ISSN 2042-2687

Practical Astronomy

Balcony Computer Control

April 2010
Remote Control Telescopes
Naked Eye Globular Challenge
Southern Wonder Carina
Radio Reports
Practical Astronomy April 2010

In this month’s issue..

First Light
3 COMPUTER CONTROL
DIY remote control focusing, plus (balcony) image capture Welcome to
the April
5 REMOTE TELESCOPE issue of
Controlling the mount with last month’s crafty method Practical
Astronomy
6 SOUTHERN WONDER
A tour of southern hemisphere constellation Carina This month,
I’m delighted
7 YOUR EVENTS COMING SOON to bring you no less than five
Advertise your non-commercial events here new article writers, from five
new countries.. Brazil, Italy,
8 NAKED EYE CHALLENGES Netherlands, Syria and USA!
A trio of globular clusters (can you see them?) And with other contributors
9 RADIO SOLAR BURST REPORT making welcome return visits,
this is becoming quite an
Storms hit the radio waves International family.
10 SUPER SID AND JOVE NEWS FROM INDIA News of particular success
Inauguration, observing and a broadcasting contract comes from India (p10). I’m
sure you will join with me, to
11 SPRING NIGHT SKY GUIDE congratulate Divyadarshan on
Script for a guided observing session for beginners his upcoming national radio
shows.
12 READERS’ IMAGE GALLERY
Your astronomical images There’s quite a lot in this
issue, including a southern
13 PRACTICAL CONSTELLATIONS hemisphere article, so do give
Astronomy and mythology - this time, Ursa Minor it a good read. Please drop
by the feedback page, to let
14 SKY VIEW - APRIL me know what you think and
Maps of the Night Sky - looking East, South, West, North suggest ways to improve.

18 OBSERVERS’ DELIGHTS Clear skies and all the best,

Special observing sights not to miss this month Kevin Brown

You will also find related resources in the Members’ Area Sponsored By CADSAS.com
(subscribe to get the password, if you’ve not done so yet)

Practical Astronomy April 2010 Practical Astronomy magazine is published monthly

Editor: Kevin Brown FRAS
editor@practicalastronomy.com
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online. ISSN 2042-2687
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Compensation disclosure: may contain advertising
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©2010 All contents copyright. No reproduction
without express permission.

Practical Astronomy April 2010 2

Computer Control: Telescope Focusing
Computer contro!ed balcony observation
I am a newbie in astronomy. I bought my first
telescope, a Seben Newtonian, soon replaced
by a Bresser Mars Explorer refractor, at
Christmas 2009.
I was immediately very surprised by the things
you can see on a winter night, even in a small
and light-polluted town like the one I live in. So
I decided to move on to astrophotography and
bought a telescope adapter, for my old Nikon
Coolpix 950.
Focusing troubles
After a few experiments with the Moon, I found
that the trickiest part was getting a good focus:
all images came out a bit too “soft” and slightly
out of focus.
The problem was that in the ocular of the
telescope and in the viewfinder of the camera,
the images looked fine, but once downloaded
and at higher resolution, the pictures were not
so perfect. Also the procedure of checking the
images and refocusing, was quite boring.
The computer project begins
So I decided to build a computer-driven
motorized focus wheel, to improve accuracy
and speed.
By Andrea Chiantore, Italy
I had some spare parts from an old stop-motion
project, a couple of Hitec Servo motors, with
their serial port PC controller, some “Meccano”
parts from my youth, some knowledge of
VisualBasic.net and a joypad. So I mixed them
all together!
Servo motor attached to focus wheel
I modified the servos for continuous rotation (I
needed only one) and built a very rough rig with
Meccano and adhesive tape, to allow the motor
to drive the focus wheel of my telescope.
Creating the software
Then I wrote some very simple software in VB,
to drive the motor rotation and I tuned the
speed of the motor and duration of the impulse,
to allow fine control.
At this stage, my motor was able to drive the
focus wheel, allowing small movements in both
directions, by pushing two buttons on my VB
application.
I was quite pleased with the results, but I
decided to make control even easier, so I wrote
a routine that allows direct keyboard control.
Now I can push the key A on my keyboard and
the motor goes counter clockwise and if I hit
key S, it goes clockwise.
Last but not least, I connected an old joypad
and “keyboard mapped” its left and right trigger
Practical Astronomy April 2010 3
Computer Control: Telescope Focusing (cont.)
buttons, with a freeware software called
joytokey by Electracode.
I decided not to use DirectX Inputs directly in
my code for compatibility issues and to be able
Schematic of the linking arrangements
to use eventually, other peripherals like external
numeric pads to control the motor.
Servo motor interface, lynxmotion SSC-32
(wi! soon be boxed)
It worked fine. I could focus my telescope just
by looking into it and hitting the triggers on my
gamepad. Smooth movement and very few
vibrations!
Adding a connected DSLR camera
In the meantime I received the last piece of
hardware I needed.. a used, but mint condition,
By Andrea Chiantore, Italy
Canon EOS 350D with a T2 ring, occular
adapter and software.
I put it all together and the results were
amazing! I pointed my telescope to the Moon,
roughly focused with the joypad and clicked
My PC automatically downloaded the pics (I
linked the camera and the PC too) and this
allowed me to directly check the image quality.
I fine-tuned the focus with my joypad and in no
more than 5 minutes, I got the right image!
Another advantage of servo control on the focus
wheel, is that it's very firm. It keeps the focus
wheel in position, by opposing a remarkable
torque, so it's very difficult to accidentally lose
the focus.
What’s next?
Next upgrades will be refining the rig, eventually
using some bi-component moldable resin, to
improve soundness and give a better look.
Now, my next objective is to go on to deep sky
photography. I'll keep you updated with the
results!
I hope this little
experience of mine is
interesting for you,
and a big thank you
to Kevin for his
interest and support.
Andrea Chiantore
Practical Astronomy April 2010 4
Remote Telescope: Applying Last Month’s Article
By Henry de Klerk, the Netherlands

A reader tests out Terry Martin’s remote control

method, as published here last month.
Hello fellow astronomers,
I am Henry and live in the Netherlands. Not
always clear skies here. But sometimes you
have success...
On Tuesday evening, the sky was very clear
indeed. So clear that I polar aligned my
EQ6 mount, for the first time in the two
years I have owned it!
All this time, I've never a good enough sky
to do this.
I own the following instruments - a (Meade)
SN8, 127 Mak, 80mm ED refractor and a
DMK AS21 camera. I make images of the
Moon and the planets and explore deep-
sky.
The latest article about “distance control of
a telescope” in Practical Astronomy (March
2010), made me want to try it also - it's
better to sit in a warm place, where the
wind doesn't interfere!
So I bought a 20m Cat 5 cable and a
coupler, but as I have the EQ6 and not a
Meade, there were some differences. The
Meade has a Cat 5 on the mount, whereas A fellow astronomer said to me “too little amps
the EQ6 has a RS232, so I have to couple the for that distance - use a shorter cable”. So I
RS232 on the mount with the RJ45 connector. did.. this time, a 10m cable. And success!
The other side of the coupler connects to the Now I can control the mount from the garage.
20m Cat5 cable and at the end of the cable, is Ideal in a windy country like the Netherlands.
the HBX controller from Sky-Watcher. Power-
Thanks for the article.
on, the display lit up, but no control of the
stepper motors... it didn't work. Clear skies, Henry

Dear Kevin Brown
Thanks for your magazine, for me it is now
essential fun and reference for my new interest in
this field.
I have spent most of my life looking down through
our Earth, using geosciences and petroleum tools,
finding and extracting petrol. I even did a PhD on
this in France. But I didn’t get my time and
amusement by discovering the necessary
underground... perhaps only the less. From hereby
my 60s age, I am trying to put down my 1st step in
this new domain.
I am just preparing myself for that. I am just
surprised how small we are, in God’s universe, but
READER’S LETTER
as a believer, I understand
why we are ordered to
think about ourselves and the universe.
Anyhow, thinking scientifically, even as a beginner
to astronomy, has a great interest. Thus, I am
looking to get more time for further knowledge of
this very exciting domain.
My thanks again and I feel happy for the
opportunity to see some of your efforts Sir.
Sincerely,
Dr. Aldelaimi Shallal (Thank you. Ed.)

Practical Astronomy April 2010 5

Southern Wonder: Constellation Carina
By Vitor Lins e Silva Mazzi!i, Brazil

Carina: A Southern Wonder From there you will visit the great lady of the
I started on astronomy a few years ago. Since southern skies NGC 3372, the Key Hole
then, I have run a small blog called Nuncius Nebula and Eta Carina. It will be easy to find,
Australis. It is devoted to some southern being a naked eye object at dark places.
wonders that are easy visible from urban skies. Through the finder you will notice all the
splendor. I do like it on low magnification.
I do live in a huge city (Rio de Janeiro) and I do
most of my observation from my apartment If you have enough resolving power in your
window. Fortunately, I live on the 15th floor and scope, you should increase magnification and
have a clear view of the south horizon. Also go for the Homunculus. Also in the area, you
fortunately, this faces the sea, so the light also notice open clusters involved.
pollution is not the problem you would expect in Just a bit North, less than a scope field, you will
a city of six million
people.
One of my favorite VELA
constellations is
Carina - it’s seated Canopus
on the Milky Way, in
an amazing way. I
expect to present
here, some of the CARINA
most beautiful
targets for those
under the equator.
All the deep sky
targets I mention, VOLANS
are easy prey with
small scopes and
binoculars and are
a must if you visit
the southern skies. see the nice open cluster NGC3293. And then
going south from the nebula, you will see a
First of all you should find Canopus. It’s an easy
personal favorite of mine, NGC 3532. Shining at
target if you’re south of Miami and is
3.0 mag, it’s a very concentrated open cluster
circumpolar for those south of 37deg S. It’s the
and like a “bunch of salt’ against a dark sky.
second brightest star in the night sky.
A bit more discrete and shining at 4.2 mag, is
Following the constellation you will find another
3114. Also a nice target.
famous asterism, the False Southern Cross
that involves Avior (Epsilon Carina), Turalis (Iota And finishing the tour, I present IC2391. It’s
Carina), Kappa and Delta Velorum. actually located in the constellation of Vela, but
See the map above (the deep sky wonders I I believe that should be presented in this list.
present, are there). Really nice and first described by Lacaille, it’s a
gem that must be visited. Easy to find, just by
You should start your tour at IC 2602, the
the side of Delta Velorum, on the False Cross.
Southern Pleiades. Theta Carina is included
and easy visible. On a good night you will notice Good skies.
some nebulosity around, even with the naked
eye. It’s wonderful through the finder or
binoculars.

Practical Astronomy April 2010 6

Your Events: Coming Soon
Please use this magazine for free publicity for your astronomy events. Just send details to
editor@practicalastronomy.com. Your event details will go out to thousands of readers worldwide.

PS. You might not get quite as big an advertisement as this one.. Guildford AS were quick off the mark!

Practical Astronomy April 2010 7

Naked Eye Challenges: Trio Of Globular Clusters
April is here, and so, hopefully, is warmer
weather.
How better to welcome the Spring than
searching out some great star clusters? And
what’s more, these objects can be regarded as
a challenge to observe with the naked-eye!
It goes without saying that the following
procedure will help your observing: be sure to
use averted vision, and make sure that your
eyes are well and truly dark-adapted.
In fact, try and get as far away as possible from
civilization and its attendant light pollution.
First, Messier 68
Let’s begin our observations by looking at
Messier 68.
This is a definite challenge to naked-eye
observers, where perfect seeing will be needed.
However, for those of us who are unable to
escape from suburbia then this appears only as
a small, hazy patch in binoculars, but is rather a
nice cluster in telescopes, with an uneven core
and faint halo. Under low magnification, some
faint structure or mottling can be glimpsed
which under medium to high magnification
resolves itself as a myriad assembly of stars.
Now, Messier 3
Now let’s look at Messier 3. This is a splendid
object, and can be regarded as a good test for
the naked eye. It is naturally easily seen in
binoculars, and if using giant binoculars with
perfect seeing, some stars may be resolved. A
beautiful and stunning cluster in telescopes, it
easily rivals M13 in Hercules. It definitely shows
Messier NGC R.A. Dec.
68 4590 12h 39.5m -26deg 45’
3 5272 13h 42.2m +28deg 23’
53 5024 13h 12.9m +18deg 10’
By Dr Mike Inglis, USA
pale coloured tints, and many observers report
colours including, yellow, blue and even green;
in fact, it is often quoted as the most colourful
globular in the northern sky.
M3 is full of structure and detail including
several dark and mysterious tiny dark patches.
Many of the stars in the cluster are also
variable. One of the three brightest clusters in
the northern hemisphere, it is relatively close at
a distance of about 35,000 light years.
Finally, Messier 53
Our final object is worthy of the description
challenging, Messier 53. This is one of the
most, if not, the most, challenging globular
cluster to observe with the naked-eye in the
entire sky.
An often ignored globular cluster, which is a
shame as it is a nice object it contains about
100,000 stars, none of which are resolved in
binoculars, through which it will appear as a
faint hazy patch with a brighter centre, located
in a star field.
Telescopes show a nice symmetrical glow with
a concentrated core. Some observers report a
coloured hue to the cluster ñ what do you see?
It stands up nicely to magnification, and indeed
is a lovely sight in telescopes of aperture 10 cm
and greater. In order to resolve the cluster
completely, large aperture telescopes will be
required.
Dr Mike Inglis is a British astronomer now working in
the USA. His latest book, Astrophysics is Easy was
recently published by Springer.
Date of transit Magnitude Size (arc
mins)
April 1st 7.6 11’
April 17th 5.9 19’
April 9th 7.7 13’
Practical Astronomy April 2010 8
Radio Astronomy: Solar Burst Report
By Whitham D. Reeve, Alaska USA

Solar Burst at 20 MHz

27th February 2010
The Sun has been
radio-active lately with
some interesting bursts
in the 20 MHz
frequency band.
The images include a
couple of bursts, a
weaker one starting
about 1927:00 UTC
with two interesting
peaks and lasting about
1 minute and another
much stronger burst,
starting about 1928:19
UTC with several peaks.
The first chart shows
the full range of the
hotter burst and the
second chart shows
more detail.
The temperature of the
hotter burst, shown on
the vertical scale of the
first chart, is inaccurate
because it is much
stronger than the
calibration range of the
receiver output.
The charts were made
using the Radio Jove
Receiver with a 3-
element Yagi antenna
and Radio-SkyPipe
software.

PLEASE NOTE:
Full size images (with scales you can read) are available in the Members’ Area

Practical Astronomy April 2010 9

Radio Astronomy: SID And Jove News From India
Reports (om Divyadarshan D Purohit, India

Our radio astronomy contributor from India, is now a radio

celebrity..
Very pleased to report here the news that Divyadarshan has a six
month contract with All India Radio (AIR), the Government national
radio station, to broadcast shows about his radio astronomy work.
This follows on from the recent inauguration of his Super SID (Sudden
Ionospheric Disturbance) observatory, on 19th February.

Press coverage of the inauguration event Explaining and educating

SID observations, sunrise and sunset on 23rd February 2010, may be found in the Members’ Area.

Meanwhile, his work continues with Radio Jove, monitoring radio transmissions from the Sun
and Jupiter...

He writes,
“Dear Friends,
Here is a powerful Solar
storm observed during solar
observation from Gurudev
observatory, Vadodara,
India. It’s likely from
sunspot no.1045. Kindly
have a look and send
comments if any.”
Solar storm recorded on 12th February 2010

A sound recording of this Solar storm is available in the Members’ Area

Practical Astronomy April 2010 10

Spring Night Sky Guide: Beginners’ Talk Script
This is the script for a guided beginners’ observing session, in March/April 2010
Guide to the Spring Night Sky
As it begins to get dark, after the Sun has set,
the stars will become visible (if it's not cloudy of
course!)
The first stars to appear are the brightest ones in
our sky. These are often called First Magnitude
stars, after the system for classifying the
apparent brighness of stars, as we see them.
This star magnitude system was first developed
2000 years ago, by a Greek astronomer called
Hipparchus. He classified the stars he could see
with the naked eye, as magnitude 1 through to 6,
with 1 being the brightest and 6 the faintest he
could see, in perfectly dark, clear skies.
Nowadays, electronic sensors are used to
measure the brightness accurately, but the same
basic magnitude system is still used.
Today, each magnitude decrease means the star
appears 2.5 times brighter, so a mag 1 star is 2.5
times brighter than a mag 2 star. On this accurate
system, the brightest stars have a magnitude of
around zero, or even negative.
The brightest star in our sky (apart from the Sun
of course) is Sirius (which you can see low in the
South) at mag -1.4, in the constellation of Canis
Major (greater dog). It’s very close at just 8 LY.
Sirius is a double star, with a mag 8 white dwarf
(it was the first of these discovered and is only
the size of Earth, so it’s difficult to see).
Other bright stars to point out are the “twins” of
Gemini (high in the South).. these are white
Castor at mag 1.6 and orange Pollux, slightly
brighter at mag 1.2.
Castor is a double star in small telescopes, but is
actually a 6 star system (by spectroscopy).
And between Gemini and Sirius, we can see
Procyon (from the Greek for "before the dog",
because it rises before Sirius) at mag 0.4. Like
Sirius, it's also one of the nearest stars to us, at
"just" 11 LY away.
At present, we can also see the planet Mars
close to Gemini’s twins. It’s not a star, of course
and moves relative to the background stars.
Further to the East, we can see the bright star
Regulus in the constellation of Leo, shining at
mag 1.4. Leo has been called "the Lion" since
ancient times and it's fairly easy to imagine a
by Kevin Brown
lion, with Regulus as its heart and the string of
less bright stars as its body, head and mane.
The name Regulus comes from "little king" and in
small scopes, there’s a wide 8th mag companion.
Another star in Leo to notice is Algieba
(“forehead”), a striking pair of mag 2 and mag 4
yellow giants. The Leonids meteor shower in
November each year, appears to radiate from a
point near Algieba.
Incidentally, Regulus is the only bright star on the
Ecliptic, the imaginary line across the sky, on
which the Sun, Moon and Planets are always
seen. The ecliptic is the plane of the Solar
System, mapped onto the background stars.
Occasionally, Regulus will be occulted by the
Moon, when the Moon is in line of sight between
a particular point on Earth, and the star Regulus.
The constellations the Sun passes through
during the year, are of course called the Zodiac.
Nothing to do with astronomy, but a person's
"star sign" is the constellation on the ecliptic,
which the Sun was in on their birthday.
Rising above the Eastern horizon is Spica (mag
1) in Virgo. We can also see planet Saturn at
present - it rises before Spica.
Other constellations to note... the very
recognisable Winter shape of Orion, is now
sinking fast in the West and will soon be engulfed
in the sunset. It's two brightest stars are
Betelgeuse, a huge red star 430 LY away, which
fluctuates between mag 0 and 1 and blue white
Rigel at mag 0.3, almost twice as far at 770 LY.
In the North, there is Ursa Major containing the
familiar Plough pattern of stars. Some people
can see with naked eye, that the second star in
the handle is actually a double star (Alcor and
Mizar).
Dubhe and Merak point to Polaris, the Pole Star
in Ursa Minor. The entire night sky from the
northern hemisphere, appears to rotate about
Polaris. Of course, it’s actually the Earth rotating
about its axis, that causes this effect.
Polaris just happens to be closely in line with the
Earth's axis. It's not exactly at the North Celestial
Pole as it's called, but it's within one degree of
arc and therefore very useful, if you need to find
the direction of North.
Practical Astronomy April 2010 11
Readers Image Gallery
We welcome your images for publication. Beginner, advanced or expert, just send to: editor@practicalastronomy.com

Moon Images by
Anthony Jennings

Camera: Canon 300D

digital camera

Telescope: Vixen Super

Polaris-80M telescope
(D=80mm f=910mm)

Location: Middleton,
Manchester UK

Top:
Wolf Moon, 29th
January 2010

Bottom:
5 day Moon, 19th
February 2010

“Wolf ” Moon by Anthony Jennings

5 Day Moon by Anthony Jennings

Practical Astronomy April 2010 12

Practical Constellations: Ursa Minor
This is my first article in Practical Astronomy. I
hope it’s the start of a long long trip with you,
through all the constellations.
Why study the constellations?
Before you use your telescope for
astrophotography, or even before you start
observation of the sky through binoculars, you
will sure need to know a lot about everything
that can be seen with
your unaided eye.
Constellations are the
landmarks of the sky
and no astronomer can
find his way through the
heavens, without their
guidance. Every
"Practical Astronomer"
should know everything
about them, from the
stories and myths that
our ancestors wove, to
the deepest objects that
can be seen through an
amateur's telescope. Ursa Minor (the Little Bear)
Ok.. this topic is covered
in many astronomy books, but I think there’s still
a lot to know in every constellation.. all you
need is a hint! So I will use what I know about
constellations and what I have learned from my
personal observations, to give you (in one brief
page in future issues of Practical Astronomy) a
"practical" view of those marvelous reflections
of the human mentality on the sky.
I intend to take you on a step-by-step journey
with every constellation, so you build up more
information with every article. You may find that
I will speak in detail about the interesting
mythology of every constellation. I have noticed
that a lot of astronomers, know just nothing
about these myths. Remember, you will be
frequently asked by people and fresh
astronomers, about their meanings and stories,
especially if you are talking about them amidst a
bunch of curious kids!
The story may sometimes help you both
understand and explain, the shape of the
constellation in the sky and the important stars
that form it.
By Dr Firas Safadi, Syria
So let’s start from the north polar circle, as most
of us (in the northern hemisphere) can see its
constellations constantly. Let us start with Ursa
Minor, the central constellation of the northern
celestial hemisphere. I will begin by explaining
my personal impression of this important
constellation.
Other names of Ursa Minor are Little Bear and
Little Dipper, and I heard people calling it the
Little "Pan", as
opposed to Ursa Major
that we will talk about in
later issues. You may
find this name
abbreviated as UMi in a
star atlas. The
constellation can be
seen northwards, and
its height above the
horizon differs
according to your
latitude, being about 30
degrees (slightly above
the northern horizon) for
observers at 30 N
latitude, to about 90 degrees (directly above
head) for those exactly at the north pole.
Not very bear-like?
So this is a rather faint constellation, and you
may perceive it as a dipper more than a real
bear. Polaris is the brightest star in this
constellation; it is a second magnitude star.
Anyway you can easily see how our ancestors
figured the shape of this constellation: they
imagined the arm of the dipper (three stars) as a
long tail, with the Polaris being the tail-tip. The
body of the dipper (the four central stars) forms
the body of the bear. The rest of the body (the
head and legs) is formed by numerous faint
stars that are difficult to see
If you are trying to see Ursa Minor from your
rooftop in a city, it is hardly possible to see
anything except for Polaris. You need a darker
place to see the cephelad, two stars of the
central "box", and an even darker place, away
from city lights, to see the other stars in the tail,
head and legs of the bear.
More next time..
Practical Astronomy April 2010 13
Sky View Mid-April 20:00 GMT (lat. 51N)

Looking East
These maps show the sky view looking in different directions at 20.00 GMT in mid-April, for an
observer at latitude 51 degrees North.
Further South? (but still in the northern hemisphere) Objects are higher above your local
southern horizon, but patterns are the same.
Local time zone not GMT? The view should be much the same at 8pm in your local time (9pm
with Daylight Saving).

Practical Astronomy April 2010 14

Sky View Mid-April 20:00 GMT (lat. 51N)

Looking South
These maps show the sky view looking in different directions at 20.00 GMT in mid-April, for an
observer at latitude 51 degrees North.
Further South? (but still in the northern hemisphere) Objects are higher above your local
southern horizon, but patterns are the same.
Local time zone not GMT? The view should be much the same at 8pm in your local time (9pm
with Daylight Saving).

Practical Astronomy April 2010 15

Sky View Mid-April 20:00 GMT (lat. 51N)

Looking West
These maps show the sky view looking in different directions at 20.00 GMT in mid-April, for an
observer at latitude 51 degrees North.
Further South? (but still in the northern hemisphere) Objects are higher above your local
southern horizon, but patterns are the same.
Local time zone not GMT? The view should be much the same at 8pm in your local time (9pm
with Daylight Saving).

Practical Astronomy April 2010 16

Sky View Mid-April 20:00 GMT (lat. 51N)

Looking North
These maps show the sky view looking in different directions at 20.00 GMT in mid-April, for an
observer at latitude 51 degrees North.
Further South? (but still in the northern hemisphere) Objects are higher above your local
southern horizon, but patterns are the same.
Local time zone not GMT? The view should be much the same at 8pm in your local time (9pm
with Daylight Saving).

Practical Astronomy April 2010 17

Observers’ Delights April 2010

MOON Full New Full

30th March 14th April 28th April

* MERCURY Early Close to bright Venus at evening twilight, low in the West
April

VENUS MARS JUPITER SATURN

Becoming an evening Apparent diameter Not observable Visible all night in

object, low in the getting smaller (~10”) Virgo
West after sunset and fading

DEEP SKY Starts ~ Ends ~

“WINDOW” 8th April 20th April Make the most of it!

Enjoy BACK ISSUES and BONUSES...

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Practical Astronomy April 2010 18