<a href="http://tarcafa.blogspot.

com">TARC AFA Blog</a>How to impress the ACCA m

arkers
All ACCA papers are now marked using the online system called Scoris , writes Sunil
Bhandari.
Although the paper-specific exam techniques taught to you by your professional t
utors have not changed drastically, there are some subtleties that will help you
r paper look better in the eyes of the marker and so improve your chance of pass
ing. As a professional ACCA tutor and member of the P4 marking team I would sugg
est five tips:
1) Use a black pen. Write only in black and practise all your revision questions
using black ink only.
2) Use a ruler. It really helps to make your paper look neat and tidy. When unde
rlining headings and setting up schedules (eg NPV) the presentation looks so muc
h better if the lines are straight.
3) Space out your answers. When the paper is scanned we only see it on our lapto
ps (most likely). Leave space between your computations and space out your writt
en points. It is far easier to read and give marks.
4) Which question, which part? Make it really clear at the top of each page whic
h element of the question you are answering. Marks given on each page have to be
allotted to the relevant part of each question. Make it easier for the marker t
o see clearly which part of the exam your answer relates to.
5) Leave blank pages. It would help you and the marker if at the end of each que
stion requirement you have attempted you leave a page or two blank. Should you n
eed to come back and add more you will have the space to do so.
None of the above is rocket science, but in my opinion it will give you a better
chance of passing the ACCA papers you are attempting this December
TIPTASTIC - How to pass Decembers F7
So what is coming up in December do you need some tips?
In June, the pass rate for F7 Financial Reporting was just 28%. That means 62% o
f PQs will have to do it all again this December! Those working towards those ex
ams would have looked at the pass rate worryingly, hoping that December s test wil
l see a better pass rate. The problem is the paper was given the thumbs-up by al
l the experts, including PQ magazine s Exam Review Board.
With the current F7 pass rate in mind, we asked all the leading tuition provider
s for their exam tips for the next session. We explained that our readers want r
eal tips not just a list of what is in the syllabus. Some have kept to the brief
and some haven t. But what ACCA readers get is some really useful guidance on wha
t they should be concentrating on. A warning: in no way are the subjects listed
here guaranteed to come up in December. So what do our experts think will appear
in F7 Financial Reporting?
ATC
Common areas that feature on a regular basis in the exam are as follows:
Leases.
Revenue recognition.
Substance versus form.
Convertible instruments (IAS 39).
Accounting for taxation.
Accounting for assets, particularly IAS 16.
Important areas that have not been examined under the new syllabus and therefore
may feature in the near future are:
Construction contracts.
Impairment of assets.
IAS 37, accounting for provisions.
BPP
Q1 (25 marks): Consolidated SOCI and/or SOFP with one subsidiary plus associate
(including adjustments for fair values, unrealised profit, intragroup trading, g
oods/cash in transit, other syllabus area). In addition, there is also a discurs
ive part (b) on reasons for adjusting for unrealised profit or other group topic
s.
Q2 (25 marks): Accounts restatement/ preparation with adjustments, for example d
epreciation, current/deferred tax, inventory valuation, leases, substance over f
orm issues, financial instruments (change in FV or amortised cost), revaluations
, share issues or government grants. May include discontinued operation, EPS cal
culation or SOCIE with a prior period adjustment
Q3 (25 marks): Interpretation and/or statement of cash flows, perhaps with writt
en part on aims of not-for-profit entities. Interpretation may focus on limited
ratios and their interpretation (e.g. liquidity); sections of a statement of cas
h flows (rather than the whole) may be tested
Q4 & Q5 (15 & 10 marks): One question in context of conceptual framework, and th
e other containing one or two discrete topics; the possibilities include: regula
tory framework, inflation, government grants, discontinued operations, impairmen
ts, deferred tax, leases, intangible assets, or provisions.
First Intuition
Q1 Consolidation revenue statement with goodwill computation.
Q2 Single company accounts with, lease,
non current asset, tax and sale or return.
Q3 Ratios and report writing.
Q4 The framework with contingent liabilities and financial instruments.
Q5 Long-term contracts.
Kaplan Financial
Q1 Mixed consolidated income statement and statement of financial position possi
ble adjustments to include PURP.
Q2 Redraft of financial statements (also to include SOCIE) possible adjustments
could include revenue recognition, investment property, depreciation.
Q3 Calculation of an element of a statement of cash flow and a report to include
calculation of ratios and interpretation of the accounts using the statement of
cash flow and ratio results.
Q4 & 5 IFRS 5: Discontinued operations, government grants, investment property.
LSBF
Q1 Consolidated income statement with IFRS 3 (Revised) discussion, or both CSFP
and CIS in same Q (last one Dec 2008).
Q2 Re-drafting or published accounts.
Q3 Interpretation, with or without cash flows.
Q4 Mixed standards, especially leasing, impairment, EPS, grants.
Q5 Depreciation, provisions, deferred tax, standard setting.
Learn to love double entry
ACCA financial reporting students need to understand their double entries, accor
ding to top tutor Rob Moulin. He s back teaching F7 and P2 at LondonSam, and it s ha
rd to get away from his passion this man really knows his stuff and loves accoun
tancy.
On the subject of debits and credits, he believes computerisation has made life
more difficult for the PQ in learning the language of our profession. Nowadays, w
e press keys and don t see the entries behind the numbers. It s a real shame, they re
the foundation of financial reporting, he says. Let s not forget, at their heart, th
e accounting standards are there to provide guidelines for the timing, measureme
nt and placing of the double entry .
And on the matter of the IFRSs and IASs, he s just as enthusiastic, encouraging st
udents to get to know their standards. How great to be able to show the examiners
you know your stuff, he says. For P2 especially, where the questions are so techn
ical, it makes a lot of sense to get hold of the IASB standards book. Learn some
of the finer details; it s good for confidence and it could be worth marks.
For the interview in full go to our ACCA study zone at www.pqmagazine.co.uk.
ACCA Exam Review Board
Our ACCA Exam Review Board goes over the June 2010 sitting with a fine tooth com
b
Vicky Taylor & the team
KAPLAN FINANCIAL
F4 was fair, with a couple of challenging areas. Fraud and Criminal Law aspects
didn t appear, disappointing many candidates, and question 10 would have been perh
aps the toughest.
Well rehearsed themes were tested in F5, with only the linear programming questi
on giving the candidates cause for concern.
A slightly more challenging F6 exam than previous recent sittings with the quest
ions appearing to be in a different style to previous exams. This will better pr
epare students for the rigors of P6.
F7 was overall a fair but time pressured paper, especially in question 3.
F8 saw a welcome return to the normal exam style, covering lots of key topics.
F9 was a fair test, with a higher than usual proportion of marks for pure discus
sion.
The P1 paper was unusually quite heavily focused on the governance and responsib
ility - appearing in all questions.
As always, P2 was a demanding paper and in particular students will have struggl
ed with Q1b. The balance of syllabus coverage and mix of questions was good, wit
h enough variable levels of difficulty to identify the competent student.
Unusually for P3 there was no strategy evaluation element, but there were enough
strategic analysis marks available throughout the paper to make up for this.
P4 was a strange mix, containing some tricky parts, whilst there were some extre
mely easy questions. The testing of swaps for the third consecutive paper would ha
ve surprised a lot of students.
P5 students may have struggled with a number of the requirements in Section A wh
ich examined non-core areas and required them to demonstrate their commercial un
derstanding. Some students may have been surprised by the large number of writte
n marks available in Section B.
The compulsory questions in P6 were longer than ever before, which students may
have found daunting.
P7 was fair and focused on the core syllabus areas with a welcome return to more
application based scenarios. A moderately well prepared student should have don
e well, provided they had read all the audit examiner articles.
Iyi Ogiehor
City of London College
Paper F7 (Financial reporting) was fair and covered a wider area of the syllabus
. It was not too time-pressured and there were easy marks available to candidate
s with good examination techniques. Question 1 required preparation of a consoli
dated statement of financial position with the usual subsidiary and associate. A
s in previous diets, candidates who prepared thoroughly should score well. The m
ain issues for this question are the treatments of contingent consideration and
the intangible asset that was written off by the subsidiary in the post-acquisit
ion period as it was considered valueless by the parent. Question 2 was easier t
han the last diet. The main issue here was IFRS 5, which complemented the usual
suspects. The rest of the paper was fair although a great deal of time was requi
red. All in all, this was a fairer paper.
The P2 paper (Corporate Reporting) was technically demanding and was, as expecte
d focused on current standards. The paper was fair and the well prepared candida
te should score very highly.
Question 1 required a consolidated statement of comprehensive income of a simple
group structure. The question was by no means simple and required, among other
things, treatment of part disposals of subsidiaries where one still remained a s
ubsidiary and the other became an associate. Also required was the calculation a
nd presentation of impairment losses on financial instruments. The part on amend
ment to the rules on reclassification should boost the marks of those who attemp
ted it. Question 2 dealt with various standards and is representative of the exa
miner s style.
Overall, this was a good paper.
Tim Paton
First Intuition
F4 was fair and all core topics tested. The examiner seems to not be splitting e
ach 10 mark question into parts but giving candidates free range on what to writ
e about in response to each requirement which weaker candidates will not have li
ked.
F5 was well balanced between calculations and discussion and contained expected/
core topics. The new examiner, Ann Irons kept the same style as the previous exa
miner and this made for a very fair paper.
In F6 the question requirements were broken down a little more than previously l
eading to broader syllabus coverage and no single large full tax computation req
uirements.
The F7 exam was a good mix of written and numerical requirements together with e
nough funnies to identify the prize winner. The 10 marks on capitalisation of borr
owing costs would have thrown a few students but was comfortable for well prepar
ed students.
F8 Pami Bahl has shown herself to be a fair examiner with a paper set at just the
right level to test candidates. Her paper covered a good range of topics and sh
ould have allowed well prepared candidates to obtain a pass
In F9 investment appraisal and working capital topics were there although expect
ed value calculations with the cash balances would have been a little unexpected
. Students should fare well having reviewed past exams.
P1 was sensible and fair containing some topical issues (top bankers pension and
nuclear power). No serious problems for students were noted.
In P2 the group accounting question with disposals would have created a challeng
e and the question on hedge accounting was a disappointing question - how many st
udents will come across such a transaction in the real world? A Graham Holt clas
sic.
There were sufficient easy marks for a competent student to survive the P6 exam.
Tougher parts included the rules surrounding Senior Accounting officers.
In P7 students can have no complaints at all. Using similar wording to previous
papers and covering some core topics, a well prepared candidate should have been
able to complete this paper within time.
Paul Rogers
7 city
Paper F8 (Audit & Assurance) was fit for purpose as a test of core knowledge with
few hidden traps and good syllabus coverage. There was further evidence that the
case studies have become more straightforward, and delegates who had followed t
he time honoured advice of practising questions would have identified many easy
marks associated with both risk and ethics. The greatest challenge was associate
d with identification and assessment of internals controls and the audit testing
thereof as this is a subject which exposes both weaknesses in written technique
and ability to generate hit rate. This would have been compounded by the associ
ation of controls and perpetual inventory counts as the latter may not have been
anticipated. However, the multi-part nature of all questions on the paper, plus
some marks for knowledge rather than application, should have ensured that ever
yone who had prepared properly was rewarded.
Paper P7 (Advanced Audit & Assurance) was a paper that rewarded PQs who had good
exam technique and who had focussed their preparation on optimising their sylla
bus wide knowledge and its application instead of second guessing potential exam t
argets. No question had less than four separate mark scoring components, and alt
hough questions were based around a theme each requirement was sufficiently ring
fenced to enable a poor performance in one section not to torpedo prospects els
ewhere. From an academic perspective the paper was well constructed to avoid rep
licating Paper F8 skills, and provided case study scenarios based on unlisted gr
oups and business advisory work that had a difficulty tariff on a par with recen
t sittings; hence those who had worked past papers had little to fear.
In section B most will have attempted the ethics question, and then have faced a
dilemma as to which other question work. The question focussing on audit report
s and negligence had some easy marks, but delegates may have been put off by sec
tion (b) and uncertainty between the concepts of an emphasis of matter and other ma
tters .
Tony Mock
LCA
The June 2010 exam for F5 is not one about which any student should have a compl
aint! The ACCA has attempted to overcome its problems with this paper - caused b
y the excessive levels of exemptions from earlier papers and the inappropriate f
ormat of those earlier papers - by bringing down the standard of the F5 exam. Un
til the problems of F2 and F3 are overcome (and a review of the structure of the
exams is now upon us), this must be described as a suitable test for the studen
ts coming through from the knowledge module. The question on linear programming
has clearly been designed in such a way as to make the answers to the question s
uitable for marking scanned copies on screen. One might question whether this ma
kes a suitable test of the topic. It also seems strange to see a business making
cricket bats showing its financial results in dollars, but the question itself
(on variances) was perfectly fair. If this sitting of F5 has the same poor resul
ts that have been seen for much of the current syllabus, then you certainly can'
t lay the blame at the feet of the outgoing examiner.
P5 seemed fair - covering a number of the topics central to the syllabus. It con
tained a reasonable mixture of computational marks and marks for discussion that
a student could adjust according to the selection made in section B of the pape
r. Questions are of a similar style and standard to those that we have seen from
the current examiner for some years now. It will be a shame to see the end of t
he tenure of Shane Johnson since any new examiner is quite likely to place a dif
ferent interpretation on the syllabus, have different priorities and a different
style. Students in December should expect a bigger change from what we have bee
n used to in P5 than the small change seen when the current syllabus replaced it
s predecessor.

Deborah Taylor
BPP
As we have come to expect from the ACCA this was a reasonable set of exams. Yes,
there were a couple of papers that were more challenging, but on the whole the
student who walked into the exam hall well prepared and applied good technique t
hroughout should pass.
F4 tested a broad range of areas and was a fair test of candidates abilities but
they are likely to have struggled to generate detailed answers to questions 9 an
d 10. F5 was in line with expectation but the style and content of some of the F
6 exam may have been a surprise. Income tax was not tested, there was a heavier
emphasis on corporate tax and ethics was examined in question 4.
We would expect that most candidates found F7 doable, but would expect question
5 to be answered poorly as this was on an area that has not been examined often.
F8 provided excellent coverage of the syllabus with no surprises and the F9 pap
er was more straightforward than December 2009, but we thought the probability c
alculations in question 1 were a bit brutal.
P2 was one of the toughest papers we have seen in terms of time pressure and tec
hnical content, testing complex groups with disposals in question 1 and hedging
and derivatives in question 3. P1 and P3 made up for this, however, as we though
t these were reasonable papers.
And finally, we thought the options papers were examined at an appropriate level
with nothing unexpected being tested.
What examiners want
Exam reviews of F7, F8, F9, P1, P2 & P3
F7 Financial Reporting.
Examiner: Stephen Scott
Despite the improved performance in December over the June sitting the examiner
believes there is still considerable room for improvement. The main fault is can
didates lack of syllabus coverage, said Scott. This is evidenced by many sitters
answering only four sometimes three of the five compulsory questions. Candidates
 did well at the first two questions on group accounting and production of finan
cial statements. These are areas students know well. The cash flow question (Q3)
was more focused this time around and students produced mixed results.
Q4 was on non-current assets and Q5 on the different measurers of profit/ earnin
gs performance and earnings per share calculations.
Scott also mentioned that there was evidence of time wasteful exam techniques un
necessary and over-elaborate workings, repetition of points, etc. There were als
o a significant number of scripts where candidates had crossed out the first pag
e (sometimes more) of their answer. This, felt Scott, demonstrates poor answer p
lanning and a consequent inevitable waste of valuable time.
F8 Audit & Assurance.
Examiner: Pami Bahl
The examiner was pleased to see that most candidates attempted all parts of all
five questions. There were some common issues that arose from candidates answers.
The examiner felt some were wasting time by rewriting the question requirements
out or providing lengthy introductions or definitions which were unnecessary. F
ailing to answer each question on a new page in the answer book was also frowned
upon, as is illegible writing. Bahl stressed that failure to read the question
requirements also meant some provided irrelevant answers, which scored few if an
y marks.
F9 Financial Management.
Examiner: Antony Head
There is no substitute for studying the whole syllabus in-depth, said Head. Duri
ng revision students need to test their degree of preparation by sitting past pa
pers under exam conditions, if at all possible. The examiner said that candidate
s then need to take action to strengthen areas where they find a need for more s
kill, knowledge and understanding. Students who are successful showed that they
had studied all of the syllabus, rather than focusing on a small number of key a
reas.
P1 Professional Accountant.
Examiner: David Campbell
P1 contains four questions in two sections. At the last sitting section A was co
mpulsory and contained one extended question (Q1) worth 50 marks. As in previous
diets, Q1 was a multi-part requirement covering a wide range of outcomes. Secti
on B contained three questions worth 25 marks and candidates were required to ch
oose two from those three. The section B questions tended to be located in one a
rea of the study guide, but as in previous papers also contained supporting requ
irements from other areas. All questions were based on case scenarios and marks
were often awarded for application to the case material.
Last December s paper was Campbell s fifth. He continues to be disappointed that stu
dents fail to pick up the professional marks December s Q1 asked candidates for a
memo. This was worth four marks and Campbell said few sitters managed to gain hi
gh professional marks. Campbell stressed: I have made the point before that vario
us forms of narrative communication should be taught to and learned by P1 candid
ates. From the papers he is convinced PQs don t know how to frame and draft a memo
to management. In many cases, what he got was simply a letter.
P2 Corporate Reporting.
Examiner: Graham Holt
The examiner admitted December s paper was testing, although PQs responded well, r
esulting in a pleasing pass rate (58%). Holt believes the results reflect the be
nefit of publication of articles in Student Accountant and the increased expansi
on of the knowledge base in certain subject areas, particularly IFRS 3 (Revised)
and financial instruments. Holt was also pleased that there was less evidence o
f candidates trying to get through the exam by answering just two out of three q
uestions. Finally, PQs also seem to be answering the 50-mark question better par
ticularly with regards to the ethics question. So Holt is a happy man indeed.
P3 Business Analysis.
Examiner: Steve Skidmore
The poor performance of candidates in section B was the main reason for the slig
ht dip in pass rates, said the examiner. Question 3 and 4 were not well answered
. Skidmore is also concerned that a significant number of candidates only answer
ed two questions. This seems to suggest to him PQs are unfamiliar with quality a
nd project management, two significant parts of the syllabus.
Skidmore wanted to remind PQs that this paper is not 3.5 with a new title. There
are significant new areas which must be learnt, he said. P3 also builds on knowle
dge gained in paper F1. So those exempt from paper are encouraged to review the
content of the F1 syllabus.
ATC's ACCA Exam Techniques
Don t forget the following advice while in the exam
Use the Reading and Planning Time before the start of the examination to make su
re that you understand what each question is about, and to jot down key thoughts
and reminders on the examination paper, to refer back to when you plan and writ
e each answer.
Answer all ten questions, being sure to number them in the answer book and to ke
ep each answer together.
Allocate your time carefully between questions so that you do not become bogged
down in a handful at the expense of others. Remember that each question carries
10 marks: the scenario questions score the same as the essay questions. You shou
ld allow an average of 18 minutes for each question, no more than 20 minutes nor
less than 15 on any one in order to do yourself justice. Allow eight to ten min
utes within that time to plan each answer.
Do not overrun on time trying to find the last, more difficult one or two marks
of a question at the expense of getting the straightforward six or seven marks i
n another question. Successful students often leave the most challenging questio
ns until last, making sure to pick up the easier marks of the other questions firs
t.
Answer the question that has been set, do not reinterpret it for example, if it
refers to buyers rights, do not give detailed answers about sellers rights; if it
asks about partnerships, do not give answers based on company law.
Be sure to give authority for your answers. If a rule you describe or apply deri
ves from statute, from a model law, from an international code or from a judicia
l precedent, say so. If you can remember the particular statutory reference or c
ase name, quote it; if not, refer to it generally. There is usually no benefit i
n quoting detailed case facts but you may need to make comparisons or distinctio
ns when you apply case law in scenario questions.
Good Luck!
In addition to noting the guidance set out above, students should make use of AC
CA past examination papers, pay close attention to articles published in Student
Accountant in March and April and should read the Examiner s review of the last e
xamination session at www.accaglobal.com/students.
ACCA exam tips for December exams
What do our experts think is coming up in December s exams? Here are top tips. Mor
e help coming here soon, promise
Paper F4
Contract law: exclusion clauses or intention to create legal relations.
Employment law: wrongful and unfair dismissal .
Partnership law: ostensible authority.
Company law: alteration of articles, or formation.
Combined Code on Corporate Governance: application and purpose.
Types/structure of court the English Legal System.
Civil and criminal law the differences.
Offer and acceptance the agreement.
Directors duties.
Company formation.
Fraudulent behaviour.
Paper F5
Interpreting financial and non-financial performance measures.
Throughput accounting techniques.
Short-term decision-making techniques.
Divisional performance measures .
Standard costing variance analysis and operating statements.
Comparing the merits of different budgetary control systems.
ABC.
Forecasting - linear regression, or time series.
Transfer pricing.
Backflush costing discussion.
Limiting factors.
Paper F6
Taxation of employment income.
Dealing with trading losses loss reliefs for sole traders and companies.
Computing corporation tax liabilities.
Computing chargeable gains.
Self-assessment and payment of tax by companies.
Badges of trade.
Adjusted profit computation and capital allowances for sole trader.
CGT principle private residence relief.
Personal tax: benefits, adjustment to profits, capital allowances, opening year
rules.
Corporation tax: long period of account, capital allowance, property lease, gain
s of shares, VAT annual accounting.

Paper F7
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income possible transactions to include
depreciation, revaluation, investment property, IFRS 5.
Consolidated I/S and SFP for either 2/3 company groups..
Published accounts.
Cashflow question with report on company performance.
Financial statement interpretation.
Intangible non-current assets including research and development.
Liabilities including deferred tax.
Leasing both numbers and written aspects.
IASB framework elements or qualitative characteristics.

Paper F8
Payables validation of period end balances and cut-off.
Acceptance of appointment ethical and practical issues.
System evaluation and management letter extracts.
Audit of estimates including provisions and contingencies.
Understanding unmodified audit reports and modified opinions.
Closing review, subsequent events and threats to going concern status.
Payroll audit procedures.
Not for profit organisations.
Internal control weakness.
IAS 570 going concern.
Analytical review as a planning tool.
Threats to an auditors independence.
Inventories or non-current assets.

Paper F9
Economic environment and the impact on interest and exchange rates.
Working capital management EOQ with discounts and lead time buffer stock.
Management of trade receivables, including settlement discounts and factoring.
Asset replacement cycles and capital rationing.
Risk management of foreign currency using internal and external hedging techniqu
es.
Weighted average and marginal costs of capital and the CAPM.
Business valuations using geared betas and earnings based valuations.
Inventory management.
Complex NPV or IRR with tax.

Paper P1
Corporate Governance risk management, director s remuneration and non-executive di
rector s responsibilities.
Internal controls.
TARA risk model, ethics absolutist v relativism, separation of CEO and chairman
powers (think M&S), ISO 14001.
Ethical dilemma American Accounting Association decision model.
Stakeholder management Mendelow s Matrix.
Risk audit - in house versus external provision. The need for internal audit.
The contents and process of a social/environment audit; the environmental footpr
int.
Enterprise risk management models

Paper P2
Complex group statement of comprehensive income incorporating a part disposal or
stepped acquisition.
IFRS 3 revised aspects.
Principles and accounting treatment multi-scenario incorporating intangible non-
current assets and impairment.
Deferred tax.
Management responsibilities for ensuring transparency of financial statements.
Impact of accounting policies on a financial covenant.
Accounting for environmental issues including provisioning.
Convergence of IFRS and US GAAP.
Discount activities.
Group topics disposal of subsidiary and complex group. Other topics provisions,
impairments, deferred tax.

Paper P3
The balance between controlling and encouraging emergent strategy.
E-business and supply chain management.
Scanning the macro-environment and competitive environment.
Project management and the capability maturity model.
Marketing techniques and customer relationship management.
Stakeholder analysis and corporate social responsibility.
Business analysis in not-for-profit organisation.

Paper P4
Corporate failure.
WACC/financing.
Business Valuation.
Black Scholes.

Paper P5
Impact of world, national and market trends on performance.
Current issues and trends in performance management.
The performance hierarchy, pyramid.
Behavioural aspects of performance management, forecasting.
Strategic management accounting and limitations of traditional management accoun
ting techniques.
Learning curves.

Paper P6
Taxation aspects of property and investment income.
Self-assessment for individuals and partnerships.
Taxation of group companies and consortia.
Computing trading losses.
Ethics and tax planning.
Rollover relief.
Lease vs buy for assets.
VAT capital goods scheme.
IHT death estate.

Paper P7
Prospective financial information linked to applications for debt funding.
Audit procedures looking at impairment of financial instruments and fair value.
Ethical scenarios/professional issues.
Auditor liability and good practice management.
Issues associated with the control weaknesses and collection of evidence for a n
ot-for-profit organisation.
Audit challenges of determining going concern status and the impact on audit opi
nions.
The clarity prject.
ISA 700 engagement reporting.
ISA 540 accounting estimates.