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CHAPTER 26
Water System Design
REFERENCES
Polley, G. T. and H. L. Polley. Design better water networks. Chemical Engineering Progress 96 (2000), 2:
47–52.
Benkó, N., E. Rév, and Z. Fonyó. The use of nonlinear programming to optimal water allocations.
Chemical Engineering Communications 178 (2000): 67–101.
INTRODUCTION
water reuse: reduces both volume of freshwater and volume of wastewater because the same water is used
twice
regeneration: any treatment process that regenerates quality of water such that it is acceptable for further
use
regeneration reuse: in addition to allowing a reduction in the water volume, also removes part of the
contaminant load that would have to be otherwise removed in the final effluent treatment before discharge
A third option is shown in Figure 26.2d where a regeneration process is used on the outlet water from
the operations and the water is recycled.
The distinction between the regeneration reuse shown in Figure 26.2c and the regeneration recycling
shown in Figure 26.2d is that in regeneration reuse, the water only goes through any given operation
once.
Figure 26.2c shows that the water goes from Operation 2 to regeneration, then to Operation 3, and then
discharge.
By contrast, in Figure 26.2d, the water can go through the same operation many times.
Regeneration recycling reduces the volume of freshwater and wastewater and also reduces the effluent
load by virtue of the regeneration process taking up part of the required effluent treatment load.
CHAPTER 26
Water System Design
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Contaminated
Operation 1
Stormwater
RAW WATER
Freshwater Operation 2 Wastewater
TREATMENT
Operation 3
Boiler Blowdown
Evaporative
Losses
Wastewater
Cooling Tower Blowdown § Discharge
Treatment
NOTE: There two sources of water: (1) process water and (2) utility water
3. Some trends:
Wastewater
Ion Exchange Regeneration Discharge
Treatment
Evaporative Plant
Losses
Discharge
Cooling Tower Blowdown
to sea
Maximum level of contaminants
Water Reuse
OPERATION 1
FRESHWATER WASTEWATER
OPERATION 2
OPERATION 3
Treatment processes can also be used to regenerate water for further use (NOTE: regenerate means
treatment with the purpose of reusing or recyling the water)
Regeneration can in principle be any reaction or separation process which removes contamination:
chemical oxidation
filtration
carbon adsorption
steam stripping, etc.
Regeneration Reuse
OPERATION 1
FRESHWATER WASTEWATER
OPERATION 2 REGENERATION
OPERATION 3
water regenerated to be reused in different operations (NOTE: water never sees the same operation
twice)
Regeneration Recycling
OPERATION 1
FRESHWATER WASTEWATER
OPERATION 2 REGENERATION
OPERATION 3
1. Water can be recycled to processes in which it has been used previously—compare against
regeneration reuse
Design Problem
Summary
WATER CONTAMINATION
Process 1
Primary
Treatment
Process 1
Biological
Cooling Tower Treatment
Blowdown
Boiler
Blowdown
Discharge
C Cenvironmental
law
Oxygen Demand
1. Organic material oxidized by natural processes to stable end products:
e.g.:
CH4N2O + 9/2 O2 CO2 + 2H2O + 2NO3
urea oxygen carbon water nitrate
dioxide
Example
A process produces an aqueous waste stream containing 0.1 mol% acetone. Estimate the COD and BOD of
the stream.
Solution
First, calculate the theoretical oxygen demand from the equation that represents the overall oxidation of the
acetone:
Approximating the molar density of the waste stream to be that of pure water (i.e., 56 kmol/m3), then:
4 kmol O 2
theoretical oxygen demand 0.1% 56
m3
32 kg O 2
0.001 56 4
m3
kg O 2
7.2
m3
thus:
Other contaminants/pollutants/solutes:
pH
suspended solids
heavy metals
halogenated organic
organic nitrogen
organic sulphur
nitrates
phosphates
toxicity
temperatures, etc.
Summary
1. Water contamination dictates the effluent treatment and also limits reuse between operations
2. Wastewater streams are characterized by biological oxygen demand and many other measures (i.e.,
these are the contaminants)
WATER USE REPRESENTATION
PROCESS
Mass Transfer
Water fW
CW,in CW,out
PROCES
S
Mass
Transfer
Water fW
CW,i
CW,out
n
Concentration
Mass
Transfer
CW,out
fW
te r
Wa
CW,i
Mass
n
Load
mC f W c
mC mC
fW slope
c Cout Cin
Pinch analysis for energy:
H CPT
Concentration
Reducing Cout,max
water Higher outlet concentration
flowrate (hence less water)
Mass Load
Insight/Concept 1: Minimum flowrate of maximum outlet concentration limits
mC f W c
mC 1
fW
c slope of mC vs. c
slope f W
slope f W
Example
kg kg kg
Units
h h kg
g t
or ppm
h h
t 1 kg
h 1 10 kg
6
Summary
1. Water-using processes can be represented on plot of concentration versus mass load
2. Traditional approaches to water minimization lower flowrate but the scope is limited by maximum
outlet concentration
LECTURE 4
Targeting Maximum Water Reuse
Keywords:
Limiting water profile
Limiting composite curve
Concentration
Cout,max
e
fil
ro
Cout
p
er
at
W
Mass Load
Concentration
Cout,max
Cout
Cin,max
Mass
Load
Alternative water profile (to the one shown here) uses more water but accepts slightly contaminated water.
Limiting water flowrate = flowrate required if specified mass of contaminant is picked up by water between
max inlet and outlet concentrations
If an operation has a maximum inlet contaminant concentration > 0 and it is fed by water with zero
concentration,
Concentration Composite Curves
Limiting composite curve
Concentration
CONCENTRATION COMPOSITE CURVE
800
400
100
50
0
2 7 37 41
Mass load
s
Represents a quantitative profile of the single-stream equivalent to the four separate streams
Combined boundary between feasible and infeasible concentrations
Water supply line that gives minimum water flowrate