1 Soil Mechanics Review

2/20/2011
Soil Mechanics Review
CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 1

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
Introduction
• Design of foundations of structures (Buildings,
Bridges, and Dams) require the knowledge of
the following
1. Load transmitted by the superstructure to the
foundation system
2. Local Building codes
3. Behavior and stress-related deformability of soils
supporting the foundation system
4. Geological conditions of the soil under
consideration

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
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Introduction

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
Introduction
• Things to consider
– How deep into the soil should
the building be placed.
– Would the excavation be
enclosed by a wall during the
construction (avoid cave-ins).
– Would it be necessary to lower
the water table (if present). How
would it be accomplished
(dewatering)?

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
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Introduction
• Things to consider
– Is there danger to adjacent
buildings?
– How much would the completed
building settle and would it
settle uniformly?
– Is the spread footing the right
choice? (Safety and Economy)

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
Introduction

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
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Introduction
Our mistakes become tourist attraction

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
Introduction
• Soil’s complicating characteristics are:
1. Soil does not possess a linear or unique stress-
strain relationship.
2. Soil behavior depends on pressure, time and
environment.
3. The soil at essentially every location is different.

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Introduction
• Soil’s complicating characteristics are:
4. In nearly all cases the mass of soil involved is
underground and can not be seen in its entirety
but must be evaluated on the basis of small
samples from isolated locations.
5. Most soils are very sensitive to disturbance
from sampling, and thus the behavior measured
by laboratory test may be unlike that of the in-
situ soil.

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
Preview of Soil Behavior

• Particulate nature of soil
– Soil is composed of discrete particles
– Soil particles are not strongly bonded
together as the crystals of metal.
– Soil particles are relatively free to
move with respect to one another.
– Soil particles are solid and can not
move relative to each other as easily as
the elements in a fluid.

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• Soil is inherently a particulate system, which
distinguishes it from solid and fluid mechanics.
• The science that treats the stress-strain

behavior of soil may be thought of as
particulate mechanics.

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

• Consequences of the
particulate nature of soil
are:
1. The deformation of a
mass of soil is controlled
by interactions between
individual particles,
especially by sliding
between particles.

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• If the box has rigid walls
– Soil will decrease in Vol.
– Shear failures (sliding) at many
individual contact points.
– No general shear failure.
– Vertical load can be increased
with no limit. (Volumetric
compression)
– If load removed, the soil mass will
increase in volume. (Swell)
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

• If the box has flexible walls
– Overall shear failure.
– Vertical load at which failure
occurs is related to the shear
strength.
– Shear strength is determined by
the resistance to sliding between
particles

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• Consequences of the particulate nature of soil:
2. Soil is inherently multiphase, and the constituents
of the pore phase will influence the nature of the
mineral surface and hence affect the processes of
force transmission at the particle contacts.
(Chemical Interaction)
No load Loaded

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

3. Water can flow through soil and thus interact
with the mineral skeleton, altering the magnitude
of the forces at the contacts between the
particles and influencing the compression and
shear resistance of the soil. (Physical Interaction)

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Hydrostatic condition: no flow
Small flow of water
Quick condition

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

4. When the load is applied to a soil is suddenly
changed, this change is carried jointly by the pore
fluid and by the mineral skeleton. The change in
pore pressure will cause water to move through
the soil, hence the properties of the soil will
change with time.

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
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Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

• Soil states to consider:
1. Dry Soil.
2. Soil with Water-No Flow or Steady Flow.
3. Soil with Water-Transient flow.

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• Phase relationships
(Volume):
– Porosity (n)
– Void ratio (e)
– Degree of Saturation (S)
Vv Vv Vw e
e= n= S (%) = × 100 n =
Vs VT Vv 1+ e

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

• Phase relationships
(Weight):
– Moisture content (w)
– Moist unit weight(γ)
– Dry unit weight(γd)
– Saturated unit weight (γsat)
Ww W Ws
w(%) = × 100 γ = T γd = γ = γ sat (if Vv =Vw )
Ws VT VT
γ
γd = Review other relationships in text (Section 1.4)
1+ w
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• Relative Density
– The degree of compaction in the field can be
measured according to relative density, Dr, which is
defined as:
e −e
Dr = max
emax − emin
emax= void ratio of soil in the loosest state.
emin= void ratio of soil in the densest state.
e= in situ void ratio.
(ASTM D2040)
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

• Relative Density
– In terms of unit weight
 γ − γ d min  γ d max
Dr =  d 

 γ d max − γ d min  γ d
γmax= unit weight of soil in the densest state (at emin).
γmin= unit weight of soil in the loosest state (at emax ).
γd = in situ unit weight .

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Example I1
• A moist soil has e=0.62, w=16%, and Gs=2.68.
Determine the following: n, S, γ, and γd
e 0.62
n= = = 0.383
1 + e 1 + 0.62
V wGs 0.16 × 2.68
S= w= = = 0.692 = 69.2%
Vv e 0.62
Gsγ w (1 + w) 2.68 × 9.81 × (1 + 0.16)
γ= = = 18.83 kN/m3
1+ e 1 + 0.62
γ 18.83
γd = = = 16.23 kN/m3
1 + w 1 + 0.16
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

Example I2
• A representative soil sample collected from the
field weighs 1.8 kN and has a volume of 0.1 m3.
The moisture content as determined in the
laboratory is 12.6%. Given Gs=2.71 determine
the following:
a. γ
b. γd
c. e
d. S

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
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2/20/2011

W 1.8
γ= = = 18 kN/m3
V 0.1
γ 18
γd = = = 15.99 kN/m3
1 + w 1 + 0.126
Gγ Gγ 2.71 × 9.81
γd = s w ⇒ e = s w −1 = − 1 = 0.66
1+ e γd 15.99
e 0.66
n= = = 0.398
1 + e 1 + 0.66
V wGs 0.126 × 2.71
S= w= = = 0.517 = 51.7%
Vv e 0.66
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

• Effective Stress concept
Total vertical stress at A
σ A = h1γ + h2γ sat
Force carried by water Areas of
Solid to Solid
F w = ( XY − A ' ) u Contact (A’)
u = γ w h2
Vertical forces of the
contact points m
Fs = F1( v ) + F2( v ) + ∑ Fn ( v ) Plan Section BA
n =3
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
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Based on the principles of Statics
σ A ( XY ) = Fw + Fs
σ A ( XY ) = ( XY − A' )u + Fs
Divide by XY
σ A = (1 − a ) u + σ '
a= A’/(XY) =fraction of the unit cross-sectional area
occupied by solid to solid contact.
σ’=Fs/(XY)=vertical component of forces at solid to solid
contact points over a unit cross-sectional area.
⇒ σ =u +σ'
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

σ A '= σ − u
= ( h1γ + h 2 γ sat ) − h 2 γ w
= h1γ + h 2 ( γ sat − γ w )
= h1γ + h 2 γ '
γ’=effective or submerged unit weight of soil
γ w (G s + e ) γ w ( G s − 1)
γ sat = ⇒ γ '=
1+ e 1+ e

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
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• Quick Condition or failure by heave
σ A = h1γ w + h2γ sat
u = (h1 + h2 + h)γ w
σ ' = h1γ w + h2γ sat − (h1 + h2 + h)γ w
= h2 (γ sat − γ w ) − hγ w
 h 
= h2  γ '− γ w  = h2 (γ '−iγ w )
 h2 
If (γ’-iγw) =0 then σ’=0 thus no contact stress between
soil particles and soil structure will break up.
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

• Quick Condition or failure by heave
γ ' Gs − 1
i = icr = =
γ w 1+ e
Where
icr=critical hydraulic gradient
For most sandy soils, icr ranges from
0.9 to 1.1

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
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2/20/2011

Example I3
• For the soil profile
determine the
total vertical Dry Sand
stress, pore water
pressure, and
effective vertical
stress at points A,
B, and C. Draw Clay Gs=2.7 w=30%
the variation of
the effective
stress with depth.

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

Example I3
Gsγ w 2.65 × 9.81
γ d ( Sand ) = = = 16.25 kN/m3
1+ e 1 + 0.6
G γ + eγ w
γ sat (Clay) = s w
1+ e
Se = wGs ⇒ e = wGs
Gsγ w + wGsγ w
γ sat (Clay) =
1 + wGs
2.70 × 9.81 + 0.81× 9.81
= = 19.02 kN/m3
1 + 0.81
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Example I3
Total Stress Calculation
σA =0
σ B = γ dry( Sand ) × 3 = 16.25 × 3 = 48.75 kN/m3
σ C = σ B + γ sat (Clay) × 3 = 48.75 + 19.02 × 3 = 105.81 kN/m3
Pore Water pressure
uA = 0
uB = 0
uC = γ w × 3 = 9.81× 3 = 29.43 kN/m3
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

Example I3
Effective Stress Calculation
σ A '= σ A − uA = 0
σ B ' = σ B − uB = 48.75 − 0 = 48.75 kN/m3
σ C ' = σ C − uc = 105.81 − 29.43 = 76.38 kN/m3

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• Consolidation
– Gradual increase in
the effective stress in
the clay layer will
cause settlement over
a period of time.
t = 0;
∆u = ∆hiγ w = ∆σ ∆σ ' = 0
t = ∞;
∆u = 0 ∆σ ' = ∆σ − ∆u = ∆σ
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

• Consolidation (ASTM D-2435)
– For settlement calculation in the
field the following can be
determined from the e-log(σ’)
1. Preconsolidation pressure (σ’c)
If σ’= σ’c then soil is normally
consolidated
If σ’< σ’c then soil is overconsolidated
2. Compression index Cc
3. Swelling index Cs
e1 − e2 e3 − e4
Cc = Cs =
log σ '2 − log σ '1 log σ '4 − log σ '3
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• Shear Strength
– Shear strength is defined in terms of effective stress
τ = c'+σ ' tan φ '
Where,
σ’=effective normal stress on plane of shearing
c’=cohesion or apparent cohesion
φ’=effective stress angle of friction
– The shear strength parameters of soil are determined
by two laboratory tests;
• Direct shear test
• Triaxial test

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

• Direct Shear Test
N R s
σ '= τ =s= φ ' = tan −1 ( )
A A σ'
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• Some typical values for cohesionless soils

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

• Triaxial Test
Can be conducted
on Sands and clays
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• Types of triaxial tests for clays
– Consolidated-drained test (CD)
At Failure
σ 1 = σ 3 + ∆σ f = σ 1 '
σ3 = σ3'
u f = u0 + u d = 0
 φ'   φ' 
σ 1 ' = σ 3 ' tan 2  45 +  + 2c' tan  45 + 
 2  2
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

– Consolidated-Undrained test (CU)
At Failure σ 1 ' = (σ 3 + ∆σ f ) − u f
σ 1( Major ) = σ 3 + ∆σ f σ3'= σ3 − u f
σ 3( Minor ) = σ 3 u f = u0 + ud = ud ( f )
τ = c + σ tan φ τ = c'+σ ' tan φ '
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
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– Unconsolidated-Undrained test (UU)
At Failure
σ 1( Major ) = σ 3 + ∆σ f
σ 3( Minor ) = σ 3
u f = u0 + u d ( f )
∆σ f
τ = s = cu =
2
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

• Types of triaxial tests for clays (Special type)
– Unconfined Compression test
At Failure
σ 1( Major ) = ∆σ f = qu
σ 3( Minor ) = 0
qu
τ = s = cu =
2

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
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• Review the following sections in the text book:
– 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 and 1.19
• Hw1 problems:
– Q1.1, 1.4, 1.7, 1.9, 1.12, 1.18, 1.22, 1.23 and 1.26
• For sec1 Due on 01/03/2011
• For sec2 Due on 28/02/2011

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
24

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2/20/2011

Soil Mechanics Review

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 1

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 2

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 3

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 4

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 5

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 6

Our mistakes become tourist attraction

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 8

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 9

Preview of Soil Behavior

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 10

Preview of Soil Behavior

• The science that treats the stress-strain

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 11

Preview of Soil Behavior

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 12

Preview of Soil Behavior

Preview of Soil Behavior

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 14

Preview of Soil Behavior

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 15

Preview of Soil Behavior

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 16

Preview of Soil Behavior

Hydrostatic condition: no flow

Small flow of water

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 17

Preview of Soil Behavior

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 18

Preview of Soil Behavior

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 19

Preview of Soil Behavior

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 20

Preview of Soil Behavior

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 21

Preview of Soil Behavior

Preview of Soil Behavior

Preview of Soil Behavior

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Preview of Soil Behavior

Preview of Soil Behavior

CE 464 2nd Semester 10/11 26

Preview of Soil Behavior

Preview of Soil Behavior

Preview of Soil Behavior

Preview of Soil Behavior

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Preview of Soil Behavior

Preview of Soil Behavior

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Preview of Soil Behavior

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Preview of Soil Behavior

Preview of Soil Behavior

Preview of Soil Behavior

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Preview of Soil Behavior

Preview of Soil Behavior

Preview of Soil Behavior

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