International Fusion Energy Organization for the Joint
Implementation of the ITER Project (reproduced in INFCIRC/702). Entered into force on 24 October 2007.
In 2009, the status remained unchanged, with seven Parties.
Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the ITER International Fusion Energy Organization for the
Joint Implementation of the ITER Project (reproduced in INFCIRC/703). Entered into force on 24 October
2007. In 2009, the status remained unchanged, with six Parties.
Table A10. Safety Culture Assessment Review Team (SCART) missions in 2009
Type Organization Country
SCART Laguna Verde Mexico
SCART Follow-up Santa-Maria de Garona Spain
Annex 121
Table A11. Operational Safety Review Team (OSART) missions in 2009
Type Nuclear power plant Country
Preparatory OSART Ringhals Sweden
Preparatory OSART Doel Belgium
Preparatory OSART St Alban France
Preparatory OSART Bohunice Slovakia
OSART Mihama Japan
OSART Oskarshamn Sweden
OSART Fessenheim France
OSART Vandellos Spain
OSART South Ukraine Ukraine
OSART Ling Ao China
Follow-up OSART Tihange Belgium
Follow-up OSART South Ukraine Ukraine
Follow-up OSART Neckarwestheim Germany
Follow-up OSART Khmelnitsky Ukraine
Follow-up OSART Forsmark Sweden
Follow-up OSART Chinon France
Table A12. Peer Review of Operational Safety Performance Experience (PROSPER) missions in 2009
Type Organization/Nuclear power plant Country
PROSPER Follow-up Angra-1 Brazil
Table A13. Integrated Safety Assessment of Research Reactors (INSARR) missions in 2009
Type Location Country
INSARR Kingston Jamaica
INSARR Abuja Nigeria
INSARR Follow-up Rabat Morocco
INSARR Follow-up Accra Ghana
INSARR Follow-up Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
INSARR Follow-up Tashkent Uzbekistan
Table A16. International Physical Protection Advisory Service (IPPAS) missions in 2009
Type Country
IPPAS Netherlands
IPPAS Finland
IPPAS Turkmenistan
IPPAS Bangladesh
IPPAS Singapore
IPPAS Follow-up Belarus
International Team of Experts mission Uzbekistan
Annex 123
Organizational Chart
(as of 31 December 2009)
DIRECTOR GENERAL
DEPARTMENT OF
DEPARTMENT OF DEPARTMENT OF
DEPARTMENT OF DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR DEPARTMENT OF
TECHNICAL NUCLEAR SAFETY
NUCLEAR ENERGY MANAGEMENT SCIENCES SAFEGUARDS
COOPERATION AND SECURITY
AND APPLICATIONS
(ICTP)*
Nuclear
Nuclear
Fuel Cycle Budget and Agency’s Concepts and
Africa Installation
and Waste Finance Laboratories Planning
Safety
Technology
Conference
Radiation,
Asia Nuclear and Human
Transport and Operations A
and the Pacific Power Document Health
Waste Safety
Services
IAEA Marine
General Environment
Europe Operations B
Services Laboratories,
Monaco**
Joint FAO/IAEA
Division of Nuclear
Information
Latin America Techniques Operations C
Technology
in Food
and Agriculture
Physical
Programme Safeguards
Human and
Support and Information
Resources Chemical
Coordination Management
Sciences
Public Technical
Information Support
Șȱ Tȱ he Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (Abdus Salam ICTP), legally referred to as the “International
Centre for Theoretical Physics”, is operated as a joint programme by UNESCO and the Agency. Administration is carried out by
UNESCO on behalf of both organizations.
Annex 125
“The Agency shall seek to accelerate and enlarge
the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health
and prosperity throughout the world.”
www.iaea.org
International Atomic Energy Agency
PO Box 100, Vienna International Centre
1400 Vienna, Austria
Telephone: (+43-1) 2600-0
Fax: (+43-1) 2600-7
Email: Official.Mail@iaea.org
GC(54)/4