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MASTER'S THESIS
Jinxia Li
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. II
ABBREVIATION ..................................................................................................................... V
I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1
II. OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................................... 18
III.1. Materials...................................................................................................................... 19
III.2. Methods ....................................................................................................................... 20
III.2.1. Specimens............................................................................................................. 20
III.2.2. Mechanical testing procedures ............................................................................. 20
III.2.3. SEM analysis........................................................................................................ 23
III.2.4. DSC analysis ........................................................................................................ 23
III.2.5. Compressive set testing........................................................................................ 23
A
V. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................. 49
B
PREFACE
This thesis was carried out at the Division of Polymer Engineering at Luleå University of
First of all, I would like to give my special thanks to my supervisor Dr. Lennart Wallström,
for his academic instructions and all the support during this thesis.
I also thank Mr. Johnny Grahn, Lars Frisk and Roberts Joffe for their technical support
and instructions.
I also would like to thank all my colleagues at the Polymer Division for all the help they
gave me.
Finally, I wish to express my gratitude to my family for all their support and
encouragement.
I
ABSTRACT
Blends containing recycled EPDM rubber and thermoplastics, EMA and LDPE were
studied. Two compatibilization methods, reactive and non-reactive, were evaluated. Ethylene
octene copolymer (EXACT 0210) was used as non-reactive compatibilizer. Phenolic resins
(SP1045 & HRJ10518) were reactive agents. There existed an optimal composition of
compatibilizers which were 25wt% in the case of reactive and non-reactive agents added to
HRJ-10518 and SP-1045 was carried out. The former one had better capabilities than the
latter at high compatibilizer content. Talcum was used as anti-agglomeration agent but failed
to work properly. Pressing pressure could be minimized without any adverse effect. Non-
vulcanized rubber was used to enhance tear strength but its effect was small by assuming that
there exists degradation of the interfacial surface at high temperature. SEM analysis revealed
blends showed more plastic deformation of the matrix than reactive blends. Stable connection
between phases was also observed. Tensile strength of the LDPE based blends were a little
lower than that of EMA based blends and the hardness was a little higher. Compared to EMA
based blends, the elongation at break was much lower while the young’s modulus was much
higher with LDPE based blends. Compression set of both LDPE and EMA based blends was
Key words:
Recycled EPDM rubber, unvulcanized rubber, LDPE, EMA, reactive compatibilization, non-
reactive compatibilization, ethylene octene copolymer, phenolic resins, tensile properties, tear
II
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
III
Figure 4.10: Tensile strength of recycled EPDM rubber/EMA blends 33
compatibilized by reactive agent
Figure 4.11: Elongation at break of recycled EPDM rubber/EMA blends 34
compatibilized by reactive agent
Figure 4.12: Tear strength of recycled EPDM rubber/EMA blends 34
compatibilized by reactive agent
Figure 4.13: Young’s Modulus of recycled EPDM rubber/EMA blends 35
compatibilized by reactive agent
Figure 4.14: Hardness of recycled EPDM rubber/EMA blends compatibilized by 35
reactive agent
Figure 4.15: Mechanical properties of recycled tired rubber/EMA blends 36
compatibilized by reactive agents
Figure 4.16: Comparison of mechanical properties of recycled EPDM rubber / 37
EMA blends
Figure 4.17: Effect of pressure on the mechanical properties of recycled EPDM 39
rubber/EMA blends
Figure 4.18: Effect of unvulcanized rubber and blending temperature on tear 40
strength of recycled EPDM rubber/EMA blends
Figure 4.19: DSC analysis of unvulcanized rubber, scanning rate 10 0C /min 41
Figure 4.20: SEM images of recycled EPDM rubber/EMA blends 42
IV
ABBREVIATION
EMA Copolymer of ethylene and methyl acrylate
PE Polyethylene
PP Polypropylene
V
I. INTRODUCTION
vulcanization in 1839. Disposal of used rubber into landfills has become increasingly
prohibitive due to high costs, legislative pressures, public opinion, especially high
environmental stress. Researchers pay much attention to recycling. Many rubber products are
[2]
Rubber recycling encompasses a range of rubber types, Scheirs pointed out that
approximately 94% of all the rubber consumed in the world was thermoset in nature and
tires, other thermoset rubber articles that are entering the recycle stream include drive belts,
The first most important step is processing or reduction of whole tires into useful particle
sizes. Sadhan [1] noted that the processes used for grinding of rubber are based on cutting,
shearing, or impact, depending on the equipment and the grinding conditions. There were
cutting, milling, extrusion, ambient and wet grinding, cryogenic grinding, etc.
Shredded tires are used as filler material in highway construction because they increase
the abrasion resistance and enhance the resilience. Concentrations of tire rubber used for these
sintering (HPHTS) process [1]. The rubber powder in HPHTS is believed to “sintering” due to
rearrangement of chemical bonds across the rubber particle interfaces at elevated temperatures.
1
Since the development of a tire vacuum pyrolysis process from the laboratory to the
industrial scale, the used tires could be converted to carbon black and oil by pyrolysis [1].
Ethylene propylene rubber EPM is a copolymer consisting of ethylene and propylene units
[29]
as part of the main polymer chain. It can be cross-linked with peroxides or radiation but
not sulfur. EPM is used as an ethylene based plastic impact modifier and as a viscosity index
improver for lubricating oils. When a non-conjugated diene is grafted on to the main polymer
chain it becomes a terpolymer, ethylene propylene diene (EPDM, figure 1.1) and interchain
sulfur cross-linking becomes possible. EPDM is largely unaffected by weather with very good
resistance to ozone. Low temperature flexibility is very good and compares well with NR, and
like NR and SBR, EPDM (with a lower polarity than NR) has very poor oil resistance. [29]
The image of the recycled EPDM rubber powder used in this project under microscopy
was shown in Figure 1.2. The recycled EPDM rubber was produced by grinding EPDM
rubber and the size is less than 0.1 mm. The focus on this work was to recycle the EPDM
2
0.1 mm
thermomechanical, and ultrasonic, have been worked out, but they are costly and not suitable
for commercial application, particularly in manufacturing highly engineered produces like tire.
[1]
Sadhan summed up that other alternative is to blend the crumb or ground rubber with a
material having the ability to flow under heat and pressure, so that it can be shaped into useful
articles at a reasonable cost. This can be accomplished by mixing finely ground rubber with
thermoset crosslinked rubbers due to the melt processability of thermoplastics. Today, TPEs
comprise the fastest growing rubber market. TPEs can be processed by a variety of techniques,
such as extrusion blow moulding, injection moulding, vacuum forming and calendaring. So,
production scrap and waste rubber after use can be recycled. Thermoplastic vulcanisates
3
(TPVs) are a particular family of TPEs, which are produced via dynamic vulcanization of
non-miscible blends of a rubber and a thermoplastic, i.e. the selective crosslinking of the
In recent years, TPEs and TPVs have replaced conventional rubbers in a variety of
applications including appliance, automotive, medical, engineering, etc.[1] TPEs are made by
Bhowmick and co-workers [6] considered that the plastic acts as a continuous phase allows for
melt processing of the TPEs, whereas the dispersed rubber phase is responsible for rubber
elasticity and other elastomeric properties of the blends. Various types of thermoplastics are
polyamide, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer and poly (methyl methacrylate). [4]
is used for the manufacture of films and sheets, for injection molding, extrusion coating and
coextrusion. Some of the most lasting effects of the addition of EMA are the lowering of the
improvement in resistance to stress cracking. The thermal stability of the material is so high
that temperatures of 315 to 330 0C can be used for extrusion coating. What is more, with a
melting temperature of 150 0C EMA can be processed on normal LDPE plant to tubular
4
film.[9] We choose EMA to blend with EPDM rubber due to its thermal stability and good
mechanical properties.
Thermoplastics such as PE, PP, and PVC are not only cheap, but also are available in a
wide range of melt index and micro-structure, which can be used for blending with recycled
as recyclate from municipal solid waste and manufacturing waste. This can be used to blend
with scrap rubber, to further reduce product cost and alleviate the current environmental
problems.[1] Considering the low cost, we choose LDPE to blend with EPDM rubber.
In short, there is a great scope for recycling both devulcanized rubber and ground rubber
by blending with plastics. Whereas devulcanized rubber will act as a second polymeric
inorganic fillers such as carbon black, talc, or silica for bonding better with matrix polymer-
I.3. Compatibilization
Datta and Lohse[5] has expressed that the earliest theories of the theories of the
thermodynamics of polymer mixtures (blends and solutions) date back to 1941. The main
equation is the Flory-Huggins-Staverman (FHS) expression for the free energy of mixing two
polymers:
ΔGm φ φ χ
= 1 ln φ1 + 2 ln φ2 + φ1φ2
VRT ν 1 N1 ν 2 N2 ν
Here V is the total volume of the sample, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute
5
fraction of that component, υi is the molar volume of its monomers, and υ is an arbitrary
reference volume (often defined as ν 1ν 2 ). The first two terms represent the combinatorial
entropy of mixing, and the last term comes from the interaction enthalpy; χ is called the Flory
interaction parameter.
The first of these successes is an explanation of why most polymer blends show
essentially no region of miscibility. Since most polymers of commercial interest have degrees
of polymerization of 1000 or more, the first two terms representing the entropy of mixing are
[5]
generally quite small. Datta and lohse has discussed 5 kinds of polymer blend phase
diagram types, and most of their phase diagram is of the “hourglass” type.
Much of the attention must be placed on the interfacial region between the phases in a
[5]
multiphase blend. Firstly, the interactions between the phases occur across the interface,
and so the driving force of phase separation is located there. This generally expressed as an
interfacial tension between the phases, and one of the main mechanisms of compatibilization
is to reduce the interfacial tension between the phases. Further more, the mechanical behavior
of the multiphase system will depend critically on the nature of the interface and its ability to
transmit stresses from one phase to the other. As in many other cases (spherulite boundaries in
of how the blend will respond to stress, that is, of mechanical properties such as tensile
Sadhan et al. [1] had the opinion that the key to success in blending rubber with plastics is
to compatibilize the two components to get satisfactory performance. Since most polymers,
immiscible with each other, their blends undergo phase separation, with poor adhesion
6
between the matrix and dispersed phase. The properties of such blends are often inferior to
Miscibility between the two polymers is best accomplished either by reducing the heat of
reduces the enthalpy of mixing or making it negative. This is best accomplished either by
adding a third component, called a compatibilizer, or by enhancing the interaction of the two
Sadhan et al. [1] summarized that the role of the compatibilization is to:
B. Achieve finer dispersion during mixing. In blending recycled rubber with plastics,
smaller particle size of the ground rubber and deagglomeration during mixing play a major
role.
C. Stabilize the fine dispersion against agglomeration during processing and throughout
D. The ultimate objective is to develop a stable morphology that will facilitate smooth
stress transfer from one phase to the other and allow the product to resist failure under
multiple stresses.
be as simple as possible. It can be assumed here that AB diblock copolymers and single graft
copolymers are more suitable than ABA triblock copolymers and these in turn are better than
multiple graft copolymers and multiple block copolymers. A compatibilizer usually only has a
short time to accumulate at the boundary surface and penetrate into the matrix and into the
7
disperse phase. It should be obvious from the foregoing that simple compatibilizers such as
AB diblock copolymers and single graft copolymers are the most effective.
Good compatibilizers have a tendency to exhibit phase separation. Block and graft
copolymers are most suitable; they can be added or prepared in situ. A compatibilizer consists,
for example, of one block with an affinity for polymer A and one block with an affinity for
polymer B. in the case of graft copolymers, the main chain mixes with one phase and the
Figure 1.3: Various copolymer grades visible at the boundary layer of two polymers.
Brandrup[7] argued that high-molecular compatibilizer are more expensive than low-
material is require; with longer chains, it is at the same time more difficult to accumulate a
sufficient number of chains at the boundary layer. In general there is an optimum molecular
8
I.3.1 nonreactive compatibilizers
As nonreactive compatibilizer, an external plasticizer or a polymeric material such as a
copolymer (preferably a block copolymer, which has chain units similar to both components
of the blend) is added to the blend to achieve compatibilization [1]. Although in many instance
[8]
tri-block copolymers (such as styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) have also been used , as
have random and graft copolymers. Block and graft copolymers reduce the interfacial tension
by spreading at the interface and mixing with both phases through their component parts
which are similar to one phase or the other [1]. In the case of a block copolymer, the chemical
structures of the individual blocks also play an important role. The closer the chemical
structure of the blocks to the chemical structure of the blocks to the chemical structures of the
Figure 1.4: Effect of polar compatibilizer type and compatibilizer loading on Charpy
notched impact strength (kJ/m2) of PP/ midsole compounds [8]
9
Figure 1.5: Effect of nonpolar compatibilizer type and compatibilizer loading on Charpy
notched impact strength (kJ/m2) of PP/scrap dust compounds. [8]
[8]
In P. Phinyocheep’s work , the influence on the impact strength of different types of
compatibilizer was shown in Figure 1.4 and 1.5. It is intuitively obvious that SEBS-g-MA
(kraton) gave the best impact strength of PP/scrap rubber dust compounds (Figure 1.4) and the
compounds compatibilized with SEBS (kraton) have the higher impact strength than with
SBS. These were explained that the EB midblock of the SEBS copolymer gave better
block copolymer in Polypropylene and polystyrene blends, showed that the copolymer having
segments at least partially miscible with the particular component of the blend system were
10
located between homopolymers and formed the interface layer. The localization of the
copolymer at the interface with the block or graft extending into their interface with the block
or graft extending into their respective homopolymer phases not only minimizes the contacts
between the unlike segments of the copolymer and homopolymer but also displaces the two
homopolymer away from the interface, thereby decreases the enthalpy of mixing between
homopolymers, which leads to a better compatibility between phases as well as fine and more
stable morphology.
[11]
Li et al. has studied the compatibilization effect of EVA and ethylene-octylene
copolymer (POE) on the morphology and mechanical properties of HDPE and scrap rubber
powder (SRP) blends, concluded that POE encapsulated SRP Particles and some other POE
dispersed uniformly; while EVA and SRP dispersed separately. Both the impact strength and
Harrats[12] pointed out that physical blending consists of adding a pre-formed copolymer
to compatibilize the blend and reactive blending is based on the in-situ generation of the
discussed in terms of the effect of: - the miscibility of the compatibilizer precursor, - the
chemical reaction initiated during the process of melt-mixing. The in situ formed
compatibilizing agent (block or graft copolymer, crosslinked species, ionic associations, etc.)
reduces the interfacial tension between the immiscible blend components, enhances the
11
adhesion between the phases and, as a consequence, imparts to the blend acceptable
Reactive blending is a very cost-effective process that allows the formulation of new
[12]
multiphase polymeric materials. The copolymer responsible for compatibilization of the
blend components is formed in-situ during the melt-process. It is expected that the reactive
precursors generate the compatibilizing block or graft copolymer at the interface of the
immiscible polymer blend. As a consequence, micelle formation in one or the other phase is
expected to be minor compared to when the pre-made block or graft copolymers are used,
which can easily self-organize in the phase where they are the most energetically stable. This
situation is expected to be more probable in extrusion processes where the residence time is
In this case compatibilization is ensured via the in-situ formation of a block or a graft
between functional groups available on the polymer chains in the blend system. The
functional groups should be selected so that the interfacial reaction occurs within a few
minutes frame tolerated for the processing operation. The generated interchain bonding must
be stable enough to survive the thermal and shearing treatment during the process of blending.
That is due to the limited yield of the interfacial reaction due to the short extrusion time and
It is very important to keep the kinetics and yield aspects of the interfacial reaction in
reactive compatibilization, which means each blend system has its own ‘pack’ of
experimental conditions such as mixing time, mixing temperature, screw design, molecular
weight and reactive group content of the precursors. Although the experimental tuning is
severe, the control of the molecular structure of the compatibilizer generated in-situ remains
12
qualitative. Reactive compatibilization has several advantages, mostly economical, over the
a. The copolymer is made as needed during the melt-blending process and a separate
b. The copolymer is formed directly at the interface between the immiscible polymers
overcome the viscous forces and diffuse to its expected location at polymer-
molecular weight of each of the two distinct polymeric segments in the copolymer
is usually the same as that of the individual bulk polymer phase in which the
The main disadvantage of reactive blending resides in the need to have reactive functional
[12]
Harrats summarized the most commonly used pairs of reactive group in reactive
13
Figure 1.6: Reactive groups commonly encountered in reactive compatibilization. [12]
14
[4]
Nakason et al. has investigated the effect of different compatibilizers on the blends of
rubber and High Density Polyethylene, e.g. tensile strength (Fig 1.7) and elongation at break
(Fig 1.8).
Figure 1.7: Tensile strength of thermoplastic vulcanizates of 60/40 NR/HDPE blends with
various types of blend compatibilizers. [4]
In Nakason’s literature, they show tensile strength for various Thermoplastic vulcanizates
(TPVs) based on NR/HDPE (60/40), blend without and with various types of blend
compatibilizers in figure 6. It can be seen that addition of unmodified phenolic resins and
modified phenolic resin caused a marginal improvement in the tensile strength. However, the
addition of Liquid NR (LNR) lowered the tensile strength of TPVs. However, the addition of
15
LNR lowered the tensile strength of the TPVs. This observation does not agree with other
literature. This might be attributed to a difference in the chemical environment in the present
LNR. The LNR behaved as a processing aid or a plasticizer in the blending system because a
higher elongation at break was observed (Figure 1.8). In blending systems with phenolic
resins (SP-1045 and HRJ-10518), the methylol groups are capable of reacting with the
the TPVs with SP-1045 and HRJ-10518 exhibit a higher tensile strength and elongation at
break than those of the un-compatibilized blend. The TPVs with modified phenolic HDPE
resins also exhibited a greater improvement in tensile strength and elongation at break.
(diameter of screw D=25mm, ratio L/D=23) at different rotor (screw) rotation speeds and
Noyama[17] et al. blended PBT and rubber as follows: melt-mixed in the presence of adipic
acid (content of adipic was 0.4 phr) at 260 0C for 15 min by using a Mini-Max molder (CSI-
183 MMX, Custom Scientific Instruments, Inc.). The blend ratio of PBT and rubber was fixed
The Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPRs) were blended with polypropylene on a Berstorff
co-rotating twin screw extruder (L/D=33, D=25mm) in the A. van der Wal[18] et al. work. A
80/20 vol% PP-EPR master blend was prepared at barrel temperature of 230 0C and a screw
speed of 100rpm. During a second extrusion step, this master blend was diluted to afford
blends with EPR contents of 10 respectively 5 vol%. The second extrusion step was carried
out over the last quarter of the screws to minimize the change in blend morphology.
16
Conditions during the second extrusion step were identical to those during the first extrusion
step.
17
II. OBJECTIVES
The scope of this thesis is to study the possibility of recycling EPDM rubber powder by
the mechanical properties of the blends, that is, which is the better to recycle the
EPDM rubber.
18
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
III.1. Materials
• Recycled EPDM rubber powder was used.
• Low density polyethylene, FA3220, was provided by Borealis A/S (detailed data sheet
(detailed data sheet is listed in appendix B1); this kind of commodity we can buy today
Plastomers V.O.F, The Netherlands (detailed data sheet is listed in appendix C).
• Phenolic resins SP-1045 and HRJ-10518 were supplied by SI Group- Bethune SAS-
19
III.2. Methods
III.2.1. Specimens
compatibilizer and additives was used for each batch (Appendix D).
When unvulcanized rubber was used (Section IV.4), unvulcanized rubber was added first
constant before used. The rotating speed was maintained at 70 rpm.EMA or LDPE was first
introduced into the mixing chamber. When it was totally melted, compatibilizer and rubber
other chemicals (Table 1) were incorporated into the mixing chamber as the mixing schedule
shown in Table 2. The blend, then, was mixed in 10 minutes and compression molded using
at 150oC, 25 MPa in 5 minutes into sheets approximately 1.5 mm thick with hot pressing
equipment (FW-2200 type from P.h.i Pasadena Hydraulics, Inc, USA). Finally, the resulting
using standard dumbbell die C (Fig.3.1). Specimens, then, were mounted on Instron® 4411
tensile testing equipment between two mechanic grips. The initial distance between the two
grips was 70 mm. The testing standard was ASTM-D412-06a using the load cell of 500 N and
20
During the test, the room temperature and humidity were in the range of 210-230C and
27%-35% respectively.
Ingredient Quantity
EMA/LDPE 1-2
Compatibilizer 1
SnCl2 ( if used) 1
EPDM Rubber 10
21
Dimension A B C D D-E F G H L W Z
mm 25 40 115 32 13 19 14 25 33 6 13
Figure 3.1: Standard dumbbell die C for tensile strength test (ASTM-D412-06a)
Figure 3.2: Standard die T for tear strength test (ASTM-D 624-91)
22
III.2.2.2. Hardness testing
The test was carried out under ASTM-D2240 standard using durometer (hardness Shore
A). Standardized hardness-measuring equipment using a sharp needle was applied directly
onto the surface of specimens to measure hardness. Data were averaged over six different
positions.
using standard die T (Fig.3.2). Specimens, then, were mounted on Instron® 4411 tensile
testing equipment between two mechanic grips. A load cell of 500 N was used. Loading speed
SEM, model JSM 6460LV from JEOL Ltd, Japan. A thin film of gold was applied on the
specimen surfaces before analysis. Then, secondary electron images SEI were recorded.
study. Calibration of the instrument was done by the standard material (Indium and Zinc). The
thickness, 13.0 in diameter) and method B was used. Room temperature 230C and 550C was
23
investigated and the time was 72 hours. The percentage change in specimen’s thickness was,
then, measured.
24
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.1 Non-reactive compatibilization
We studied the influence of different non-reactive compatibilizers, EVA, Kraton, MAPE
and1-octene (EXACT 0210) on the tear strength of the EMA and rubber blends. The results
20
18
16
14
8
10
6
4
2
0
5
%
5%
5%
5%
%
5%
20
T5
T1
A1
CT
PE
E1
AC
AC
EM
XA
LD
AP
X
EX
+M
+E
+E
%
5%
5%
15
A1
A1
PE
0
EM
EM
LD
EMA15%+EXACT10% EMA15%+EVA10% EMA15%+Kraton10%
The rest is EPDM rubber
The rest is EPDM rubber
It can be seen form the figure that EXACT was the best compatibilizer in EPDM waste
EXACT increased the tear strength to 16.47 MPa, compared to 9.70 MPa with EVA and 9.62
MPa with Kraton, and the percentage is 70% and 71% respectively; in EMA15wt% +
compatibilizer 15wt% blends, EXACT increased the tear strength 88% compared to
MAPE(18.29 Vs. 9.74 MPa). We can also see from the figure that the mechanical properties
were not increased enough by just adding EXACT, EMA or LDPE. It is necessary to use
investigated in detail. The mechanical properties changes as the content of EXACT increases
(Figure 4.2 to Figure 4.6, the dashed line represents value of blue and black reference
material).
25
8
6
Tensile strength (MPa)
3
10% EMA
2
15% EMA
1 20% EMA
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Content of EXACT (%)
450
400
350
Elongation at break (%)
300
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
26
40
35
30
Young's modulus (MPa)
10% EMA
25 15% EMA
20% EMA
20
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Content of EXACT (%)
The rest is EPDM rubber
25
20
Tear strength (%)
15
10% EMA
10 15% EMA
20% EMA
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Content of EXACT (%)
The rest is EPDM rubber
Figure 4.5: Tear strength of recycled EPDM rubber/EMA blends compatibilized by EXACT
27
90
85
80
Hardness shore A
75
70 10% EMA
15% EMA
65
20% EMA
60
55
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Content of EXACT (%)
The rest is EPDM rubber
It has been found during the experiment that the total amount of EMA and EXACT should
be at least 15wt%; otherwise the blends can not be pressed to a plate strong enough to be
tested.
It could be seen that the tensile strength and the elongation at break increased obviously as
the EMA increased, and increased as the content of EXACT in the beginning and then
decreased after an optimum value. The variations of Young’s modulus with the content of
EXACT are not easy to explain. In the case of 15wt% EMA, young’s modulus were improved
as increased the content of EXACT was increased, and in the case of 10wt% EMA and
20wt% EMA, there exists a maximum value of the modulus as the content of EXACT
increased. The tear strength was improved with increasing the concentration of compatibilizer
28
and EMA, and a small decrease was observed for 20wt% EMA blends. Finally, the hardness
We could also see that there exist maximum values in the tensile strength and elongation
at break (Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3): 7.5wt% EXACT in the case of 10wt% EMA, 25wt%
EXACT in the case of 15wt% EMA and 15wt% EXACT in the case of 20wt% EMA. There is
[19]
a critical volume of compatibilizer in each of the blend component. Nguyen also found a
This phenomenon was also investigated by other researchers [20, 21]. A possible mechanism
for maximum values in tensile strength and strain at break might be the formation of a
[21]
compatibilizer multilayer structure in the interphase . Thus, in stead of going into a single
layer at the interface, resulting in a higher volume fraction, the additional compatibilizer
might simply form additional lamellae. The effective interfacial tension would then remain
more or less constant. Favis et al. [20] explained that the obtained maximum values were due to
the fact that dispersed phase had reached critical domain size which could be ascribed to the
balance of viscous forces tending to break the dispersed drop, and interfacial tension forces
[22]
tending to resist deformation and disintegration. Noolandi and co-workers noted that
critical volume fraction, which is sufficient to saturate the interphase surfaces. They proposed
that micelle formation would be energetically favorable when the concentration of the
interphase region could be expected to remain approximately constant, with the interfacial
29
8
7
EMA15%+EXACT5%
6 EMA15%+EXACT7,5%
Stress at break (MPa)
EMA15%+EXACT10%
5 EMA15%+EXACT12,5%
EMA15%+EXACT15%
4
EMA15%+EXACT20%
EMA15%+EXACT25%
3
EMA15%+EXACT30%
2 EMA20%+EXACT5%
EMA20%+EXACT10%
1 EMA20%+EXACT15%
EMA20%+EXACT20%
0 REFERENCE BLACK
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 REFERENCE BLUE
Elongation at break (%)
The rest is EPDM rubber
the blend containing 20wt% EMA and 15wt% EXACT has the best stress and elongation at
break. This combination also has the best tear strength. However, its Young’s modulus was
relative low. Another blend with 15wt% EMA and 25wt% EXACT had a little lower stress
and elongation at break, but it has a higher Young’s Modulus and the tear strength is the same.
[23]
We have tested talcum as the anti-agglomeration agent . The anti-agglomeration agent
could avoid the dispersed phase agglomerate during blending process in order to improve the
mechanical properties of the blends. 0.3 Gram (1wt%) of talcum was added to the mixture
(70wt%EPDM rubber + 15wt%EXACT + 15wt% EMA) and the results are displayed in
Figure 4.8.
30
7
4
without talcum
talcum 1%
3
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Elongation at break (%)
PE15%+EXACT15% PE15%+EXACT15%
35 25
Young's Modulus (MPa)
30
Tear strength (kN/m)
20
25
20 15
15
10
10
5 5
0 0
without talcum Talcum1% without talcum Talcum1%
Figure 4.8: Effect of talcum on the mechanical properties of 70wt% EPDM rubber +
15wt%EXACT+ 15wt% EMA
As illustrated in Fig.4.8, talcum did not enhance the anti-agglomeration as planned. In fact,
the tensile properties of the blends were decreased since adding talcum destroyed the
interfacial adhesion. This conclusion is identical with another study on waste tire rubber/EMA
blends carried out under the same condition by Nguyen [19], 2008.
HRJ10518, which is the same result we could see from non-reactive compatibilizer EXACT.
31
Due to the fact that all available unsaturated sites in EPDM rubber and EMA molecules were
reacted by methyl groups present in compatibilizers, the blends became less rubber like with
There is a “cross point” (where the two lines crosses) in both tensile strength and tear
strength changing as the content of reactive compatibilizers (Figure 4.10 and 4.12). When the
content of compatibilizer was lower than 15wt%, the strength of the SP1045-based blends
was better; the blends compatibilized by HRJ10518 had higher strength above 15wt%
compatibilizer. The different results were observed by Nguyen [19]. In that study, the tire waste
rubber was the raw material. Nguyen pointed out that stress at break, elongation at break and
tear strength of blends compatibilized by HRJ-10518 were 10% to 50% higher than those of
This cross point phenomenon has the relationship with the structure of SP1045 and
HRJ10518 (Figure 4.9). Both of them are phenolic resins, SP1045 has more complex structure
than HRJ10518. At low compatibilizer content, SP1045 and HRJ10518 both could react with
the un-saturated bonds in the blends, and the use of SP1045 indicate that there is a higher
SP1045-based blends gave a relative higher tensile strength and elongation at break when the
steric obstuction, which makes it harder for SP1045 to reach the interfacial surface and react
with un-saturated sites, as a result the strength of SP1045-based blends could not increase as
According to the supplier, HRJ10518 is a fast curing agent, further more, considerably
higher tensile strength was achieved with HRJ10518-based blends, and consequently, the
combination 15wt% EMA+ 25wt% HRJ10518 + 60wt% EPDM rubber was the best choice
32
Figure 4.9: Molecular structure of reactive agents [6]
A: SP-1045 B: HRJ-10518
6
Tensile strength (MPa)
4
SP1045
3 HRJ10518
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
33
350
300
250
Elongation at break (%)
200
150 SP1045
HRJ10518
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Content of compatibilizer (%)
35
30
25
Tear strength (kN/m)
20
SP1045
15 HRJ10518
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Content of compatibilizer (%)
Figure 4.12: Tear strength of recycled EPDM rubber/EMA blends compatibilized by reactive
agent.(15wt% EMA, 4wt% additives and the rest is EPDM rubber)
34
120
100
Young's Modulus (MPa)
80
60
40 SP1045
HRJ10518
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
100
90
Hardness shore A
80
SP1045
70 HRJ10518
60
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Content of compatibilizer (%)
35
12 190 SP-1045
E l o n g a ti o n a t b r e a k ( % )
SP-1045 170 HRJ-10518
S tr e s s a t b r e a k ( M p a )
HRJ-10518
10 150
130
8 110
90
6 70
50
4 2,5 5 7,5 10
2,5 5 7,5 10 Compatibilizer percentage
Compatibilizer percentage
three phase in the blends, which probably was the reason that the mechanical properties were
not so elevated especially the tensile strength. Therefore, author investigated the properties of
the combinations with higher content of EMA and lower content of compatibilizer. The
results with 35wt% EMA and 5wt% compatibilizer are displayed in figure 4.16. The new
compatibilizer with high tensile strength and elongation at break in the literature [4].
With 35wt% EMA and 5wt% compatibilier blends, see figure 4.16; HRJ10518 gave the
best tensile strength and tear strength compared to EXACT and PhHRJ-PE. The tensile
strength is even a little higher than the blend EMA 15wt% + HRJ 25wt%. The elongation of
35wt% EMA + 5wt% compatibilier blends are considerably higher than the blend EMA
15wt% + HRJ 25wt%, and the HRJ5wt%-based blends had the highest one. Figure 4.16
36
shows that the blends with low compatibilizer content had lower young’s modulus and
relative lower hardness, which means the low content of compatibilizer blends were more
rubber-like elastomers. Considering we need high tensile strength, it is clear that the
combination 35wt%EMA+ 5wt%HRJ is the best choice within low compatibilizer content.
8 600
7
500
E l o n g a ti o n a t b r e a k (% )
6
T e n s i l e s tre n g th (M P a )
400
5
4 300
3
200
2
100
1
0 0
EMA15%+HRJ25% EMA35%+EXACT5% EMA35%+HRJ5% EMA35%+PhHRJ-PE5% EMA15%+HRJ25% EMA35%+EXACT5% EMA35%+HRJ5% EMA35%+PhHRJ-PE5%
The rest is EPDM rubber
The rest is EPDM rubber
100 30
90
25
80
Y o u n g 's M o d u l u s (M P a )
T e a r s tr e n g th (k N / m )
70 20
60
50 15
40
10
30
20 5
10
0 0
EMA15%+HRJ25% EMA35%+EXACT5% EMA35%+HRJ5% EMA35%+PhHRJ-PE5% EMA15%+HRJ25% EMA35%+EXACT5% EMA35%+HRJ5% EMA35%+PhHRJ-PE5%
100
90
80
70
Hardness shore A
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
EMA15%+HRJ25% EMA35%+EXACT5% EMA35%+HRJ5% EMA35%+PhHRJ-PE5%
Figure 4.16: Comparison of mechanical properties of recycled EPDM rubber / EMA blends
37
IV.3 Effect of pressing pressure during plate production
The compression pressure 25MPa was constant in the above analysis. Effect of pressure
on the mechanical properties of recycled EPDM rubber/EMA blends was also studied. The
values were shown in figure 4.17. We could see that there were not remarkable difference of
the mechanical properties depend on the increasing pressure except that an elevation of tensile
strength with HRJ10518-based blends. The elevation might due to the system error, plus the
standard deviation of the point is quite large, that is, the elevation could be ignored when the
process was replaced by extrusion. Thus, the compression pressure did not have much
influence on the mechanical properties of the recycled EPDM rubber/ EMA blends. This
result was also carried out bye Nguyen with tire rubber/EMA blends [19].
8
450
400 7
350 6
E longation at break (% )
300
5
250
4
200
150 3
EMA15%+EXACT25%
100 EMA15%+EXACT25% 2 EMA15%+HRJ20%
EMA15%+HRJ20%
50
1
0
2,5 6,25 12,5 25 0
2,5 6,25 12,5 25
Pressure (MPa)
Pressure (MPa)
The rest is EPDM rubber The rest is EPDM rubber
90 25
80
20
70
Young's M odulus (M Pa)
60
15
50
EMA15%+EXACT25%
40
10 EMA15%+HRJ20%
30
20
EMA15%+EXACT25% 5
10 EMA15%+HRJ20%
0 0
2,5 6,25 12,5 25 2,5 6,25 12,5 25
Pressure (MPa) Pressure (MPa)
The rest is EPDM rubber The rest is EPDM rubber
38
The rest is EPDM rubber
100
90
80
70
Hardness shore A
60
50 EMA15%+EXACT25%
EMA15%+HRJ20%
40
30
20
10
0
2,5 6,25 12,5 25
Pressure (MPa)
Figure 4.17: Effect of pressure on the mechanical properties of recycled EPDM rubber/EMA
blends
amount of unvulcanized rubber (1 part per 9 parts of the recycled EPDM rubber) was added to
At the same blending temperature 1400C, the tear strength did not change much with
adding the unvulcanized rubber. As the temperature increases, EXACT-based blends and high
HRJ10518 content-based blend just cause minor change in tear strength. In the case of low
[25]
Loo studied the physical properties of natural rubber with different vulcanization
temperature 140-200 0C, noted that high vulcanization temperatures (for example 180-200 0C)
produce vulcanizates with inferior physical properties and pointed out that less than 1 site of
scission per 100 crosslinked isoprene units was established in the temperature range of 140-
39
properties at high cure temperature was attributed to lower state of crosslinking and changed
We could see from the DSC analysis of unvulcanized rubber (figure4.19) that the start of
the vulcanizing is at 1600C, the vulcanizing peak is at 1900C and full vulcanization is at 2100C.
With low content of HRJ10518, at 1650C, the increasing rubber-rubber linkage was dominant,
at higher temperature, as a result, the tear strength increased; at 1800C, the exothermal heat of
vulcanization was much higher, thus the increasing rubber-rubber linkage would be quite
higher, however, the tear strength was not elevated, that is because the lower rubber-EMA
compatibility caused by the higher temperature. The tear strength of the high HRJ10518
content-based and EXACT-based blends did not change due to the high content of
compatibilizer. As a conclusion, this results show that a low content of compatibilizer with
20
15
10
0
10/0 @ 140◦C 9/1 @ 140◦C 9/1 @ 165◦C 9/1 @ 180◦C
Used rubber/unvulcanized rubber
Figure 4.18: Effect of unvulcanized rubber and blending temperature on tear strength of
recycled EPDM rubber/EMA blends.
40
Figure 4.19: DSC analysis of unvulcanized rubber, scanning rate 10 0C /min.
the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both reactive and non-reactive
EXACT based blends show more plastic deformation of the matrix than the blends
It is also observed that there is a good connection between the dispersed phase and the
41
A. Fracture surface of 20wt%EMA+15wt%EXACT
A.EXACT0210
42
B. SP1045 C. HRJ10518
Figure 4.21: Phase connection of recycled EPDM rubber/EMA blends
A study of the properties of LDPE/recycled EPDM rubber blends, EMA /recycled EPDM
rubber blends were performed, the results are shown in Figure 22-24.
In figure 22, we can see the Comparison of the properties of the blends with recycled
EPDM rubber and LDPE or EMA compatibilized by EXACT. As the content of EXACT
increased, elongation at break and tensile strength were improved in both LDPE and EMA
blends, but in all the blends that were investigated, the tensile strength and elongation at break
of the EMA blends are higher than in the LDPE blends. Since the tensile strength of LDPE
(25MPa) is higher than EMA (OPTENE 15MPa), it is indicated that the effect of the use of
EXACT as a compatibilizer is more effective in the case of EMA/EPDM blends. LDPE based
blends have a much higher Young’s modulus compared to EMA based blends, as shown in
figure 4.22. While the tear strength of the LDPE based blends was much higher than EMA
based blends at high EXACT content. LDPE based blends could be selected when high tear
strength and stiffness are acquired. Since the stiffness of LDPE based blends was clearly
higher, the hardness should be higher, that was proved in Figure 4.22.
43
400 8
350 7
300 6
Elongation at break (%)
200 4
150 3
100 EMA15%
2
LDPE15%
50 EMA15% 1
LDPE15%
0 0
EXACT5% EXACT15% EXACT25% EXACT5% EXACT15% EXACT25%
70 35
60 30
50 25
Young's Modulus (MPa)
30 15
EMA15%
LDPE15%
20 10
10 5
0 0
EXACT5% EXACT15% EXACT25% EXACT5% EXACT15% EXACT25%
100
90
80
70
Hardness shore A
60
50
40
30
EMA15%
20
LDPE15%
10
0
EXACT5% EXACT15% EXACT25%
The properties of the blends with recycled EPDM rubber and LDPE or EMA using HRJ as
compatibilizer were shown in figure 4.23. The tensile stress of LDPE based blends have the
same tendency as EMA based blends with increasing amount of HRJ, while the elongation at
break and tear strength of LDPE based blends were decreased by adding more reactive
44
compatibilizer HRJ. At high the content of HRJ, the Young’s modulus of this kinds of blends
were too high compared to the rubber like material. In the future work there should be focus
on the lower content of HRJ concerning LDPE based blends. The hardness of the two kinds of
350 8
300 7
6
Elongation at break (MPa)
250
100
2
EMA15% EMA15%
50 LDPE15%
LDPE15% 1
0 0
HRJ 5% HRJ 15% HRJ 25% HRJ 5% HRJ 15% HRJ 25%
250 30
25
200 EMA15%
EMA15% LDPE15%
Young's Modulus (MPa)
LDPE15% 20
Tear strength (MPa)
150
15
100
10
50 5
0
0 HRJ 5% HRJ 15% HRJ 25%
HRJ 5% HRJ 15% HRJ 25%
100
90
80
70
Hardness shore A
60
50
40
30
20 EMA15%
LDPE15%
10
0
HRJ 5% HRJ 15% HRJ 25%
45
EM Elongation at break (%)
EM
A2
A2 Young's Modulus (MPa)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0% 0%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
+E
+E XA
XA C
C T1
T1 5%
5%
LD LD
PE PE
2 2 0%
0%
+E
+E XA
XA C
C T1
T1 5 %
5 %
Hardness shore A
EM
A2
0%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
+E EM EM
XA A3 A3
5%
CT 5% +H
15 +H RJ
% RJ 5%
LD 5%
PE
20 LD
% LD PE
+E PE 3 5%
XA 35
% +H
CT +H R
15 R J5
%
% J5
%
The rest is EPDM rubber
+H +E +E
R XA XA
J CT CT
5% 15 15
% %
LD LD
LD PE PE
PE 20 20
35 % %
+E +E
% XA XA
+H CT CT
RJ 15 15
5% % %
LD LD
PE PE
35 35
% %
+H +H
RJ RJ
5% 5%
Figure 4.24: Mechanical properties of the blends: EMA/EPDM and LDPE/EPDM ( the
46
The rest is EPDM rubber
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
ac ac
k k
re re
fe fe
re re
nc nc
e e
m m
at at
er er
ia ia
l l
23,245
33,771
Bl Bl
ue ue
re re
fe fe
re re
nc nc
e e
m m
at at
er er
ia ia
l l
21,789
33,496
EP EP
D D
M M
65 65
% %
B
A
+E +E
M M
A2 A2
0% 0%
+E +E
XA XA
temperature 23 0C
CT CT
1 1 5%
5%
EP
78,175
EP
72,656
D D
M M
65 65
% %
+L +L
D D
PE PE
20 20
% %
+E +E
XA XA
CT CT
15 15
% %
68,860
63,759
47
We chose the two best combinations: 20wt% thermoplastics + 15wt%EXACT and 35wt%
thermoplastics + 5wt% HRJ. The thermoplastics are LDPE and EMA, see figure 4.24. We
could see that the tensile strength, and the tear strength of the LDPE based blends are less
compared to EMA based blends, the hardness is a little higher. However, compared to EMA
based blends, the elongation at break is much lower while the Young’s modulus is much
higher, compared to the reference material. The problems of LDPE based blends are to
Comparison of compression set is shown in figure 4.25. Both EMA and LDPE based
blends have higher compression set compared to the reference material at 55 0C and room
[28]
temperature. Sutanto and co-workers pointed out that the higher compression set of the
revulcanizate was the consequence of its lower crosslink density compared to that of the
virgin rubber. Except for the lower crosslink density caused by processing, the adding of
thermoplastics LDPE and EMA was also the reason due to the higher compression set. LDPE
based blends contributed to a lower compression set than EMA based blends, about 10%.
48
V. CONCLUSIONS
• EXACT 0210 is a more appropriate non-reactive compatibilizer than EVA and Kraton-
G.
• The total weight of thermoplastic and compatibilizer should be higher than 15wt% to
15wt% EMA /EPDM blends, it was 25 wt% in reactive and non-reactive compatibilizer,
respectively.
• EXACT 0210 would be a good choice if high elongation at break is desired and reactive
the structure of their molecular structure. SP-1045 possessed a more complex structure
with ether group in molecule while HRJ-10518 did not. It was, thus, easier for HRJ-
10518 to reach interfacial surface and react with un-saturated sites at high content.
• Talcum did not enhance the anti-agglomeration. In fact, talcum destroyed the interfacial
• Pressing pressure during the production of the test samples can be minimized without
any adverse effect on mechanical properties of recycled EPDM rubber and EMA blends
• Recycled rubber mixed with non-vulcanized rubber and incorporated into the mixing
increasing rubber-rubber linkage was dominant, the tear strength increased. At 1800C,
the tear strength was not increased due to the worse compatibility of rubber-EMA at the
49
higher temperature. On the other hand, the tear strength of the high HRJ10518 content-
based blend and high EXACT content based blend did not change because the
temperature.
• EXACT containing blends show more plastic deformation of the matrix than the blends
• Good connection between the dispersed phase and the matrix was established by
• Tensile strength, tear strength of the LDPE based blends are less, the hardness is higher,
the elongation at break is much lower and the Young’s modulus is much higher than the
• Compression set of the blends containing the recycled EPDM rubber/EMA and the
50
VI. FUTURE WORK
• Studies on the blends of recycled EPDM rubber and LDPE should be carried out in
elongation at break of the blends by changing blend ratio, amount and the kinds of
compatibilizer.
• Instead of EMA and LDPE, the investigation on recycled EPDM rubber with PP, PA
• The melt index of EXACT used in this thesis is 10 dg/min, while the EXACT with melt
index 1 has better tensile strength (35MPa compared to 17MPa), so EXACT 0201 or
agglomeration agent(s) should be studied and applied to the blends to improve the
mechanical properties.
• Compression set represented the elastic recovery ability of the rubber, so to reduce the
51
VII. REFERENCES
1. Sadhan K.De., Avraam I.I., Klementina K., Rubber recyling. New York: CRC Press,
2005
2. Scheirs L., Polymer recycling. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1998
6. Bhowmick A.K., Chiba T., Inoue T., Reactive processing of rubber-plastic blends:
Role of chemical compatibilizer. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 50, 1993, 2055-2064
10. Yun-yan Li, Ya wang, Wei-qing li, Jing Sheng, Compatibilization of Styrene-
Butadiene-Styrene Block Copolymer in Polypropylene/Polystyrene Blends by
Analysis of Phase Morphology, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2007, 103: 365-
370
52
11. Yan Li, Yong Zhang, Yinxi Zhang, Morphology and mechanical properties of
HDPE/SRP/elastomer composites: effect of elastomerpolarity, Polymer Testing 2004,
23: 83-90
12. Charef Harrats, Gabriel Groeninckx, Reactive processing of polymer blend using
reactive compatibilization and dynamic crosslinking: phase morphology control and
microstructure- property relations, 2004 kluwer Academic Publishers, printed in the
Netherlands. Modification and blending of synthetic and natural macromolecules, 155-
199
13. N. Dharmarajan, S. Datta, G. Ver Strate and L. Ban, compatibilized polymer blends of
isotactic polypropylene and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, polymer 1995, 36:
3489-3861
14. Fumio Ide and Akira Hasegawa, studies on polymer blend of nylon 6 and
polypropylene or Nylon 6 and polystyrene using the reaction of polymer, Journal of
applied polymer science 1974, 18: 963-974
17. Takashi Aoyama, Angola Juan Carlos, Hiromu Saito, Takashi Inoue, Yasushi Niitsu,
Strain recovery mechanism of PBT/rubber thermoplastic elastomer, polymer 1999, 40:
3657-3663
18. A. van der Wal, A.J.J Verheul, R.J Gaymans, Polypropylene-rubber blends: 4. The
effect of the rubber particle size on the fracture behaviour at low and high test speed,
polymer 1999, 40: 6057-6065
53
20. B. D. Favis, Polymer Communications: Phase size/interface relationships in polymer
22. Jaan Noolandi, Kin Ming Hong, Effect of Block Copolymers at a Demixed
357-365
27. Rabindra Mukhopadhyay and Sadhan K. De, Effect of vulcanization temperature and
54
29. An Introduction to Rubber Technology, By: Ciesielski, Andrew, 1999 Rapra
55
Appendix A1. Low density polyethylene data sheet
56
Appendix A2. EMA copolymer data sheet
57
58
Appendix B. EXACT 0210 data sheet
59
Appendix C. SP-1045 & HRJ -10518 data sheet
60
61
Appendix D. SAMPLE LIST (wt%)
EXACT HRJ- ADDITIVE
ID Rubber EMA SP-1045
0210 10518 S
1 85.0 10 5 0 0 0
2 82.5 10 7.5 0 0 0
3 80.0 10 10 0 0 0
4 77.5 10 12.5 0 0 0
5 75.0 10 15 0 0 0
6 80.0 15 5 0 0 0
7 77.5 15 7.5 0 0 0
8 75.0 15 10 0 0 0
9 72.5 15 12.5 0 0 0
10 70.0 15 15 0 0 0
11 65.0 15 20 0 0 0
12 60.0 15 25 0 0 0
13 55.0 15 30 0 0 0
14 75.0 20 5 0 0 0
15 70.0 20 10 0 0 0
16 65.0 20 15 0 0 0
17 60.0 20 20 0 0 0
18 76.0 15 0 0 5 4
19 73.5 15 0 0 7.5 4
20 71.0 15 0 0 10 4
21 68.5 15 0 0 12.5 4
22 66.0 15 0 0 15 4
23 61.0 15 0 0 20 4
24 56.0 15 0 0 25 4
25 51.0 15 0 0 30 4
62
26 76.0 15 0 5 0 4
27 73.5 15 0 7.5 0 4
28 71.0 15 0 10 0 4
29 68.5 15 0 12.5 0 4
30 66.0 15 0 15 0 4
31 61.0 15 0 20 0 4
32 56.0 15 0 25 0 4
33 51.0 15 0 30 0 5
34 80 15 5 0 0 0
35 70 15 15 0 0 0
36 60 15 25 0 0 0
37 76 15 0 5 4
38 66 15 0 15 4
39 56 15 0 25 4
40 65.0 20 15 0 0 0
41 56 35 0 0 5 4
63
Appendix E. Price Index list of materials (reference value
only)
Kraton G 5.4-5.9
EXACT-0210 1.6
HRJ-10518 6.6
SP-1045 5.5
64