Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

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Graphs of Trigonometric
Functions

Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series

Wayne Huang, Ph.D.
Mark Cowan, Ph.D.
Diop El Moctar, Ph.D.
Poornima Gowda, Ph.D.
Daniel Deaconu, Ph.D.
Fabio Mainardi, Ph.D. Rapid Learning Center
Theresa Johnson, M.Ed.
Jessica Davis, M.S. www.RapidLearningCenter.com/
Wendy Perry, M.A. © Rapid Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cesar Anchiraico, M.S.

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Learning Objectives
By completing this tutorial, you will learn concepts of:

„ The basic graphs of the

trigonometric functions
„ The general form of the
sine and cosine curves
„ Amplitudes and periods of
trigonometric functions
„ Transformations

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Concept Map
Previous Content
Trigonometric Graphs

New Content involve

involve

Asymptotes
Transformations

of the include

Trigonometric Functions
Vertical Shift

Amplitude
p Horizontal Shift
Si
Sine Cosecant

Cosine Secant

Tangent Cotangent

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Sine and
Cosine
Graphs

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Definition: Key Points

Key points can be used to plot the
graph of a function.
ƒ In drawing the graph of a function,
function
choose key points that correspond
to the:
¾ maximum values of a function
¾ minimum values of a function
¾ x-intercepts of a function (an
x-intercept is a point at which the
value of a function is equal to
zero)

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Graph: y = sin x

Use five key points to plot the graph of y = sin x.

y = sin x Point x y Type

B A 0 0 Intercept

C E B π/2 1 Maximum

A x C π 0 Intercept

D 3 /2
3π/2 -1
1 Mi i
Minimum
D
E 2π 0 Intercept

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Graph: y = cos x
Use five key points to plot the graph of y = cos x.

y = cos x
Point x y Type
E
1 A
A 0 1 Maximum
B D
B π/2 0 Intercept
x
C π -1 Minimum

D 3π/2 0 Intercept C

E 2π 1 Maximum

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Definition: Amplitude
Amplitude – One-half of the vertical distance between
the maxima and minima of a sine or cosine graph.

y = a sin x

x 2|a|

y = a cos x

x 2|a|

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Identifying the Amplitude

The general forms of the sine and cosine functions are:

y = d + a sin(bx – c) y = d + a cos(bx – c)

a, b, c, and d are constants (numbers whose values do

not change).

The absolute value of “a” is the amplitude of the

function.

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Example: Amplitude

Find the equation for

the sine graph shown. x 2a

Solution:
Vertical distance between the max and min:
3 – (-3) = 3 + 3 = 6
Amplitude: |a| = 6/2 = 3
Equation: y = 3 sin x

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Identifying the Period

Fundamental Period – The smallest interval over which
a periodic function repeats itself.

y = d + a sin(bx – c) y = d + a cos(bx – c)

The constant “b” is directly related to the period of

sine and cosine.

period = 2π
b

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Example: Period
y

Find the equation for the period

cosine graph shown.
x

Solution:
period = 4π b = 2π/4π
period = 2π/b b=½
4π = 2π/b Equation: y = cos(x/2)

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Transformations

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Transformations - Outline
Transformations on the trigonometric functions include:

„ Vertical
e t ca ttranslations
a s at o s
„ Horizontal translations
„ Changes in amplitude
and period
„ Phase shifts
„ Exponential damping

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Vertical Translation
Vertical Translation – An upward or downward shift in
the graph of a function.

Function Upward Shift Downward Shift

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Identifying Vertical Translations

y = d + a sin(bx – c) y = d + a cos(bx – c)

The constant “d” determines the magnitude and

direction of the vertical shift of a sine or cosine graph.
y y

d d
x x

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Example: Vertical Translation

Plot the graph of y = 1 + sin x.

Solution:

We begin by plotting y = sin x.

Since d = 1, shift y = sin x upward by 1 unit.

y

y = 1 + sin x →

1
x

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Horizontal Translation

Horizontal Translation – A shift to the left or right of the

graph of a function.

Function Shift to the Left Shift to the Right

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Identifying Horizontal Translations

y = d + a sin(bx – c) y = d + a cos(bx – c)

The ratio c/b is called the phase shift. The ratio c/b
determines the magnitude and direction of the
horizontal translation.
y y

c/b

x x

c/b
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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Example: Horizontal Translation

Plot the graph of y = cos(x + π/5).

Solution: y

y = cos(x + π/5)

y = cos(x – (-π/5)) x

b = 1 , c = -π/5
π/5
c/b = -π/5

Since c/b is negative, shift y = cos x to the left by

π/5 units.

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Example: Multiple Transformations

Plot the graph of y = 1 + 2cos(2x + π/3).

Solution: y

Amplitude: |a| = 2 π/6

Period:
x
2π/b = 2π/2 = π
Horizontal Shift:
c/b = (-π/3)/2 = -π/6
Vertical Shift: d = 1

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Example: Exponential Decay

Draw the graph of y = 3e-0.1x sin x.

y
Solution:
y = a sin bx
3e-0.1x
a = 3e-0.1x b=1
x
Amplitude:
|a| = 3e-0.1x -3e-0.1x
▪ plot 3e-0.1x and -3e-0.1x
Period:
2π/b = 2π/1 = 2π
*Remove the exponential curve.

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Tangent and
Cotangent
Graphs

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Definition: Asymptote
Asymptote – Any line that a function approaches
closely without ever intersecting.
Vertical asymptote – A vertical line that a function
approaches closely without ever intersecting.
As a function approaches a vertical asymptote it will
either become:

or

increasingly increasingly
positive negative
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Asymptotes of Tangent and Cotangent

The function y = tan x has a vertical asymptote at each

odd integer multiple of π/2 (…, -3π/2, -π/2, π/2, 3π/2, …).

The function y = cot x has a vertical asymptote at each

multiple of π (…, -3π, -2π, -π, π, 2π, 3π,…).

y y

x x

Asymptotes of Tangent Asymptotes of Cotangent

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

How-to: Graph y = tan x

To graph y = tan x:
1. Draw a pair of consecutive vertical
asymptotes.
t t
2. Tabulate and plot 7 key points.
¾ 3 key points will be located
between the left asymptote and the
midpoint
¾ 1 key point will be the midpoint
between the asymptotes
¾ 3 key points will be located
between the midpoint and the right
asymptote
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Graph: y = tan x
Use key points to plot the graph of y = tan x.
x y Type

A -π/2
π/2 Undef
Undef. asymptote

B -1.5707 -10381 normal

C -1.57 -1256 normal

y
D -1.5 -14.10 normal H

E 0 0 intercept G
F
F 1.5 14.10 normal E
x
G 1.57 1256 normal D
C
H 1.5707 10381 normal
B
I π/2 Undef. asymptote
-π/2 π/2
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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Graph of y = a · tan(bx)
Consider the function y = a · tan(bx).
■ The period of this function will be π/b.
■ If the constant “a” is positive,
positive the graph of a period
will be increasing. (Figure 1)
■ If the constant “a” is negative, the graph of a period
will be decreasing. (Figure 2)

Figure 1 Figure
g 2

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Example: Tangent Transformation

Draw the graph of y = 2 tan(x/2).

Solution:
y
a=2 b=½
Period:
π/b = π/(1/2)
x
= 2π
Consecutive asymptotes:
y p
x = -π and π
-π π
Behavior:
a > 0 → increasing interval (-π, π)

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

How-to: Graph y = cot x

To graph y = cot x:
1. Draw a pair of consecutive vertical
asymptotes.
t t
2. Tabulate and plot 7 key points.
¾ 3 key points will be located
between the left asymptote and
the midpoint
¾ 1 key point will be the midpoint
between the asymptotes
¾ 3 key points will be located
between the midpoint and the
right asymptote
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Graph: y = cot x
Use key points to plot the graph of y = cot x.

x y Type

A 0 Undef. asymptote y
B 0.001 999 normal

C 0.01 99.9 normal

B
D 0.1 9.97 normal C
D E
E π/2 0 intercept F x
G
F 3.1 -24.0 normal H

G 3.14 -627 normal

H 3.141 -1687 normal 0 π

I π Undef. asymptote
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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Graph of y = a cot(bx)
Consider the function y = a · cot(bx).
ƒ The period will be π/b.
ƒ If the constant “a” is positive,
positive the graph of a period
will be decreasing.
ƒ If the constant “a” is negative, the graph of a period
will be increasing.

Figure 1 Figure 2

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Example: Cotangent Transformation

Draw the graph of y = -3 cot(x/6).

y
Solution:
a = -3 b = 1/6
Period:
π/b = π/(1/6)
= 6π 3π x

Consecutive asymptotes:
x = 0 and 6π
Behavior: 0 6π

a < 0 → increasing interval (0, 6π)

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Secant and
Cosecant
Graphs

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Graph: y = csc x
Use five key points to plot the graph of y = csc x.
■ Use the fact that csc x is the reciprocal of sin x.

x sin x y = csc x

0 0 Undefined/ y
Asymptote
π/2 1 1
min
Minimum
Π 0 Undefined/
x
Asymptote
max
3π/2 -1 -1
Maximum
2π 0 Undefined/
asymptote

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Example: Cosecant Transformation

Draw the graph of y = csc(2x – π/3).

Solution: y

y = csc(bx – c) π/6

b=2 c = π/3
x
Period:
2π/b= 2π/2 = π
Horizontal shift:
c/b = (π/3)/2 = π/6
Vertical asymptotes:
x = 2π/3, 7π/6, 5π/3, 13π/6

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Graph: y = sec x
Use five key points to plot the graph of y = sec x.
■ Use the fact that sec x is the reciprocal of cos x.

x cos x y = sec x y

0 1 1
Minimum min min
π/2 0 Undefined/
Asymptote x
π -1 -1
Maximum
max
3π/2 0 Undefined/
Asymptote
2π 1 1
minimum

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Example: Secant Transformation

Draw the graph of y = -1 + 2 sec x.

Solution: y

y = d + a · sec x
a=2 d = -1
x
Amplitude:
1
|a| = |2| = 2
Vertical shift:
d = -1 → down 1 unit
Vertical asymptotes:
x = π/2, 3π/2, 5π/2, 7π/2

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Learning Summary

The vertical shift

of a The period of a
The period of a trigonometric tangent or
sine or cosine function is cotangent
function is 2π/b. determined by function is π/b.
the value of d.

The amplitude is The horizontal shift of

determined by |a| in a trigonometric
the general form function is
equations of sine and determined by the
cosine. ratio c/b.

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 Trigonometry Rapid Learning Series - 10

Congratulations
You have successfully completed
the core tutorial

Graphs of Trigonometric
Functions

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