Name : I Gede Sudi Pertama Yasa

Class : III A
NIM : 02.3624.09

PRESCHOOL EDUCATION
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Preschool education or Infant education is the provision of education for children before the
commencement of statutory and obligatory education, usually between the ages of zero or three and
five, depending on the jurisdiction.

In British English, nursery school or simply "nursery" or playgroup is the usual term for
preschool education. In the United States preschool and Pre-K are used, while "nursery school" is
an older term.

Preschool work is organized within a framework that professional educators create. The
framework includes structural (administration, class size, teacher-child ratio, services, etc.), process
(quality of classroom environments, teacher-child interactions, etc), and alignment (standards,
curriculum, assessments) components that are associated with each individual unique child that has
both social and academic outcomes. Arguably the first pre-school institution was opened in 1816 by
Robert Owen in New Lanark, Scotland. The Hungarian countess Theresa Brunszvik followed in
1828 [4][5]. In 1837, Friedrich Fröbel opened one in Germany, coining the term "kindergarten".

Developmental Areas

The areas of development which preschool education covers varies from country to country.
However, the following main themes are represented in the majority of systems.

• Personal, social, economical, and emotional development

• Communication, including sign language, talking and listening
• Knowledge and understanding of the world
• Creative and aesthetic development
• Educational software
 • Mathematical awareness and development
• Physical development
• Playing
• Self-help skills
• Social skills

Allowing preschool aged children to discover and explore freely within each of these areas
of development is the foundation for developmental learning. While the National Association for
the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and the National Association of Child Care
Professionals (NACCP) have made tremendous strides in publicizing and promoting the idea of
developmentally appropriate practice, there is still much work to be done. It is widely recognized
that although many preschool educators are aware of the guidelines for developmentally appropriate
practice, putting this practice to work effectively in the classroom is more challenging. The NAEYC
published that although 80% of Kindergarten classrooms claim to be developmentally appropriate,
only 20% actually are.

Age and Importance

Preschool is generally considered appropriate for children between zero or three and five
years of age, between the baby or toddler and school stages. During this stage of development,
children learn and assimilate information rapidly, and express interest and fascination in each new
discovery.

It is well established that the most important years of learning are begun at birth. A child's
brain at this age is making connections that will last the rest of their life. During these early years, a
human being is capable of absorbing more information at a time than they will ever be able to
again. The environment of the young child influences the development of cognitive skills and
emotional skills due to the rapid brain growth that occurs in the early years. Studies have shown that
high quality preschools have a short and long term effect in improving the outcomes of a child,
especially a disadvantaged child.[9][10]

However, some more recent studies dispute the accuracy of the earlier results which cited
benefits to preschool education, and actually point at preschool being detrimental to a child's
cognitive and social development.[11][12] A study by UC Berkeley and Stanford University on 14,000
Kindergarteners revealed that while there is a temporary cognitive boost in pre-reading and math,
preschool holds detrimental effects on social development and cooperation.[13]

The Universal Preschool movement is an international effort to make access to preschool

available to families in a similar way to compulsory primary education. Various jurisdictions and
advocates have differing priorities for access, availability and funding sources. See kindergarten for
details of pre-school education in various countries. There has been a shift from preschools that
operated primarily as controlled play groups to educational settings in which children learn specific,
if basic, skills. It examines several different perspectives on teaching in kindergarten, including
those of the developmentally appropriate practice, the academic approach, the child-centered
approach, and the Montessori approach to the curriculum.

Task 1. Make 5 questions and it’s answers related to the article above !
What is the article above about ?
The text above is about the Education to the Children ( Preschool Education )

In what age the children should be sent to the preschool education?

They usually sent to the preschool education when they in the age between zero or three and
five, depending on the jurisdiction.

What kind of frameworks that needed in conducting a preschool education?

The framework includes structural (administration, class size, teacher-child ratio, services,
etc.), process (quality of classroom environments, teacher-child interactions, etc), and
alignment (standards, curriculum, assessments)

When the first Preschool Education was opened?

In year 1816

What kinds of developmental areas are needed in conducting Preschool education commonly?

They are some developmental areas :

• Personal, social, economical, and emotional development

• Communication, including sign language, talking and listening
• Knowledge and understanding of the world
• Creative and aesthetic development
• Educational software
• Mathematical awareness and development
• Physical development
• Playing
• Self-help skills
• Social skills
 THE DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

Source : http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/index.html

Many factors combine together to affect the health of individuals and communities. Whether people
are healthy or not, is determined by their circumstances and environment. To a large extent, factors
such as where we live, the state of our environment, genetics, our income and education level, and
our relationships with friends and family all have considerable impacts on health, whereas the more
commonly considered factors such as access and use of health care services often have less of an
impact.

The determinants of health include:

• The social and economic environment,

• The physical environment, and
• The person’s individual characteristics and behaviors.

The context of people’s lives determines their health, and so blaming individuals for having poor
health or crediting them for good health is inappropriate. Individuals are unlikely to be able to
directly control many of the determinants of health. These determinants—or things that make
people healthy or not—include the above factors, and many others:

• Income and social status - higher income and social status are linked to better health. The
greater the gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater the differences in health.
• Education – low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress and lower self-
confidence.
• Physical environment – safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses,
communities and roads all contribute to good health. Employment and working conditions –
people in employment are healthier, particularly those who have more control over their
working conditions
• Social support networks – greater support from families, friends and communities is linked
to better health. Culture - customs and traditions, and the beliefs of the family and community
all affect health.
• Genetics - inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of
developing certain illnesses. Personal behaviors and coping skills – balanced eating, keeping
active, smoking, drinking, and how we deal with life’s stresses and challenges all affect health.
• Health services - access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influences health
 • Gender - Men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages.

The LaLonde report suggests that there are four general determinants of health including
human biology, environment, lifestyle, and healthcare services. Thus, health is maintained and
improved not only through the advancement and application of health science, but also through the
efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society.

The Alameda County Study examines the relationship between lifestyle and health. It has
found that people can improve their health via exercise, enough sleep, maintaining a healthy weight,
limiting alcohol use, and avoiding smoking.

A major environmental factor affecting health is water quality, especially for the health of
infants and children in developing countries.

Studies show that in developed countries, the lack of neighborhood recreational space that
includes the natural environment leads to lower levels of neighborhood satisfaction and higher
levels of obesity; therefore, lower overall well being. Therefore, the positive psychological benefits
of natural space in urban neighborhoods should be taken into account in public policy and land use.

According to the World Health Organization, the main determinants of health include the
social and economic environment, the physical environment and the person's individual
characteristics and behaviors. Generally, the context in which an individual lives is of great
importance on his life quality and health status. The social and economic environment are key
factors in determining the health status of individuals given the fact that higher education levels are
linked with a higher standard of life as well as a higher income. Generally, people who finish higher
education are more likely to get a better job and therefore are less prone to stress by comparing to
individuals with low education levels.

The physical environment is perhaps the most important factor that should be considered
when classifying the health status of an individual. This includes factors such as clean water and air,
safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to good health.

Genetics are also part of the system based on which the health of the population can be
established. Genetics are closely related to the habits and behaviors individuals develop during their
life, particularly in terms of lifestyle choices. For instance, people who come from families whose
members had a more active lifestyle and followed healthier diets, non-smoking and non-drinking
are more likely to follow the same pattern in their life. The example set by the family as well as the
relationship with friends and family can have a great impact on one's general health. Nonetheless,
genetics may play a role in the manner in which people cope with stress.

Moreover, the World Health Organization lists a wide range of other factors that can influence
the well being of a person. According to WHO, the gender, social support networks and health
services in terms of both quality and access to them are to be considered as health determinants.
Access to health care is one of the large issues of the nowadays society, maybe even greater than
the quality of the service. Individuals in developing countries are more prone to suffer from
different health conditions because their access to the health care system is restricted mostly from
financial reasons.

Although many individuals are often criticized for not taking good care of their health based
on the presumption that the mirror's of one's personality is one's health., it is now accepted that
there are many factors that have a significant impact on one's health and which cannot be
controlled.
Task 2. Make 5 questions and it’s answers related to the article above !
What is the article above about ?
The text above is about the factors that affect the health of individuals and communities

What are the factors that affect the human health?

There are many factors that affect our health, for the example : The social and economic
environment, The physical environment, and The person’s individual characteristics and
behaviors.

Why does the Education can be one of the factor that affect our health, base on the article
above ?
Because low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress and lower self-
confidence.

According to the Lalonde Report, how many determinants of health?

there are four general determinants of health including human biology, environment,
lifestyle, and healthcare services

Give the examples of health determinat in Physical Environtment, base on the text above ?

They are such as clean water and air, safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to
good health.