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Abstract
was also done by German mathematician ability of astronomers to predict celestial events.
Gottfried Wilhem von Leibniz (1646–1716), who Arithmetic with Roman numerals provides a
introduced the first system of formal logic and second example of how knowledge
constructed machines for automating calculation. representation can severely limit the ability to
George Boole, Ada Byron King, Countess of manipulate that knowledge. Both of these
Lovelace, Gottlob Frege, and Alfred Tarski have examples stress the important relationship
all significantly contributed to the advancement between knowledge representation and thought.
Knowledge representation:
discovery of truths and the ability to make computer scientists are capable of creating
predictions becomes exceedingly difficult. machines that perform dangerous tasks in place
of humans. Here, a police robot handles a live solution (or a reasonably good approximation of
bomb. a solution) to such a problem, one must
selectively explore the problem's search space
In AI, a significant effort has gone into the The difficulty here is that if part of the search
development of languages that can be used to space is not explored, one runs the risk that the
represent knowledge appropriately. Languages solution one seeks will be missed. Thus, in order
such as LISP, which is based on the lambda to ignore a portion of a search space, some
calculus, and Prolog, which is based on formal guiding knowledge or insight must exist so that
logic, are widely used for knowledge the solution will not be overlooked. Heuristics is
representation. Variations of predicate calculus a major area of AI that concerns itself with how
are also common languages used by automated to limit effectively the exploration of a search
reasoning systems. These languages have well- space. Chess is a classic example where humans
defined semantics and provide a very general routinely employ sophisticated heuristics in a
framework for representing and manipulating search space. A chess player will typically search
Bibliography:
1. Luger,George F and William A.
Stubblefield. Artificial Intelligence:
Structures and Strategies for Complex
Problem Solving. Redwood City, CA:
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing
Company, 1993.
2. Mueller, Robert A., and Rex L. Page.
Symbolic Computing with LISP and
Prolog. New York: Wiley and Sons,
1988.