Complex 123

GñkcUlrYmRtYtBinitübec©keTs
elak lwm qun

elak Esn Bisidæ
elakRsI Tuy rINa
elak Titü em¨g
elak RBwm sunitü
elak pl b‘unqay
GñkRtYtBinitüGkçraviruTæ
elak lwm miKþsir
karIkMuBüÚT&r
kBaØa lI KuNÑaka
GñkniBnæ nig eroberog
elak lwm plþún nig elak Esn Bisidæ
sikSaKNitviTüaedayxøÜnÉg cMnYnkMupøic
cMnYnkMupøic
1-niymn½y
k> cMnYnnimμit
plKuNéncMnYnBit c xusBIsUnünwg i ehAfacMnYnnimμit .
i ehAfaÉktanimμitEdl i 2  1 b¤ i   1 .
]TahrN_ ³ 2i ,  5i , 23i , 3i , ... ehAfacMnYnnimμit .
x> niymn½ycMnYnkMupøic
cMnYnkMupiøcCacMnYnEdlmanrag z  a  i.b Edl a nig b CacMnYnBit .
eKtagsMNMuéncMnYnkMupøiceday ¢ .
a ehAfaEpñkBitén z  a  i .b EdlkMNt;tageday Re( z )  a .
b ehAfaEpñknimμitén z  a  i .b EdlkMNt;tageday Im( z )  b .
]TahrN_1 ³ 1  2i ,  3  2i , 4  3i ,  1  4i , 5i ,  7i
ehAfacMnYnkMupøic .
]TahrN_2³ rkEpñkBit nig Epñknimμitén z  3  2i ?
EpñkBit nig Epñknimμitén z  3  2i KW Re(Z)  3 ; Im( z )  2 .
eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½1 -

2-RbmaNviFIelIcMnYnkMupøic
k> viFIbUkcMnYnkMupøic
]bmafaeKmanBIrcMnYnkMupøic z1  a  i.b nig z 2  c  i.d
Edl a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .
eK)an z1  z 2  (a  i.b)  (c  id)  (a  c)  i(b  d)
dUcenH z1  z 2  (a  c)  i.(b  d) .
]TahrN_ ³ eK[cMnYnkMupøic z1  3  2i nig z 2  7  5i .
KNna z1  z 2
eK)an z1  z 2  (3  2i )  (7  5i )  (3  7)  (2i  5i )
dUcenH z1  z 2  4  3i .
x> viFIdkcMnYnkMupøic
eK)an z1  z 2  (a  i.b)  (c  id)  (a  c)  i(b  d)
dUcenH z1  z 2  (a  c)  i.(b  d) .
]TahrN_ ³ eK[cMnYnkMupøic z1  3  2i nig z 2  7  5i .
KNna z1  z 2
eK)an z1  z 2  (3  2i )  (7  5i )  (3  7)  (2i  5i )
dUcenH z1  z 2  10  7i .
K> viFIKuNcMnYnkMupøic
eK)an z1  z 2  (a  i.b)(c  i.d)
 ac  iad  ibc  i 2bd
 ac  iad  ibc  bd
 (ac  bd )  i(ad  bc )
dUcenH z1  z 2  (ac  bd)  i(ad  bc) .
]TahrN_ ³ eK[cMnYnkMupøic z1  2  i nig z 2  1  3i . KNna z1  z 2
eK)an z1 .z 2  (2  i )(1  3i )  2  6i  i  3i 2  5  5i
dUcenH z1 .z 2  5  5i .
X> viFIEckcMnYnkMupøic
z1 a  ib (a  ib )(c  id ) ac  iad  ibc  i 2bd
eK)an z  c  id  (c  id)(c  id) 
2 c2  i 2d 2
ac  iad  ibc  bd (ac  bd )  i(bc  ad )
 
c d
2 2
c2  d 2
dUcenH zz1  ac2  bd2  i. bc2  ad2 .
2 c d c d

]TahrN_ ³ eK[cMnYnkMupøic z1  1  5i nig z 2  1  i . KNna zz1

2
eK)an zz1  115ii  ((115ii)()(11ii))  1  i151i  5  6 2 4i

2
dUcenH zz1  3  2i .
2
g> sV½yKuNén i
eKmansV½yKuNén i dUcxageRkam ³
i1  i
i 2  1
i 3  i 2 .i   i
i 4  (i 2 )2  ( 1)2  1
i 5  i 4 .i  i
i 6  i 5 .i  i .i  i 2  1
i 7  i 6 .i   i
i 8  i 7 .i   i .i   i 2  1


CaTUeTA i4n  1 , i4n 1  i , i4n 2  1 , i4n 3  i RKb; n  IN
dUcenHcMnYn in esμInwgcMnYndEdl²KW i ,  1 ,  i nig 1 RKb; n  IN .

c> sV½yKuNéncMnYnkMupøic
eKmansV½yKuNéncMnYnkMupøicdUcxageRkam ³
(a  ib )2  a 2  b 2  i .2ab
(a  ib )3  (a 3  3ab 2 )  i( 3a 2b  b 3 )
(a  ib )4  (a4  6a 2b 2  b4 )  i(4a 3b  4ab 3 )


n
(a  ib )   C(n, k ) an  k bk .i k
n
k 0
Edl c(n, k )  k! (nn! k )! .

]TahrN_ ³ KNna (1  3i )2 , (2  i )3 nig (1  2i )4 .
eK)an ³
(1  3i )2  1  6i  9  8  6i
( 2  i )3  8  12i  6  i  2  11i
(1  2i )4  1  8i  24  32i  16  7  24i
q> kMupøicesμIKña
]bmafa z1  a  ib nig z 2  c  i.d Edl a, b, c, d CacMnYnBit .
 ac
z1  z 2  
 bd

dUcenHcMnYnkMupøicBIresμIKñaluHRtaEtEpñkBitesμIKña nig EpñknimμitesμIKña .

]TahrN_ ³ eK[ z1  2  3  4i nig z 2    9  8i
cUrkMNt;BIrcMnYnBit  nig  edIm,I[ z1  z 2 ?
kMNt;  nig  ³
 2  3    9
2  3  4i    9  8i  
4  8
eKTaj)an   2 ,   3 .
C> KNnab¤skaeréncMnYnkMupøic
]bmafaeKmancMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b Edl a , b CacMnYnBit
edIm,IKNnab¤skaerén z eKRtUvGnuvtþn_dUcxageRkam ³
tag w  x  i.y Cab¤skaerén z  a  i.b ¬ x , y CacMnYnBit¦
eK)an w 2  z
( x  i .y )2  a  i .b
( x 2  y 2 )  i( 2xy )  a  ib
x2  y 2  a
eKTaj)an 
 2xy  b
edaHRsayRbBn½æsmIkarenHeK)anKUcemøIy (x, y )  {(1 , 1 ); (2 ,  2 )}
dUcenH w1  1  i1 ; w 2  2  i 2 .

]TahrN_1 ³ KNnab¤skaeréncMnYnkMupøic z  21  20i

tag w  x  i.y Cab¤skaerén z  21  20i ¬ x , y CacMnYnBit¦
eK)an w 2  z
( x  i .y )2  21  20i
( x 2  y 2 )  i( 2xy )  21  20i
 x 2  y 2  21
eKTaj)an 
 2xy  20
bnÞab;BIedaHRsayRbBn½æsmIkarenHeK)anKUcemøIy ³
x  5 , y  2 b¤ x  5 , y  2
dUcenH w1  5  2i ; w 2  5  2i .
]TahrN_2 ³ KNnab¤skaeréncMnYnkMupøic z  21  20i
tag w  x  i.y Cab¤skaerén z  8  6i ¬ x , y CacMnYnBit¦
eK)an w 2  z
( x  i .y )2  8  6i
( x 2  y 2 )  i( 2xy )  8  6i
 x 2  y 2  8
eKTaj)an 
 2xy  6
bnÞab;BIedaHRsayeK)anKUcemøIy ³ x  1 , y  3 b¤ x  1 , y  3
dUcenH w1  1  3i ; w 2   1  3i .

3-cMnYnkMupøicqøas;
k> niymn½y
cMnYnkMupøicqøas;éncMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b , a; b  IR KWCacMnYnkuMpøicEdl
kMNt;tageday z  a  i.b .
]TahrN_ ³ cMnYnkMupøicqøas;én z  4  3i KW z  4  3i .
x> lkçN³
!> (z1  z 2 )  z1  z 2
@> (z1 .z 2 )  z1 .z 2
 z1  z1
#>  z   z
 2 2
sRmaybBa¢ak;
tag z1  a  ib nig z 2  c  id Edl a , b , c , d CacMnynBit .
eK)an z1  a  i.b nig z 2  c  i.d
man z1  z 2  (a  c)  i(b  d) enaH z1  z 2  (a  c)  i(b  d)
ehIy z1  z 2  a  ib  c  id  (a  c)  i(b  d)
dUcenH (z1  z 2 )  z1  z 2 .
eKman z1z 2  (a  ib)(c  id)  (ac  bd)  i(ad  bc)
eK)an z1 .z 2  (ac  bd )  i(ad  bc)
ehIy z1 .z 2  (a  ib)(c  id)  (ac  id)  i(ad  bc)
dUcenH (z1 .z 2 )  z1 .z 2 .
eKman zz1  ac  id
ib (a  ib )(c  id ) ac  bd

(c  id )(c  id )
 2  i .
bc  ad
2 c d
2
c d
2 2
eK)an  zz1   ac2  bd2  i. bc2  ad2

 2 c d c d
z1 a  ib (a  ib )(c  id ) ac  bd bc  ad
ehIy    2
z 2 c  id (c  id )(c  id ) c  d 2
 i .
c2  d 2
 z1  z 1
dUcenH  z   z .
 2 2
K> kenSamEpñkBit nig EpñknimμitCaGnuKmn_én z nig z
]bmafaeKman z  a  ib enaH z  a  ib Edl a; b CacMnYnBit .
eK)an z  z  a  ib  a  ib  2a enaH a  z 2 z
ehIy z  z  a  ib  a  ib  2ib enaH b  z 2i z
dUcenH Re(z )  z 2 z nig Im( z )  z 2i z .
-ebI Re(z )  0 enaH z   z naM[ z CacMnYnnimμit .
-ebI Im( z )  0 enaH z  z naM[ z CacMnYnBit .

4-Gnuvtþn_cMnYnkMupøickñúgdMeNaHRsaysmIkardWeRkTIBIr
]bmafaeKmansmIkardWeRkTIBIr az 2  bz  c  0
Edl a  0 , a, b , c CacMnYnBit .
DIsRKImINg;énsmIkarKW   b2  4ac
-ebI   0 smIkarmanb¤sBIepSgKñaCacMnYnBitKW ³
b  b 
z1  ; z2 
2a 2a
-ebI   0 smIkarmanb¤sDúbCacMnYnBitKW z1  z 2   2ba
-ebI   0 smIkarmanb¤sBIepSgKñaCacMnYnkMupøicqøas;KñaKW ³
bi || bi ||
z1  ; z2 
2a 2a
]TahrN_ ³
edaHRsaysmIkar 2z 2  6z  5  0
DIsRKImINg;énsmIkar   36  40  4  4i 2
eKTajb¤s z1  6 4 2i  32  i. 12 ; z 2  6 4 2i  32  i. 12
dUcenHsmIkarmanb¤dBIrepSgKñaCacMnYnkMupøicqøas;KñaKW ³
3 1 3 1
z1   i . ; z 2   i . .
2 2 2 2

5-cMnYnkMupøickñúgbøg;
k> kartagcMnYnkMupøickñúgbøg;
kñúgtRmuyGrtUNrem (xoy) eKGactagcMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b ; a, b  IR
edaycMNuc M mYymankUGredaen (a, b) .
eKfa M CacMnucrUbPaBéncMnYnkMupøic z  a  ib ehIy z ehAfaGaPicén
cMnuc M(a, b) EdleKkMNt;sresr M(z ) .
dUcKñaEdr eKk¾GactagcMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b ; a, b  IR edayviucTr½

 

u  OM  (a, b ) .


eKfa u CavIucTr½rUbPaBéncMnYnkMupøic z  a  ib ehIy z ehAfaGaPicén

 
viucTr½ u EdleKkMNt;sresr u (z ) .
y
b M
o a x

x> viucTr½rUbPaBénplbUkcMnYnkMupøickñúgbøg;kMupøic
kñúgtRmuyGrtUNrem (xoy) ]bmafaeKmancMnYnkMupøicBIr z1 nig z 2
ehIytag M1 nig M 2 CarUbPaBén z1 nig z 2 .

 

eK)an OM1 nig OM 2 CaviucTr½rUbPaBén z1 nig z 2 .
y
M
M1
M2
O x

 
 

eKman z1  z 2  OM1  OM 2  OM
dUcenHrUbPaBén z1  z 2 KWCaviucTr½Ggát;RTUgénRbelLÚRkam OM1MM 2 .

K> viucTr½rUbPaBénpldkcMnYnkMupøickñúgbøg;kMupøic
kñúgtRmuyGrtUNrem (xoy) ]bmafaeKmancMnYnkMupøicBIr z1 nig z 2
ehIytag M1 nig M 2 CarUbPaBén z1 nig z 2 .

 

eK)an OM1 nig OM 2 CaviucTr½rUbPaBén z1 nig z 2 .
y
M2
M1
x' O x
M2' y'

 
 

eK)an z1  z 2  z1  ( z 2 )  OM1  OM'2  OM
dUcen rUbPaBén z1  z 2 KWCaviucTr½Ggát;RTUgénRbelLÚRkam OM1MM'2 .

X> viucTr½rUbPaBénplKuNcMnYnBit nwg cMnYnkMupøickñúgbøg;kMupøic ³

y
M'
O x
]bmafa M nig M' CacMnucrUbPaBén z nig z , (   0)


 
 

rUbPaBén  .z KW OM' Edl OM'   OM .
6-m:UDúléncMnYnkMupøic
k> niymn½y
kñúgtRmuyGrtUNrem (xoy) eKyk M(a, b) CarUbPaBén z  a  ib .
rgVas; OM ehAfam:UDúlén z  a  ib .
eKkMNt;tagm:UDúlén z  a  ib eday | z | b¤ r EdlGacKNna)antam
rUbmnþ | z | r  OM  a2  b2 .

M
b
|z|
P
o a x
kñúgRtIekaNEkg OMP eKman OM 2  MP 2  OP 2

eday OP  a , MP  b
eK)an OM 2  a2  b2 b¤ OM  a2  b2 .
dUcenH | z | OM  a2  b2 .
x> lkçN³
!> | z || z |
@> z.z | z |2
#> | z1 .z 2 || z1 | . | z 2 |
$> zz1  || zz1 ||
2 2
%> | z
n
|| z | n

K> vismPaBRtIekaN
RKb;cMnYnkMupøic z1 nig z 2 eKman | z1  z 2 | | z1 |  | z 2 |
sRmay ³
tag z1  x  iy nig z 2  u  iv
eKman z1  z 2  (x  u)  i(y  v)
eK)an | z1  z 2 | (x  u)2  (y  v)2
nig | z1 |  | z 2 | x2  y 2  u2  v 2
eday | z1  z 2 |2  x2  y 2  u2  v 2  2(xu  yv )
nig | z1 |  | z 2 |2  x2  y 2  u2  v 2  2 (x2  y 2 )(u2  v 2 )
eK)an ³

| z1 |  | z 2 |2  | z1  z 2 |2  2 (x2  y 2 )(u2  v 2 )  (xu  yv) 
kenSam | z1 |  | z 2 |2  | z1  z 2 |2  0 luHRtaEt
( x 2  y 2 )(u 2  v 2 )  ( xu  yv )2  0
x 2u 2  x 2 v 2  u 2y 2  v 2y 2  x 2u 2  2xyuv  y 2 v 2  0
x 2 v 2  2xyuv  u 2y 2  0
( xv  uy )2  0 Bit
dUcenH | z1  z 2 | | z1 |  | z 2 | .

7-GaKuym:g;éncMnYnkMupøic
kñúgtRmuyGrtUNrem (xoy) eKyk M(a, b) CarUbPaBén z  a  ib .
y
b M
 P
o a x

 

mMuEdlpÁúMeday ( Ox , OM ) ehAfaGaKuym:g;én z  a  i.b .
eKtag  b¤ Arg( z ) CaGaKuym:g;én z  a  i.b .
kñúgRtIekaNEkg OMP eKman ³
r 2  OM 2  a 2  b 2 b¤ r  a 2  b 2 ¬RTwsþIbTBItaKr½¦
OP a MP b
cos    nig sin    .
OM r OM r
edIm,IrkGaKuym:g;én z  a  i.b eKedaHRsaysmIkar ³
a b
cos   nig sin   eK)an Arg( z )    2k , k  Z .
r r

]TahrN_ 1 ³ rkGaKuym:g;éncMnYnkMupøic z  2 3  2i
tamrUbmnþ r  | z |  a2  b2  (2 3 )2  22  4
a 2 3 3 b 2 1
cos   
r 4

2
ni g sin    
r 4 2
dUcenHGaKuym:g;én z KW Arg(z )  6  2k ; k  Z
]TahrN_ 2 ³ rkGaKuym:g;éncMnYnkMupøic z  1  i 3
tamrUbmnþ r  | z |  a2  b2  ( 1)2  ( 3)2  2
a 1 b 3
cos     nig sin   
r 2 r 2
dUcenHGaKuym:g;én z KW Arg(z )  23  2k ; k  Z
TahrN_ 3 ³ rkGaKuym:g;éncMnYnkMupøic z  2  i 2
tamrUbmnþ r  | z |  a2  b2  2  2  2
a 2 b 2
cos   
r 2
ni g sin    
r 2
dUcenHGaKuym:g;én z KW Arg(z )   4  2k ; k  Z

8-TRmg;RtIekaNmaRténcMnYnkMupøic
cMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b ehAfaTRmg;BICKNit . eKGacsresrTRmg;fμImYy
eTotdUcxageRkam ³
eKman r  a2  b2 ehAfam:Dúlén z  a  i.b
a b
cos   nig sin   Edl  ehAfaGaKuym:g;én z .
r r
eK)an z  a  i.b  r( ar  i. br )  r(cos   i. sin )
dUcenH z  r(cos   i. sin ) ehAfaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRtén z .
]TahrN_ 1 ³ cUrsresr z  1  i 3 CaragRtIekaNmaRt .
eKman r  12  ( 3 )2  2
eK)an z  2( 12  i. 23 )  2(cos 3  i. sin 3 ) .
]TahrN_ 2 ³ cUrsresr z  2 3  2i CaragRtIekaNmaRt .
eKman r  (2 3 )2  (2)2  4
eK)an z  4( 23  i. 12 )  4( cos 6  i. sin 6 ) .
 
z  4[cos(   )  i . sin(   )]
6 6
5 5
z  4(cos  i sin )
6 6

9-RbmaNviFIelIcMnYnkMupøictamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
k> plKuNcMnYnkMupøictamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
RTwsþIbT ³
]bmafaeKmancMnYnkMupøic z1  r1 (cos   i. sin )
nig z 2  r2 (cos   i sin  ) Edl r1  0 , r2  0
eK)an z1 .z 2  r1r2[cos(   )  i sin(   )] .
sRmaybBa¢ak;
eK)an z1z 2  r1(cos   i. sin ).r2 (cos   i sin )
z1z2  r1r2[(cos cos  sin sin)  i(sin cos  sin cos)
dUcenH z1 .z 2  r1r2[cos(   )  i sin(   )] .
]TahrN_
eK[cMnYnkMu[pøic
  2 2
z1  2(cos  i sin ) nig z 2  3(cos  i sin )
5 5 15 15
KNna z1 .z 2
eK)an z1z 2  6[cos( 5  215 )  i sin( 5  215 )]
5 5  
 6(cos  i sin )  6(cos  i . sin )
15 15 3 3
 
dUcenH z1z 2  6(cos  i . sin ) .
3 3

x> plKuNEckcMnYnkMupøictamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
RTwsþIbT ³
]bmafaeKmancMnYnkMupøic z1  r1 (cos   i. sin )
nig z 2  r2 (cos   i sin  ) Edl r1  0 , r2  0
eK)an zz1  rr1 [cos(  )  i sin(  )] .
2 2
sRmaybBa¢ak;
  i sin 
eK)an zz1  rr1 . cos
cos   i sin 
2 2
r1 (cos   i. sin )(cos   i sin )
 .
r2 (cos   i sin )(cos   i sin )
r1 (cos  cos   sin  sin )  i(sin  cos   sin  cos )
 .
r2 cos 2   sin 2 

r1
cos(  )  i sin(  )
r2
dUcenH zz1  rr1 [cos(  )  i sin(  )] .

2 2
K> sV½yKuNTI n éncMnYnkMupøictamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt ³
RTwsþIbT ³ RKb;cMnYnBit  nig r  0 eK)an ³
z n  [r(cos   i . sin  )]n  r n (cos n  i . sin n )
Edl n CacMnYnKt;rWLaTIhV .

sRmaybBa¢ak; ³
ramrUbmnþ z1 .z 2  r1r2[cos(  )  i sin(   )]
eK)anCabnþbnÞab;dUcxageRkam ³
z 2  z .z  r .r[cos(   )  i sin(    )]  r 2 (cos 2  i sin 2 )
z 3  z 2 .z  r 2 .r [cos( 2   )  i sin( 2   )]
 r 3 (cos 3  i . sin 3 )


]bmafa zn  rn (cos n  i. sin n) Bit
eK)an zn1  zn .z  rn .r[cos(n  )  i sin(n  )]
 r n 1[cos(n  1)  i sin(n  1)] Bit
dUcenH zn  rn (cos n  i. sin n) .
X> rUbmnþdWmr½
eKman zn  [r(cos   i. sin )]n  rn (cos n  i. sin n)
eK)an rn (cos   i. sin )n  rn (cos n  i. sin n)
dUcenH (cos   i. sin )n  cos n  i. sin n
¬ehAfarUbmnþdWmr½ ¦ .

]TahrN_ ³ eK[cMnYnkMupøic z  cos 49  i. sin 49

z2
cUrsresr w  CaragRtIekaNmaRt .
1 z 3
tamrUbmnþdWmr½eKman z 2  (cos 49  i sin 49 )2  cos 89  i sin 89

4 4 3 4 4
nig z  (cos 9  i sin 9 )  cos 3  i sin 3
3
8 8
cos  i . sin
eK)an w  9
4
9
4
1  cos  i . sin
3 3
8 8
cos  i . sin
 9 9
2 2 2
2 cos 2  2i sin cos
3 3 3
8 8
1 cos  i . sin
 . 9 9
2 2 2
2 cos cos  i sin
3 3 3
8 2 8 2
 [cos(  )  i sin(  )]
9 3 9 3
2 2 11 11
  (cos  i sin )  cos  i sin
9 9 9 9
11 11
dUcenH w  cos 9  i. sin 9 .

10-bMElgvilCMuvijKl;tRmuyénbøg;kMupøic
eKmancMnYnkMupøic w  cos   i. sin  .
ebI M' (z' ) CarUbPaBén M(z ) tambEmøgvilp©it O nig mMu  enaH
eK)an z'  w. z  (cos   i sin  ) .z .
y
M'
M

O x
]TahrN_ 1 ³ enAkñúgbøg;kMupøic (xoy) eK[ M CacMnucrUbPaBén z  3  i .

cUrkMNt; z' edaydwgfa M' (z' ) CarUbPaBén M tambEmøgvilp©it O

nigmMu   12 .

ebI M' (z' ) CarUbPaBén M(z ) tambEmøgvilp©it O nigmMu   12 enaHeK)an

 
z'  (cos  i sin ) z
12 12
3 1  
eday z  3  i  2( 2  i. 2 )  2(cos 6  i. sin 6 )
eK)an z'  2[cos(12  6 )  i sin(12  6 )]
 
dUcenH z'  2(cos 4  i sin 4 ) .
]TahrN_ 2 ³ enAkñúgbøg;kMupøic (xoy) eK[ M CacMnucrUbPaBén z  1  i 3 .
cUrkMNt; z' edaydwgfa M' (z' ) CarUbPaBén M tambEmøgvilp©it O
nigmMu   23 .
2
ebI M' (z' ) CarUbPaBén M(z ) tambEmøgvilp©it O nigmMu 
3
enaHeK)an
2 2
z'  (cos  i sin ) z
3 3
eday z  1  i 3  2( 12  i. 23 )  2[cos( 3 )  i. sin(  3 )]
eK)an z'  2[cos( 23  3 )  i sin( 23  3 )]
dUcenH z'  2(cos 3  i sin 3 ) .

11-b¤sTI n éncMnYnkMupøictamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
]bmafaeKmancMnYnkMupøic z  r(cos   i sin  )
tag w  (cos   i sin ) Cab¤sTI n én z enaH wn  z
eK)an n (cos n  i sin n)  r(cos   i sin  )
n  r   n r
 
eKTaj cos(n)  cos  naM[    2k
sin(n )  sin    
  n
dUcenHb¤sTI n én z kMNt;eday ³
    2k     2k  
w k  n r cos   i . sin 
  n   n 
Edl k  0 , 1 , 2 , ...., n  1 .
]TahrN_ ³ KNnab¤sTIbIén z  4 2  i.4 2
eKman z  4 2  i.4 2  8( 22  i 22 )  8(cos 4  i sin 4 )
eKTaj r  8 ,   4 . tamrUbmnþb¤sTI # én z kMNt;eday ³
    8k     8k  
w k  2cos   i sin   , k  0 , 1 , 2 .
  12   12  
dUcenH w 0  2(cos 12  i sin 12 ) ; w1  2(cos 34  i sin 34 )
nig w 2  2(cos 1712  i sin 1712 ) .

12-TRmg;Giucs,:ÚNg;EsüléncMnYnkMupøic
k> rUbmnþGWEl (Euler's formula)
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit x eK)an eix  cos x  i sin x
Edl e  2.71828... CaeKalelakarIteEB .
rUbmnþGWElenHenAEtBitcMeBaH x CacMnYnkMupøick¾eday .
sRmaybBa¢ak;
-RsaybBa¢ak;edayeRbIedrIev ³
tagGnuKmn_ f ¬GacCaGnuKmn_kMupøic¦énGefr x kMNt;eday
cos x  i sin x
f (x) 
eix
(  sin x  i cos x )eix  ieix (cos x  i sin x )
eK)an f ' (x) 
e2ix
eix (  sin x  i cos x  i cos x  i 2 sin x )

e2ix
 sin x  i cos x  i cos x  sin x 0
 ix
 ix  0
e e
naM[ f (x) CaGnuKmn_efrRKb; x .
eK)an f (x)  f (0)  cos 0 0i sin 0  1 b¤ f (x)  cos x ixi sin x  1
e e
dUcenH eix  cos x  i sin x .

-RsaybBa¢ak;edayeRbIsmIkarDIepr:g;EsüllMdab;TImYy ³
eKtagGnuKmn_ g(x)  cos x  i. sin x
eKman g' (x)   sin x  i cos x
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg i eK)an i.g' (x)  i sin x  csox
eK)an g(x)  ig' (x)  0 b¤ g' (x)  i . g(x)  0
CasmIkarDIepr:g;EsüllMdab; I .
eK)ancemøIyTUeTAénsmIkarenHKW g(x)  k eix
ebI x  0 enaH g(0)  k Et g(0)  cos 0  i. sin 0  1
enaH k  1 ehIyeK)an g(x)  eix .
-RsaybBa¢ak;edayeRbIsmIkarDIepr:g;EsüllMdab;TIBIr ³
eRCIserIsGnuKmn_ h(x)  eix
eKman h' (x)  i.eix nig h' ' (x)  i 2eix  eix
eK)an h' ' (x)  h(x)  eix  eix  0 CasmIkarDIepr:g;EsüllIenEG‘Gum:UEsn
lMdab;TIBIr .
smIkarDIepr:g;EsüllIenEG‘lMdab;BIrenHmancemøIylIenEG‘ÉkraCülIenEG‘cMnYnBIr
EdlepÞógpÞat;vaKW h1(x)  cos x nig h2 (x)  sin x . bnSMlIenEG‘éncemøIy
cMeBaHsmIkarDIepr:g;EsülGUm:UEsn k¾CacemøIymYypgEdr .

dUcenHcemøIyTUeTAénsmIkarKW h(x)  A cos x  B sin x

Edl A nig B CaBIrcMnYnefrEdlGacrk)antam h(0)  A  ei0  1
nig h' (0)  B  iei0  i eRBaH h' (x)   A sin x  B cos x .
ehtuenHeK)an h(x)  cos x  i sin x .
-RsaybBa¢ak;edayeRbIesrIétlr½³
rUbmnþes‘rIétlr½cMeBaHGnuKmn_bI ex , cos x nig sin x KW ³
x x2 x3 xn
e  1 
x
  .....   .....
1! 2! 3! n!
x 2 x4 x6 n x
2n
cos x  1     .....  ( 1)  ......
2! 4! 6! ( 2n )!
2n  1
x 3 x5 x7 n x
sin x  x     ....  ( 1)  ....
3! 5! 7! ( 2n  1)!
edayCMnYs x eday ix kñúges‘TaMgbIenHeKTaj)an eix  cos x  i sin x .
x> TRmg;Giucs,:ÚNg;Esül
RKb;cMnYnkMupøic z  a  i.b Edl a , b CacMnYnBitGacsresrCaTRmg;mYyfμIeTot
KW z  r ei Edl r  a2  b2 , cos   ar , sin   br .
TRmg; z  r ei ehAfaTRmg;Gics,:ÚNg;Esülén z  a  i.b .

K> TMnak;TMngCamYyGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt ³
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit x eKman eix  cos x  i sin x (1)
CMnYs x eday  x eK)an e ix  cos x  i sin x (2)
bUksmIkar (1) nig (2) eKTaj)an eix  e ix  2 cos x
eix  e ix
eKTaj cos x  2 .
dksmIkar (1) nig (2) eKTaj)an eix  e ix  2i sin x
eix  e ix
eKTaj sin x  2i .
eix  e ix eix  e ix
dUcenH cos x  2 ; sin x  2i .
¬ rUbmnþenHBitpgEdrcMeBaH x CacMnYnkMupøic ¦
X> TMnak;TMngCamYyGnuKmn_GIEBbUlik³
eKman cos x  2 ; sin x  2i
CMnYs x eday i.x eK)an ³
ex  e x ex  e x
cos(ix )   cosh x nig sin( ix )  i  i sinh x
2 2
ex  e x ex  e x
mü:ageToteKman cosh x  2 nig sinh x  2 eK)an ³
cosh(ix )   cos x , sinh( ix )   i sin x .
2 2

]TahrN_1 ³ sresr z  2  2i 3 CaTRmg;Giucs,:ÚNg;Esül ?

eKman r  22  (2 3 )2  4

  i
eK)an z  4( 12  i 2
3
)  4(cos  i sin )  4 e
3 3
3 .

i
]TahrN_2³ sresr z  1  e CaragGics,:ÚNg;Esül ?
4
 
    i i
i
eday cos 8  e e
i i i 8 8
eKman z  1 e 4  e 8 (e 8 e 8)
2

 i8
dUcenH z  2 cos 8 .e .
]TahrN_3³ KNna ii ?

  i
eKman i  cos 2  i. sin 2  e 2
i
 i  

eK)an ii   e 2   e 2 .
 
]TahrN_4³ edaHRsaysmIkar cos x  2 kñúgsMNMukMupøic ?
eix  e  ix
tamrUbmnþGWEleKman cos x  2
eix  e ix
eK)an 2  2 b¤ e2ix  4eix  1  0 tag t  eix

eK)ansmIkar t 2  4t  1  0
'  4  1  3 eKTajb¤s t1  2  3 ; t 2  2  3
cMeBaH t  2  3 eK)an eix  2  3 enaH ix  ln( 2  3)
b¤ x  i ln( 2  3 ) .
cMeBaH t  2  3 eK)an eix  2  3 enaH ix  ln( 2  3)
b¤ x  i ln( 2  3 ) .
]TahrN_5³ edaHRsaysmIkar sin x  3 kñúgsMNMukMupøic ?
eix  e ix
tamrUbmnþGWEleKman sin x  2i
eix  e ix
eK)an 2i  3 b¤ e2ix  6eix  1  0 tag t  eix
eK)ansmIkar t 2  6t  1  0 , '  9  1  10
manb¤s t1  3  10 , t 2  3  10 .
-cMeBaH t  3  10 eK)an eix  3  10 enaH x  i ln( 3  10 )
-cMeBaH t  3  10  (3  10 )
eK)an eix  (3  10 )  (3  10 )ei  ei  ln( 3 10 )
eKTaj ix  i  ln( 3  10 ) b¤ x    i ln( 3  10 ) .
dUcenH x  i ln( 3  10 ) , x    i ln( 3  10 ) .

13-RbmaNviFIcMnYnkMupøictamTRmg;Gics,:ÚNg;Esül
k> RbmaNviFIKuNcMnYnkMupøictamTRmg;Gics,:ÚNg;Esül
eKmancMnYnkMupøic z  r ei nig w   ei
Edl r  0 ;   0 ehIy  ,  CacMnYnBit .
eK)an z.w  r. ei(   ) .
x> RbmaNviFIEckcMnYnkMupøictamTRmg;Gics,:ÚNg;Esül
eKmancMnYnkMupøic z  r ei nig w   ei
Edl r  0 ;   0 ehIy  ,  CacMnYnBit .
eK)an wz  r ei(   ) .
K> sV½yKuNcMnYnkMupøictamTRmg;Gics,:ÚNg;Esül
eKmancMnYnkMupøic z  r ei cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;rWLaTIhV n eK)an ³
z n  r ei   r n ein .
n
 
i i
]TahrN_ ³ eK[cMnYnkMupøic z  2e 6 nig w  3e 12 .
KNna z.w nig wz
     
i(  ) i z 2 i ( 6  12 ) 2 i 12
eK)an z.w  6 e 6 12  6e 4 nig  e
w 3
 e
3

14-Gnuvtþn_cMnYnkMupøickñúgRtIekaNmaRt
k> rUbmnþmMuDúb
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit x eKman cos x 
2
; sin x 
2i
2
 eix  e ix  e 2ix
 e  2ix
2
eK)an cos x   2  
2
4
 
1 e2ix  e i 2 x 1 1 1
cos x  .
2
  cos 2x 
2 2 2 2 2
eKTaj cos 2x  2 cos2 x  1 .
e2ix  e  2ix eix  e ix eix  e ix
ehIy sin 2x  2i  2. 2i . 2
dUcenH sin 2x  2 sin x cos x .
x> rUbmnþmMuRTIb
3
 eix  e ix 
eKman cos x   2 
3
 
e3ix  e 3ix  3(eix  e ix )

8
2 cos 3x  6 cos x cos 3x  3 cos x
 
8 4
eKTaj)an cos 3x  4 cos3 x  3 cos x .

3
 eix  e ix 
ehIy sin x   2i 
3
 
(e3ix  e 3ix )  3(eix  e ix )

 8i
2i sin 3x  6i sin x

 8i
sin 3x  3 sin x

4
eKTaj)an sin 3x  3 sin x  4 sin3 x .
K> rUbmnþplbUk nig pldkénmMuBIr
eKman ei(a b )  eia .eib RKb;cMnYnBit a nig b
eday eia .eib  (cos a  i sin a)(cos b  i sin b)
eiaeib  (cosa cosb  sina sinb)  i(sina cosb  sinb cosa)
ehIy ei(a b)  cos(a  b)  i sin(a  b)
dUcenH cos(a  b)  cos a cos b  sin a sin b
nig sin(a  b)  sin a cos b  sin b cos a .
mü:ageTot ei(ab)  eia .e ib RKb;cMnYnBit a nig b
eday eia .e ib  (cos a  i sin a)(cos b  i sin b)
eiaeib  (cosa cosb  sina sinb)  i(sina cosb  sinb cosa)
ehIy ei(ab)  cos(a  b)  i sin(a  b)

dUcenH cos(a  b)  cos a cos b  sin a sin b

nig sin(a  b)  sin a cos b  sin b cos a .
X> rUbmnþbMElgBIplKuNeTAplbUk
eia  e ia eib  e ib
cos a cos b  .
2 2
ei ( a  b )  ei ( a  b )  e  i ( a  b )  e  i ( a  b )

4
1  ei ( a  b )  e  i ( a  b ) ei ( a  b )  e  i ( a  b ) 
   
2  2 2 
1
cos(a  b)  cos(a  b )
2
dUcenH cos a cos b  12 cos(a  b)  cos(a  b)
eia  e ia eib  e ib
sin a sin b  .
2i 2i
ei ( a  b )  ei ( a  b )  e  i ( a  b )  e  i ( a  b )

4i 2
1  ei ( a  b )  e  i ( a  b ) ei ( a  b )  e  i ( a  b ) 
   
2  2 2 
  cos(a  b )  cos(a  b )
1
2
dUcenH sin a sin b  12 cos(a  b)  cos(a  b)

15-Gnuvtþn_cMnYnkMupøickñúgsIVútcMnYnBit
cMeBaHsIVúténcMnYnBit (an ) EdlepÞógpÞat;TMnak;TMngkMeNIn ³
an  2  pan  1  qan  0 Edl p , q CacMnYnBit
smIkarsmÁal;rbs;sIVútenHKW z 2  pz  q  0
kñúgkrNI   p2  4q  0 smIkarmanb¤sBIrCacMnYnkMupøicqøas;Kña
KW z1 nig z 2 . kñúgkrNIenHedIm,IKNna an eKRtUvGnuvtþn_dUcteTA ³
tagsIVútCMnYy zn  an 1  z1an rYcRsayfa (zn ) CasIVútFrNImaRt
éncMnYnkMupøicmYy.
KNna zn rYcTajrk an .
]TahrN_ eKmansIVúténcMnYnBit (an ) kMNt;eday ³
a0  0 , a1  1 nig an  2  an 1  an
cUrKNna an CaGnuKmn_én n
16-Gnuvtþn_cMnYnkMupøickñúgFrNImaRt
k> cm¶ayrvagBIrcMnuc
x> cMnucEckGgát;tampleFobmYy
K> pleFobRCug nig mMuénRtIekaNkñúgbøg;
X> sMNMucMNuckñúgbøg;kMupøic

Complex 123

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GñkcUlrYmRtYtBinitübec©keTs

elak lwm qun

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½1 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½3 -

]TahrN_ ³ eK[cMnYnkMupøic z1  1  5i nig z 2  1  i . KNna zz1

eK)an zz1  115ii  ((115ii)()(11ii))  1  i151i  5  6 2 4i

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½4 -

Edl c(n, k )  k! (nn! k )! .

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½5 -

dUcenHcMnYnkMupøicBIresμIKñaluHRtaEtEpñkBitesμIKña nig EpñknimμitesμIKña .

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½6 -

]TahrN_1 ³ KNnab¤skaeréncMnYnkMupøic z  21  20i

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½7 -

eK)an  zz1   ac2  bd2  i. bc2  ad2

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½9 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½10 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½11 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½12 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½13 -

X> viucTr½rUbPaBénplKuNcMnYnBit nwg cMnYnkMupøickñúgbøg;kMupøic ³

]bmafa M nig M' CacMnucrUbPaBén z nig z , (   0)

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½14 -

kñúgRtIekaNEkg OMP eKman OM 2  MP 2  OP 2

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½15 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½16 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½17 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½18 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½19 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½20 -

dUcenH zz1  rr1 [cos(  )  i sin(  )] .

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½21 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½22 -

]TahrN_ ³ eK[cMnYnkMupøic z  cos 49  i. sin 49

tamrUbmnþdWmr½eKman z 2  (cos 49  i sin 49 )2  cos 89  i sin 89

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½23 -

]TahrN_ 1 ³ enAkñúgbøg;kMupøic (xoy) eK[ M CacMnucrUbPaBén z  3  i .

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½24 -

ebI M' (z' ) CarUbPaBén M(z ) tambEmøgvilp©it O nigmMu   12 enaHeK)an

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½25 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½26 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½27 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½28 -

dUcenHcemøIyTUeTAénsmIkarKW h(x)  A cos x  B sin x

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½29 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½30 -

]TahrN_1 ³ sresr z  2  2i 3 CaTRmg;Giucs,:ÚNg;Esül ?

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½31 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½32 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½33 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½34 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½35 -

dUcenH cos(a  b)  cos a cos b  sin a sin b

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½36 -

eroberogeday lwm plÁún - TMBr½37 -

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