Measurement system

Measurement of quantity: is the act or the result of

quantitative comparison between a predefined standard and
unknown magnitude (variable).

Why make the measurement ?

Measurement are essential for :

Evaluation the performance of the system.

Studying its response to particular input function.

Studying some basic law of nature, etc

 There are seven steps of measurement system

transducer Intermediate
medium Physical variable
stage

indicator observe
1. Measured medium
2. Measured quantity(physical variable):e.g. pressure,
temperature ,rate flow …
3. Primary sensing element (transducer): which detects the
physical variable to measured and converts the signal into
more usable form.
4. An intermediate stage :which modifies the signal from
transducer so that a desirable output is available, e.g
amplification and or filtering may be required before the
signal can be indicated
5. An indicated stage(monitoring ,control, or analysis)
6. Data received by an observer.
7. observer
 
Definition and classification of variable:
The measured quantities are termed “variable “those are often termed
“measured variable” or ”instrumentation variable” or “process variables”

Variable can be classified in two way:

A.In according with the character.

B.According to the type of signal

Type (A)
1.Thermal variables: which depends on condition of thermal energy temperature
,specific heat ….)
2.Radiation variable: which related with emission, propagation absorption of energy
through space or material (nuclear radiation ,electromagnetic radiation).

3.Force variables: such as (load ,moment ,torque, stress).

4.Rate variable: such as (flow rate, velocity, acceleration)

5.Quantity variables: the total quantity within boundaries.
6. Time variables: elapsed time ,frequency)

7. Geometric variables: which related to the position

dimension of body (location of body , dimension
between two points, “length”, area ,volume , level).

8. Physical property variables: density, viscosity ,

humidity.

9. Chemical composition variables

10. Electrical variables: voltage, current, resistance,

capacitance…
Type (B)
Measured signal are employed in measuring system for
conversion ,transmission and recording.
1) Motion signal: all displays as pointers recording pens , or
liquid display as The manometers.
2) Force signals: such as pressure force converted to
pneumatic transmission.
3) Electrical signals: transducers are used commonly to
convert all variables to electrical signals (voltage , current)
voltage and current have fixed relationship between the
measured variable and the voltage or current signal.