Anti-Islanding Techniques

for Distributed Power

Generators

AIF FORUM

Jun Yin
Outline
Introduction
Review of Anti-Islanding Techniques
Islanding Frequency Model & Hidden Gene Principle
Proportional Power Spectral Density (PPSD) for
Islanding Detection
Covariance Index for Islanding Detection
Adaptive Logic Phase Shift (ALPS) and Adaptive
Reactive Power Shift (ARPS) Anti-Islanding Algorithm
Hybrid Anti-Islanding Techniques
Conclusion
Questions
References
 Introduction
Distributed Generation Systems
¾ DG
Systems Regional
Dispatch

Energy Value Information

Distribution Substation
Transmission Smart Communication
Line Controller & Control Links

~
Genset Wind Photovoltaic Micro gas

Central
Generating Station
Distribution Line
Factory Town Remote Load
¾ Interconnection of Distributed Power
Generators with Power System
™ Unintentional islanding is a Main Electric Power System
(EPS)
situation in which local DG
systems continue to supply
power to the local loads at a Area Electric Power System
(AEPS)

sustained voltage and Point of Common Coupling

(PCC)

frequency while the main

EPS is de-energized
unknowingly.
™ Islanding operation could Local
Load
DG Unit

be fatally harmful to the

line workers and power
Local
system facilities. DG Unit
Load

™ IEEE Std 1547™-2003 and

IEEE Std 929-2000 require
that islanded DG systems Potential Power Islands
be shut down within a
Fig. 1 Interconnection of DG systems
specified time. with the power system
Review of Anti-Islanding Techniques
¾ Two types of techniques for anti-islanding purpose

™ Remote techniques: normally used on the utility site. Most of them

are based on the communication between utilities and DG units

• Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)

• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Network (SCADA)

™ Local techniques: used on the DG site. They are based on the

information available on the DG site. Two types of local techniques

ƒ Passive techniques: Detect abnormalities related to the

islanding conditions
• Traditional Over/Under Voltage and Over/Under
Frequency Protection (OVP/UVP & OFP/UFP)
• Rate of Change of Power Output (ROCOP) as an index of
islanding
• Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) as an index of
islanding
• Rate of Change of Frequency over Power Change
(ROCOFOP) as an index of islanding
 • Phase Jump Detection (PJD)
• Voltage Harmonics Detection (HD)
ƒ Active Techniques: introduce disturbance to the DG output
for the islanding detection
• The Reactive Power Export Error Detection (RPEED)
• Impedance Measurement (IM)
• Phase Shift (or Frequency Shift) techniques for inverter-based
DG systems
» Active Frequency Drift (AFD)
» Active Frequency Drift with Positive Feedback (AFDPF)
» Slip-Mode Frequency Shift (SMS)
» Automatic Phase Shift (APS)
¾ General Comparison of Anti-islanding Techniques
™Remote Techniques:
• Usually do not have non-detection zone (NDZ)
• Do not degrade the quality of the generating power of the DG
• Effective in multi-DG systems
But
• too expensive to implement
• Complicated communication techniques in multi-DG systems
™Local Techniques:
ƒ Passive Techniques:
• Do not degrade the quality of the power generation of the DG
• Inexpensive and easy to implement
But
• Have relatively large non-detection zone (NDZ)
• Effectiveness may be impaired in multi-DG systems
ƒ Active Techniques
• Relatively small non-detection zone (NDZ)
• Inexpensive and easy to implement
But
• may degrade the quality of the output power and the stability
of the DG
Islanding Frequency Model & Hidden Gene
Principle
¾ General Aspects of Islanding Operation
4 4
voltage
voltage
2 2
f=fo f>fo f=fo
α current f<fo α
current

Magnitude

Magnitude
0 0

-2 -2

Tc
-4 -4
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Time (second) Time (second)

α>0 α<0
Fig. 2 The phase characteristics of the islanding load

The relationship between the current period Tc and the voltage

period Tv in islanding operation
(1)
Tv [n] = (1 + α / 2π ) ⋅ Tc [n]
¾ Hidden Gene Principle & Islanding

™A 4th order moving average filter is embedded as a hidden

gene into the inverter’s frequency controller

™The islanding frequency model

f0 Tv (n)

Tc (n)
( )−1 ( z −1 + z −2 + z −3 + z −4 ) / 4

Fig. 3 Islanding frequency model

™It has been proven that the stable region for islanding
operation is

5
0 < k < (2)
f 0
™ The Frequency Response of The System
D (n)
N (n) Tc (n) Tv (n)
( z −1 + z −2 + z −3 + z −4 ) / 4 1 − f0k

Fig. 4 System model for response to disturbance and noise

Magnitude Response (dB)
10

-10

-20
Magnitude (dB)

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Normalized Frequency (×π rad/sample)

Fig. 5 Bode plot of system transfer function

 4

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 6 Frequency response to disturbance and noise

Proportional Power Spectral Density (PPSD) for
Islanding Detection
¾ The definition of the PPSD
1 2
P (ω ) =
N
X N ( e jω ) (3)

The signal energy is given by

N −1 N −1

∑ x ( n ) = ∑ x ( n) x
2 *
En = ( n)
n=0 n =0

N −1 ⎡ N −1 ⎤
1
=
N ∑ *
⎢ X N (e
⎢
k =0 ⎣
jω
) ∑
n =0
x ( n ) e − j ωn ⎥
⎦⎥

1 N −1
= ∑ X N (e jω ) X *N (e jω )
N k =0
N −1
1 (4)
∑X
2
= N ( e jω ) = E ω
N k =0

The proportional Power Spectral Density

2
P(ω ) X N (e jω )
PPSD(ω ) =
Eω
=
N −1 2
(5)
jω
∑ X N (e )
k =0
¾ Comparison of PPSD of voltage periods in grid-
connected and islanding operation

PPSDinGrid-ConnectedOperation
6

Period Variations
5
50
4

0 3

-50 1

10 20 30 40 50 60 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Sample Instant of Voltage Periods at PCC Normalized Frequency ( π radian)

Fig. 7 Period variation in grid- Fig. 8 PPSD of voltage periods

connected operation. in grid-connected operation

60

40
60
Period Variations

20

PPSD
0 40
-20

-40 20
-60

-80
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Sample Instant of Voltage Periods at PCC
Normalized Frequency (π radian)

Fig. 9 Period variation in Fig. 10 PPSD of voltage

islanding operation periods in islanding operation
¾ The Proportional Energy

Fig. 11 A lab testing system for single phase islanding operation

140

120
Proportional Energy (PE)

100

80

60

40

20

0
500 1000 1500 2000
Sample Instant of Voltage Periods at PCC

Fig. 12 Proportional energy in frequency band from 0 − 0.2π radian

5kW Single-Phase Inverter
The Lab Test System for Single Phase
Islanding Operation
Covariance Index for Islanding Detection
¾ Comparison of covariance function in grid-connected operation
and islanding operation

Covariance of Voltage Periods

in Grid-Connected Operation
1

Covariance of Voltage Periods

1

in Islanding Operation
0.5
0.5

0
0

2000 4000 6000 8000 2000 4000 6000 8000

Sample Instant of Voltage Periods Sample Instant of Voltage Periods

Fig. 13 Covariance in Fig. 14 Covariance in

grid-connected operation islanding operation

¾ Proposed covariance estimator

™ the covariance between the current command periods and the
actual voltage periods can be taken as a significant islanding
indicator
cov ariance (Tav , Tv ) = E [(Tav (n) − uav ) ⋅ (Tv (n) − uv )] (6)
Fig. 15 A lab testing system for three phase islanding operation

3000

2500
Un-normalized Covariance

2000

1500

1000

500

0
200 400 600 800 1000
Sample Instant of Voltage Periods at PCC

Fig. 16 Covariance changes during

islanding operation
Adaptive Logic Phase Shift (ALPS) or Adaptive
Reactive Power Shift (ARPS) Algorithm
¾ Slip-Mode Shift As a Basic Phase Shift

Fig. 17 SMS phase shift

 ¾ Probability of suspicious islanding
The probability of
α
⎧ if θ [k ] > 0 Type I

⎨ A

or ⎩ then ΔT = Tav − Tv [k + 1] > 0

f
⎧ if θ [k ] < 0
f0

⎨ then ΔT = T − T [k + 1] < 0
⎩ av v

Is greater than 0.6

θ
¾ Additional Phase Shift is added

⎧ 1, ΔT > 0
⎪
Δθ = Δθ 0 . sgn(ΔT ) sgn( ΔT ) = ⎨ 0, ΔT = 0
⎪− 1, ΔT < 0
⎩

¾ Reference Period (or Frequency) Stop and Resume Criteria

Hybrid Anti-Islanding Algorithms

¾ A hybrid of passive and active algorithms is to use passive

islanding indicators such as PPSD and covariance to activate the
active anti-islanding techniques such as ALPS and ARPS to
move the frequency into the UFP/OFP trip window. The goal of
this hybrid anti-islanding algorithm is to robustly trip the
islanding operation while maintain a zero or the least
disturbance in grid-connected operation.
¾ The flowchart of hybrid anti-islanding

Period detection

ALPS or ARPS anti-islanding

alogrithm

PPSD or Covariance
computation

PPSD or No
Covariance>Presetting?

Yes N>=8?

Phase shift or D-axis

current is activated
Set the total phase shift or
d-axis current to zero
Count the number of cycles in which
the phase shift or d-axis current is
activated
N=N+1 N=0

End of hybrid anti-islanding

algorithm
¾ Lab Testing Results

Vdc Vdc L
id * did* VLd
*
Vd
*
PI
3-phase L
SVPWM grid
iq *
diq* VLq
*
Vq
* VSI
PI L

Detection
ia

Voltage
id Local

Grid
ib Load
iq 2r 3s
ic

θ Angle Vga Vgb Vgc

Detection
vd
vq 2r 3s

Hybrid Anti-islanding Frequency

Algorithm Detection

Fig. 18 Lab testing system for hybrid anti-islanding algorithm

 3000 1

Probability of Cause and Effect (PCE)

2500

Un-normalized Covariance
0.8

2000
0.6
1500
0.4
1000

0.2
500

0 0
200 400 600 800 1000 200 400 600 800 1000
Sample Instant of Voltage Periods at PCC Sample Instant of Voltage Periods at PCC

(1) Covariance changes after (2) Probability of Cause and Effect

islanding operation after islanding operation

15 20
Additional D-axis Current (A)

Total D-axis Current id (A)

15
10

10

5
5

0 0
200 400 600 800 1000 200 400 600 800 1000
Sample Instant of Voltage Periods at PCC Sample Instant of Voltage Periods at PCC

(3) Additional D-axis current after (4) Total D-axis current after
islanding operation islanding operation
 Voltage Periods (second)
0.0165

0.016

0.0155

200 400 600 800 1000

Sample Instant of Voltage Periods at PCC

(5) Period shift after the islanding operation

Fig. 19 Lab tests for hybrid anti-islanding algorithm

30kW Three Phase SVPWM Inverter System
The Lab Test System for Three-Phase
Islanding Operation
Three-Phase Islanding Load
Conclusion
¾ A hidden gene concept is introduced in islanding
detection
¾ Proportional power spectral density of voltage
periods can be used as a distinct islanding indicator
¾ The effectiveness of the covariance islanding
indicator is proved
¾ ALPS and ARPS active anti-islanding algorithms are
proposed
¾ Hybrid of passive and active anti-islanding
techniques can provide a way to robustly trip the
islanding operation while maintain a zero or the least
disturbance in grid-connected operation.
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