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behaviour. These methods include: two- and three-dimensional elastic behaviour, elastic
behaviour considering a redistribution of moments, plastic behaviour and non-linear
behaviour. Detailed explanations of these techniques can be found in the numerous
structural analysis text books which are available.
In braced structures (see Chapter 4, Section 4.5) where floor slabs and beams are
considered to be simply supported, vertical loads give rise to three basic types of beam
LOAD DISTRIBUTION EXAMPLES
loading condition:
These load types are illustrated in Examples 3.1 to 3.6 (self-weights have been ignored).
1.5 m 1.5 m
3.0 m
5 kN/m2
C D C D
2.5 m
5.0 m
5 kN/m2
2.5 m
A B A 8.0 m
B
8.0 m
(a) (b)
Figure 3.1
Both slabs have continuous contact with the top flanges of their supporting beams and
span in the directions indicated. The floor area supported by each beam is indicated in
Figure 3.1(b).
Beam AB: Total load = (floor area supported × magnitude of distributed load/m2)
= (2.5 × 8.0) × (5.0) = 100 kN Total load
A 8.0 m B
Beam CD: Total load = (4.0 × 8.0) × (5.0) = 160 kN C D
E F
Beam EF: Total load = (1.5 × 8.0) × (5.0) = 60 kN Uniformly distributed loads
Check: Total load on both slabs = (8.0 × 8.0 × 5.0) = 320 kN Figure 3.1.1
Structural Loading 77
E F E F
1.5 m 1.5 m
5 kN/m2
3.0 m
C D C D
2.5 m
5 kN/m2
5.0 m
2.5 m
450
⎛ 8.0 + 3.0 ⎞
Beam AB: Load due to slab ACDB = ⎜ × 2.5⎟ × (5.0) = 68.75 kN
⎝ 2 ⎠
68.75 kN
Figure 3.2.1
A 8.0 m B
⎛ 8.0 + 5.0 ⎞
Beam EF: Load due to slab CEFD = ⎜ × 15
. ⎟ × (5.0) = 48.75 kN
⎝ 2 ⎠
48 75 kN
Figure 3.2.2 E F
8.0 m
⎛ 5.0 ⎞
Beams AC and BD: Load due to slab ACDB = ⎜ × 2.5⎟ × (5.0) = 31.25 kN
⎝ 2 ⎠
31.25 kN
Figure 3.2.3
A 5.0 m C
D B
⎛ 3.0 ⎞
Beams CE and DF: Load due to slab CEFD = ⎜ × 15
. ⎟ × (5.0) = 11.25 kN
⎝ 2 ⎠
11.25 kN
Figure 3.2.4
C 3.0 m E
D F
78 Design of Structural Elements
The loading on beam CD can be considered to be the addition of two separate loads, i.e.
Load due to slab ACDB = 68.75 kN (as for beam AB)
Load due to slab CEFD = 48.75 kN (as for beam EF)
Note: Both loads are trapezoidal, but they are different.
68.75 kN 48.75 kN
+
C D C D
2.5 m 3.0 m 2.5 m 1.5 m 5.0 m 1.5 m
Figure 3.2.5
Check: Total load on all beams = 2(68.75 + 48.75 + 31.25 + 11.25) = 320 kN
E F E F
1.5 m 1.5 m
3.0 m
5 kN/m2
C G D C G D
5 kN/m2 5 kN/m2
5.0 m
5.0 m
A 4.0 m H 4.0 m B A H B
2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m
8.0 m 8.0 m
(a) (b)
Figure 3.3 60 kN
E 8.0 m F
Beam EF: Total load = (1.5 × 8.0) × (5.0) = 60 kN
100 kN
Beam GH: Total load = (4.0 × 5.0) × (5.0) = 100 kN
G 5.0 m H
8.0 m
Figure 3.3.3
3.6 Example 3.4: Combined One-way Slabs, Two-way Slabs and Beams − 1
Considering the floor plan shown in Figure 3.4(a), with the one-way and two-way
spanning slabs indicated, determine the type and magnitude of the loading on each of the
supporting beams.
2.0 m 4.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 4.0 m 2.0 m
E F E H J F
1.5 m 1.5 m
5 kN/m2
3.0 m
C D C G I D
2.5 m
5 kN/m2
5.0 m
2.5 m
A 8.0 m B A B
2.5 m 3.0 m 2.5 m
(a) (b)
Figure 3.4
The loads on beams AB, AC and BD are the same as in Example 3.2. 15 kN
Figure 3.4.2
Load from slab GHJI = [(4.0 × 1.5) × (5.0)] 30 kN
= 30 kN
E 2.0 m 4.0 m 2.0 m F
8.0 m
Figure 3.4.3
Total loads on beam EF due to beams GH, JI and slab GHJI:
7. 5 kN 7.5 kN
30 kN
E H J F
2.0 m 4.0 m 2.0 m
8.0 m
Figure 3.4.4
Beam CD: The loads on CD are due to the end reactions from beams GH and IJ, a
distributed load from GHIJ and a trapezoidal load from slab ABCD as in member AB of
Example 3.2.
7. 5 kN 7.5 kN
30 kN
68.75 kN
C G I D +
2.0 m 4.0 m 2.0 m
A 8.0 m B
8.0 m
Figure 3.4.5
3.7 Example 3.5: Combined One-way Slabs, Two-way Slabs and Beams – 2
The floor plan of an industrial building is shown in Figure 3.5. Using the characteristic
dead and imposed loads given, determine:
gk = 5.0 kN/m2
qk = 4.0 kN/m2
B2
3.0 m
gk = 5.0 kN/m2
4.0 m
Figure 3.5
Solution
Beam B1
The load on beam B1 is equal to a triangular load from the two-way spanning slab
combined with a uniformly distributed load from the one-way spanning slab.
10.0 m 3.0 m
gk = 5.0 kN/m2
B1
qk = 8.0 N/m2
8.0 m
gk = 5.0 kN/m2
qk = 4.0 kN/m2
Figure 3.5.1
Beam B2
The load on beam B2 is equal to a trapezoidal load from the two-way spanning slab
combined with a point load from beam B1.
4.0 m 2.0 m 4.0 m 1.5 m
gk = 5.0 kN/m2
qk = 8.0 kN/m2
8.0 m
gk = 5.0 kN/m2
qk = 4.0 kN/m2
B2
Stair-well and Lift-shaft Figure 3.5.2
A B
VA 10.0 m 3.0 m VB Figure 3.5.3
158.4 kN 158.4 kN
160.8 kN
A B
238.8 kN 4.0 m 4.0 m 238.8 kN
Figure 3.5.4
Design data:
Characteristic dead loads gk = 5.0 kN/m2
Characteristic imposed loads qk = 7.5 kN/m2
A B
J K
H C
2.5 m
L M
3m
2.5 m
N
O
G D
3m 2m 3m
5.658 m
F E
8.0 m
Figure 3.6
84 Design of Structural Elements
Solution
The contribution from each beam and floor slab supported by beam BE must be
determined separately as indicated in Figure 3.6.1, i.e. W1 to W6. Since the structure is
symmetrical, only one half need be considered to evaluate the loads and beam end
reactions.
A B
W1
W1
W6
H J K
C
W2
L W3 M
W4 W5
W4
O
G Point loads on beam BE
D
due to beam end reactions
W2 190 kN
Area supported = (8.0 × 1.25) = 10.0 m 2
J K
8.0 m
Floor loading = (19.0 × 10.0) = 190.0 kN Figure 3.6.3
Structural Loading 85
W3 71.3 kN
Area supported = (3.0 × 1.25) = 3.75 m2
Floor loading = (19.0 × 3.75) = 71.3 kN L 3.0 m M Figure 3.6.4
W4 42.8 kN
Area supported = (0.25 × 3 × 3) = 2.25 m2
Floor loading = (19.0 × 2.25) = 42.8 kN M
3.0 m
N Figure 3.6.5
W5 (same as W1):
430.2 kN
Area supported = (8.0 × 2.83) = 22.64 m2
K O
Floor loading = (19.0 × 22.64) = 430.2 kN 8.0 m Figure 3.6.6
W6
152.0 kN
Area supported = (0.5 × 5.658 × 2.83) = 8.0 m2
Floor loading = (19.0 × 8.0) = 152.0 kN K 5.658 m C Figure 3.6.7
Beams JK, LM, MN and KO are symmetrical, so their end reactions are the same and
equal to (½ × the total load). In the case of beam KC the end reaction at K imposes a point
load on BE equal to (2/3 × the total load). The total loading on beam BE is as shown in
Figure 3.7.
⎛W W 2W6 ⎞
Point load at K = ⎜ 1 + 2 + ⎟ = [(430.2 + 190)/2 + (2 × 152)/3] = 411.4 kN
⎝ 2 2 3 ⎠
Similarly for the point load at position O.
⎛W W ⎞
Point load at M = ⎜ 3 + 4 ⎟ = (71.3 + 42.8) = 57.1 kN
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
Similarly for the point load at position N.
B K M N O E
5.658 m 2.5 m 3.0 m 2.5 m 5.658 m
19.316 m
Maximum shear force = {[0.5 × (42.8 + 430.2)] + 411.4 + 57.1} = 705 kN
Maximum bending moment = [(705 × 9.658) − (411.4 × 4.0) − (57.1 × 1.5)
− − (21.4 × 0.5) − (215.1 × 2.0)] = 4636 kNm
Figure 3.7