•Bog

 Lemming-­‐moved  N
with  glacial  retreat
•Mountain  Beaver  and
Tree  Vole-­‐  restricted  to
coastal  Pacific  Douglas
Pocket  Gophers-­‐ fir  forests
gene3c  diversity Pikas-­‐  Forced  to  go  to  higher •Humans-­‐  coastal
declines  with  pop.  size eleva3ons,  where  it  is  cooler coloniza3on  N  to  S  from
Asia
Red  Squirrel-­‐  earlier
births  coincide  with •Nine  Banded
more  food Armadillo-­‐  moving
north  as  climate
warms
•Dormouse-­‐unable
to  hibernate
•Flying  Squirrel-­‐
pine  beetle  as
caused  death  of
80%  of  trees

•Grizzly  Bear-­‐
•American  Bison-­‐ contrac3on  of
showed  a  decrease whitepine  bark
body  size  with •Joshua  Trees-­‐
warming disappearing  from
•Pack  Rat-­‐same JNTP
trend
•Ground  Squirrels-­‐ •Mostly  terrestrial
opposite  trend ex3nc3on
•Rates  increasing-­‐  past  1
out  1000  a  millennium,
present  1000x  that,
future  10x  present

•Average  mammalian
spp  takes  2-­‐5  mil.  yrs.
to  evolve
•Need  1,000,000  yrs.
to  recover  spp.
richness
•Great  American  Bio3c
Interchange-­‐tectonic
and  climate  caused
•Warming  caused  major =Invasion
immigra3on  event
changes  to  mammalian
ecosystems
•Diverse  landscape  are
changing  to  monocultures •Humans  colonized
Americas
•Grizzly  Bears  on  Ice
•Bay  Area  invasion  of
Oriental  House  Rat

How  mammalian  species  ARE

responding  to  climate  change!
Hunt  ar3cle:  Cope’s  rule  and  Bergmann’s  rule  are  some  of  the  main  macroevolu3onary
trends  that  influence  body  size,  an  important  trait  that  influences  many  aspects  on  the
biology  of  an  individual.  Having  recognized  a  trend  with  temperature  changes  and  these
trends,  Hunt  and  Roy  wished  to  determine  some  of  the  causes  (mainly  climate  change)
on  these  macroevolu3onary  trends.  Using  data  from  body  sizes
of  Poseidonamicus  (ostracodes)  and  records  of  paleotemperatures,  they  would  test  to
see  if  there  were  nega3ve  correla3ons  in  temporal  changes  in  body  size  and
temperature,  increases  in  body  size  that  were  acributable  to  evolu3onary  changes
within  a  lineage,  and  that  the  slope  of  a  temperature-­‐size  rela3onship  was  consistent
with  modern  popula3ons  in  geographically  separate  loca3ons.  All  of  these  were
observed  and  led  to  the  overall  conclusion  that  if  species  like  Posidononamicusalso  get
the  same  results  then  climate  change  will  have  significant  impacts  on  the  body  size  of
certain  individuals,  which  in  turn  has  a  severe  effect  on  the  organism’s  biology.
Lavoue  ar3cle:  This  ar3cle  would  like  to  look  into  the  reasoning  of  why  the  African
freshwater  bucerfly  fish  has  remained  in  a  morphological  stasis  for  tens  of  millions  of
years  despite  having  a  great  gene3c  divergence.  They  intended  to  look  into  possible
explana3ons  by  comparing  gene3c  and  phenotypic  differen3a3on  among  many
popula3ons  of  this  species.  Mitochondrial  genomes  were  sequenced  to  iden3fy
characters  and  taxon,  phylogene3c  trees  and  divergence  3mes  were  established  through
a  par33oned  Bayesian  method,  and  phenotypic  similarity  among  six  taxon  pairs  based  on
morphometric  measurements  in  order  to  es3mate  morphological  divergences.  Having
es3mated  divergence  to  have  occurred  over  50  mya  proposed  explana3ons  for  this
phenomena  have  included  stabilizing  selec3on,  ecological  niche  conserva3on,  and
gene3c  and  developmental  constraints.  This  study  can  be  used  as  a  complement  to  those
that  show  phenotypic  variability  in  a  gene3cally  constrained  species.
Blois  ar3cle:  This  is  more  of  a  literature  review  that  looks  into  understanding  how  climate
change  throughout  the  Cenozoic  era  has  affected  individual  mammalian  species  and
mammalian  communi3es.  The  responses  of  individual  species  to  climate  change  included
abundance  change  in  popula3ons,  gene3c  change,  morphological  change,  and  range
shies,  all  of  which  represent  the  immediate  signs  of  climate  change  on  the  environment.
The  community  responses  were  faunal  exchange  via  immigra3on,  the  increased
probability  of  specia3on  and  ex3nc3on,  and  mul3ple  legions  resul3ng  in  func3onal
turnover.  It  is  important  to  understand  the  rela3onships  among  these  responses  and
how  they  can  poten3ally  occur  simultaneously  or  result  in  a  cascade  effect.  This  should
then  help  in  laying  out  a  framework  for  the  full  poten3al  of  dynamics  for  mammalian
ecosystems  in  response  to  the  aggrega3ng  effects  of  climate  change.