Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What is TCP/IP?
TCP/IP is the communication protocol for communication between computers connected to the
Internet.
The standard defines how electronic devices (like computers) should be connected to the Internet,
and how data should be transmitted between them.
Inside TCP/IP
Hiding inside the TCP/IP standard there is a number of protocols for handling data communication:
You will learn more about these standards later in this tutorial.
When an application wants to communicate with another application via TCP, it sends a
communication request. This request must be sent to an exact address. After a "handshake"
between the two applications, TCP will setup a "full-duplex" communication between the two
applications.
The "full-duplex" communication will occupy the communication line between the two computers
until it is closed by one of the two applications.
UDP is very similar to TCP, but is more simple and less reliable.
IP is Connection-Less
With IP, messages (or other data) are broken up into small independent "packets" and sent
between computers via the Internet.
IP Routers
The IP router is responsible for "routing" the packet to its destination, directly or via another router.
The path the packet will follow might be different from other packets of the same communication.
The router is responsible for the right addressing depending on traffic volume, errors in the
network, or other parameters.
Connection-Less Analogy
Communicating via IP is like sending a long letter as a large number of small postcards, each
finding its own (often different) way to the receiver.
TCP/IP
TCP takes care of the communication between your application software (i.e. your browser) and
your network software.
TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and for assembling
the packets when they arrive.
TCP/IP Addressing
IP Addresses
Each computer must have an IP address before it can connect to the Internet.
Each IP packet must have an address before it can be sent to another computer.
This is an IP address: 192.68.20.50.
This might be the same IP address: www.w3schools.com
You will learn more about IP addresses and IP names in the next chapter of this tutorial.
TCP/IP uses 4 numbers to address a computer. Each computer must have a unique 4 number
address.
The numbers are always between 0 and 255. Addresses are normally written as four numbers
separated by a period like this: 192.168.1.50.
32 Bits = 4 Bytes
TCP/IP uses 32 bits addressing. One computer byte is 8 bits. So TCP/IP uses 4 computer bytes.
Now you know why a TCP/IP address is 4 numbers between 0 and 255
Domain Names
Names used for TCP/IP addresses are called domain names. w3schools.com is a domain name.
When you address a web site like http://www.w3schools.com, the name is translated to a number
by a DNS process (Domain Name Server).
All over the world, a large number of DNS servers are connected to the Internet. DNS servers are
responsible for translating domain names into TCP/IP addresses and update each other with new
domain names.
When a new domain name is registered together with a TCP/IP address, DNS servers all over the
world are updated with this information.
TCP/IP Protocols
TCP/IP is a large collection of different communication protocols.
A Family of Protocols
TCP/IP is a large collection of different communication protocols based upon the two original
protocols TCP and IP.
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
The TCP protocol is used for the transmission of data from an application to the network.
TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and for assembling
the packets when they arrive.
IP - Internet Protocol
IP is responsible for the sending and receiving data packets over the Internet.
The HTTP protocol takes care of the communication between a web server and a web browser.
The HTTP protocol is used for sending requests from a web client (a browser) to a web server
returning web content (web pages) from the server back to the client.
The HTTPS protocol takes care of secure communication between a web server and a web browser.
The HTTPS protocol typically handles credit card transactions and other sensitive data.
The SSL protocol is used for encryption of data for secure data transmission
The POP protocol is used for downloading e-mails from an e-mail server to a personal computer.
The FTP protocol takes care of the transmission of files between computers.
NTP - Network Time Protocol
The NTP protocol is used for synchronizing the time (the clock) between computers.
The DHCP protocol is used for allocation of dynamic IP addresses to computers in a network.
The LDAP protocol is used for collecting information about users and e-mail addresses from the
Internet.
The ARP protocol is used by IP to find the hardware address of a computer network card based on
the IP address.
The RARP protocol is used by IP to find the IP address based on the hardware address of a
computer network card.
The BOOTP protocol is used for booting (starting) computers from the network.
The PPTP protocol is used for setting up a connection (tunnel) between private networks.
TCP/IP Email
You Don't
When you write an email, you don't use TCP/IP.
When you write an email, you use an email program like Lotus Notes, Microsoft Outlook or Netscape
Communicator.
The SMTP protocol is used for the transmission of e-mails. SMTP takes care of sending your email to
another computer.
Normally your email is sent to an email server (SMTP server), and then to another server or
servers, and finally to its destination.
SMTP can only transmit pure text. It can not transmit pictures or sound or movies.
The POP protocol is used by email programs (like Microsoft Outlook) to retrieve emails from an
email server.
If your email program uses POP, all your emails are downloaded to your email program (also called
email client), each time it connects to your email server.
The IMAP protocol is used by email programs (like Microsoft Outlook) just like the POP protocol.
The main difference between the IMAP protocol and the POP protocol is that the IMAP protocol will
not automatically download all your emails each time your email program connects to your email
server.
The IMAP protocol allows you to see through your email messages at the email server before you
download them. With IMAP you can choose to download your messages or just delete them. This
way IMAP is perfect if you need to connect to your email server from different locations, but only
want to download your messages when you are back in your office.