Instituto Politécnico Nacional

Escuela Superior de Cómputo

Electronics Laboratory

Project 3erDepartamental
Audio Mixer

Group: 3cm1

Students Name:
Fernández Pérez José Eduardo
González Reyna Alfredo

Date
Junio – 2010

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 INDICE

Project Objective ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3

Theoretical framework ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3

Simulations ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .5

Diagram of project ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...6

Ishikawa Diagram ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...7

Images of development ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 8

Schedule ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..9

Specification Sheet ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ................ 9

Chemical Waste Treatment ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 13

Conclusion ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 13

Bibliography ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 13

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OBJECTIVE

Allows you to blend the signals generated by different audio sources,

such as compact disk players, cassette desck, mp3 players or
microphones with their respective preamplifie

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Operation of the mixer.

The block diagram in Figure 1.0 helps to explain how does the audio
mixer. The project consists of three stages, which are as follows.

STAGE 1 .
Microphone
The microphone is a transducer that allows us to perform a conversion
between changes in depression and level variations in an electrical
current.
To capture the sound, the microphone converts pressure variations in
air (ondassonoras), into electrical impulses of alternating electrical
current, so the podamosmanipular and stored on a carrier either in
analog or digital. This is done Through a process called modulation.
Subsequently reprocessed electrical esosimpulsos pressure waves
through the speakers. Thus it is said that the microphone transducer.

Used Microphone.
Moving coil microphone .
Also called dynamic microphone. It is a type of microphone
electrodinámico .El moving coil microphone consists of a rigid
diaphragm imánpermanente suspends against a powerful, with a slot in
which a coil is coupled móvilsolidaria. When sound waves excite the
diaphragm (20-30 mm dediamétro), the bobinasolidaria turn moves
(forward and backward) into the slot of the magnet, with cate generates
a magnetic field whose fluctuations are transformed into currentAC.

There are two types of micro:

• Those with sufficient fine wire wound to the coil to deliver a sufficient
level of current output.
• Others with less turns that require pre amplification. In this case, the
preamp is housed in the body of the microphone.
The capsules are often omnidirectional or cardiodes.La frequency or
resonance peak (peak also called presence) is in lasfrecuencias

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average, around 5 kHz, and from 8 to 10 kHz response in
frecuenciadecae quickly This is because the structure of the coil
prevents eldiafragma move fast enough to capture the high
frequencies.

STAGE 2
Mixer
It is an electronic device which connects various audio emitting
elements, talescomo microphones, line inputs, samplers, synthesizers,
turn vinyl discs, CD players, tape players, mp3 players, etc.
Once the sound signals entering the mixer they can be processed and
treated dediversos modes for output result a mix of audio, mono,
multichannel oestéreo. The usual processing of mixers includes the
variation of the input sound level decade, EQ, effects send, insert
effects, panning (for canalesmono) and balance (for the stereo
channels.) Other types of mixers allow combining several coding
channels mix groups (known as groups) to be treated as a whole, the
hard disk recording, mixing between two or more channels with a
crossfader.
Practice:
Of all the input currents flowing through power resistance (Rf =
150KOhms). Estosignifica that does not affect I2 I1 or I3 or I4.
Generally speaking, inflows do not affect each the other because each
sees the potential of land in the sum node. Therefore, the corrientesde
input and therefore input voltages E1, E2, E3 and E4 is not inserted.
AC voltages of each microphone is added to or blended with each
moment. So if unmicrófono inducing guitar music that is not eliminated
by a second microphone in front of the aircraft may be a singer.

STAGE 3
Amplifier
Generally, an amplifier is a device that, using energíaexterna,magnifies
the amplitude or intensity of a physical phenomenon. Although the term
amplificadortiene its wider use in the electronics field, there are also
other Amplifiers, such as mechanics. Some examples of mechanical
amplifiers are losamplificadores hydraulic and servo brakes used in
cars.
Electronic Amplifiers
The most common type of amplifier is the electronic amplifier, used in
almost all equiposelectrónicos, as issuers yreceptores radio and
television, computers, decomunicación, musical instruments, etc.
An electronic amplifier is a device to increase the current, voltage or

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signal potenciade. The amplifier does this by taking power from a
source of alimentacióny controlling the output to match the waveform
of the input signal with the desalination plant, but with a larger range.
We could say, figuratively, that an ideal amplifier would be a small
piece of hiloconductor a profit, so that the output is an exact replica of
the entrance but másgrande.
The relationship between input and output of the amplifier (usually
expressed, depending on your frequency of input signal) is called the
transfer function and its magnitude delamplificador profit. As its
frequency-dependent amplification is lessuele run at a given frequency
range, typically where laamplificación is constant or linear.
The key component of these amplifiers is the active element, which can
be devacío tube or a transistor (BJT normally, but also used
MOSFET). The role of BJTes amplify the electric current at its base
has a particular value in the collector yen the issuer. The gain value
depends on the type of transistor and circuit design (component
values, common-base configuration, common collector, etc).
With transistors can be made more complex devices that also comply
deamplificar function as operational amplifiers, and these again others
as amplifiers instrumentation.
Another type of electronic amplifiers are designed specifically for audio,
they prefer sesuelen vacuum tubes to transistors for its best sound
characteristics.
These amplifiers are for audio preamplifiers and power amplifiers.

SIMULATIONS

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 DIAGRAM OF PROJECTS
Circuit description.
The mixer has four signal inputs, which pass through stages of
coupling idénticas.La basic idea is that each signal using a circuit to
adjust the level or volume of the same, while serving as impedance
matching. All output coupling circuits are added in the output
operational amplifier, which delivers its signal to the next stage of the
audio system, usually a potencia.El amplifier operational amplifier used
in the circuit is the lf353, the which is suitable for almost any audio
application and it has excellent features such as high input impedance,
good frequency response and low impedance circuit salida.Este be
supplied with a dual source, ie positive and negative voltage (V, GND,-
V). The capacitor connected in series in all signal inputs (C1, C3, C5,
C7) is used to remove the DC level of the same, while the grounded
resistors (R1, R5, R9, R13), used to establish an input impedance
sufficiently high. The resistors connected in the feedback network of
operational, they give a margin of amplification to the input signal.

The output coupling circuits have signal at its output 100kohm

potentiometer (P1 to P4), which serves to adjust the voltage level of
the signal supplied to the adder. This allows the user to calibrate, as
needed, the type of mixture is obtained at a given time. For its part, the
output circuit is configured as a summing amplifier. This is responsible
for adding or mixing the received signals and deliver the result to the
next stage. In the printed circuit terminal is a marked short, at this point
is available on the input signal of summing amplifier. Its purpose is, if
the user requires to add another external signal source to be mixed
with those already obtained in this circuit. Obviously, the external
signal to connect must comply with the appropriate voltage levels. In
addition, you must connect through a resistance of 100 kohm, like the
other signs. With this circuit can be obtained very special audio effects,
which can be used at parties, clubs or just for simple fun. If you want to
mix the human voice with some music, use a microphone preamplifier
that conditions that signal.

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 ISHIKAWA DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT
TRACKS CONECTIONS

LM353

HOME PLATE
CONFIGURATION

SUPPLY VOLTAGE
WELDING

SALE NO AUDIO

TOOL

INSTALLATION RIGHT MATERIALS

TRAINING

MATERIALS SPARE PARTS

PEOPLE

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 IMAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Placa recién planchada

Placa en proceso de acido

Circuito armado y
Placa terminado el
soldado
proceso de acido

Circuito armado y
soldado, vista inferior

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 SCHEDULE

SPECIFICATIONS SHEET
Material
• 4 resistors 1/4w 2.2 mΩ to
• 4 to 10 Kohms resistors 1/4w
• 9 to 100kΩ to 1/4w resistors
• 1 resistance of 22 kΩ to 1/4w
• 4 100kΩ potentiometers
• 8 0.1μF ceramic capacitors
• 3 integrated circuits lf353
• 3 bases for integrated 8-pin
• a phenolic board 10cm x 10cm

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 Electric resistance

Usually symbolized as R, the difficulty

or opposition presented by a body
passage of an electric current to flow
through it. In the International System
of Units, its value is expressed in
ohms, which is designated by the
uppercase Greek letter omega, Ω. For
as there are several methods, among
which is the use of an ohmmeter.
This definition is valid for direct current and alternating current in the
case of pure resistive elements, that is, without inductive or capacitive
components. From there these reactive components, the opposition
presented to the current flow is called impedance.
Depending on the magnitude of this opposition, the substances are
classified as conductors, insulators and semiconductors.There are also
some materials in which, under certain conditions of temperature, there
is a phenomenon called superconductivity, in which the resistance
value is almost zero.
The value of resistance can be identified by a color code where the first
line is the first digit, the second is the second digit, the third is a
multiplier and, finally, the fourth line of tolerance.

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CERAMIZ CAPACITOR
Usually symbolized as R, the difficulty or
opposition presented by a body passage of
an electric current to flow through it. In the
International System of Units, its value is
expressed in ohms, which is designated by
the uppercase Greek letter omega, Ω. For
as there are several methods, among
which is the use of an ohmmeter.
This definition is valid for direct current and
alternating current in the case of pure resistive elements, that is,
without inductive or capacitive components. From there these reactive
components, the opposition presented to the current flow is called
impedance.
Depending on the magnitude of this opposition, the substances are
classified as conductors, insulators and semiconductors. There are
also some materials in which, under certain conditions of temperature,
there is a phenomenon called superconductivity, in which the
resistance value is almost zero.
The value of resistance can be identified by a color code where the first
line is the first digit, the second is the second digit, the third is a
multiplier and, finally, the fourth line of tolerance.
POTENCIOMETER
A potentiometer is a resistor whose resistance
value can be adjusted. Thus, indirectly, you
can control the intensity of current flowing
through a circuit when connected in parallel, or
the potential difference when connected in
series.
Normally, the potentiometers are used in low
current circuits. For larger circuits, resistors are
used, which can dissipate more power.

There are two types of potentiometers:

• Potentiometers print, made with a hint of carbon or cermet hard as a
support role baquelizado, fiber, alumina, etc. The track has two
separate contacts on end and a cursor connected to a stand which
slides along the resistive track.
•Potentiometers petados. It consists of a toroidal winding a resistive
wire (eg, note) with a cursor that moves a skate on it.

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LF353
Lf353 Wide Bandwidth JFET Input Dual Operational Amplifier
General Description
These devices are low cost, high speed, dual JFET amplifiers
inputoperational with an input offsetvoltage Internally trimmed (BI-FET
IITM technology). They require low supplycurrent yet Maintain a large
gain bandwidth product and fastslew rate. In Addition, well matched
high voltage JFET InputDevice Provide very low input bias and offset
currents. TheLF353 is pin compatible with the standard LM1558
Immediately allowingdesigners to upgrade the performanceof overalls
Existing LM1558 and LM358 designs.
These amplifiers May be Used in Applications Such as highspeed
integrators, fast D / A converters, sample and holdcircuits and Other
circuits requiring many offsetvoltage low input, low input bias current,
high input impedance, wide bandwidth and highslew rate. The devices
exhibit Also Lownoise and offset voltage drift

Features
 Internally trimmed offset voltage 10 mV
 Low input bias current 50pA
 Low input noise voltage 25 nV/0Hz
 Low input noise current 0.01 pA/0Hz
 Wide gain bandwidth 4 MHz
 High slew rate 13 V/ms
 Low supply current 3.6 mA
 High input impedance 1012X
 Low total harmonic distortion AVe10, k0.02%
 RL=10k, VO=20Vpbp, BW=20 Hz-20 kHz
 Low 1/f noise corner 50 Hz
 Fast settling time to 0.01% 2 ms

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 WASTE TREATMENT CHEMICALS
Ferric chloride to produce printed circuit boards in small quantities.
Ferric chloride reacts with copper to give cupric chloride and ferrous
chloride as shown in the following redox reaction.
There are two procedures for this. One is to manually draw a picture on
a plate with a face of copper, using a permanent marker resistant to
acids. They also often apply various methods replacing more effective
use of the pen, as is the use of foleo acetate (also known as
"transparent" ), printed on pre-designed circuit image on a computer.
This method is convenient to use laser printers or copiers, as it
contains toner, and this is resistant to acid attack. Once the circuit
printed on the acetate, is necessary to heat the copper plate (by using
an iron or similar) and then place the acetate on it and attach the toner
to it. To end plate is introduced in the ferric chloride solution.
The iron chloride or iron trichloride (traditionally called ferric chloride) is
a chemical compound used on an industrial scale in the group of metal
halides, with the formula fecl3. Also mistakenly called bichloride of
ferric iron and even perchloride. The color of the crystals of iron
chloride (iii) depend on the viewing angle: when the crystals reflect light
have a dark green color, but when transmit light color is purplish red.
Moreover, the hexahydrate (fecl3 • 6 h2o) is colored yellow or orange.
Iron chloride (iii) anhydrous is deliquescent and form a mist of
hydrogen chloride in the presence of moist air. Very rarely is seen in
its natural form, the mineral molisita, which can be found at some vents

CONCLUSION
Basically it is a very important project, because we had some
complications in creating this mixer is something that will continue to
use, and well it is a project to detail, and unlike other projects we had
used, if indeed this will be continued, perhaps to a meeting, party, or
just have some fun, mixing the signals emitted by any mp3 player, cd
player, cassette, or simply a signal from a microphone, sound the
human voice in real time while reproducing a signal of an mp3.
Bibliography:
 Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design (2nd
Edition). Ned Mohan.,
 Principles of Power Electronics. Jhon G. Kassakian, Martin F.
Schlecht, George C.

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