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Trigonometry

Trigonometry is that branch of mathematics which deals with the study of the
relationship between the sides and angles of triangle.

Basic Definitions:

 



Inter Relations Radian Measure

 
 

   


  


 

 
 
 


  


  



   


 



   
  
 

 
 

   
 



Trigonometric Ratios for certain

standard angles
 


   ! " #


   

 
 

   √ 
 


 √
sin


    

  



   √   
  √ 
cos

 

 
     √ ∞

 
√
tan

  √  ∞
√
Identities sec

   
   
 
   
  ∞  √  
√
cosec

  
  
 
∞ √   
√
cot
    

 


      


       Also, sin) *  
 
cos) *  

      

  tan) *    


        cosec) *  

 


        sec) *  

 
cot) *   

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Allied Angles

of  can be found easily by the following rule known as A-S-T-C rule.

Trigonometrical ratio’s of 900, 1800, 2700, 3600 in terms of those

When the angle is 900 (or) 2700, the trigonometrical ratio changes
from sine to cosine, tan to cot, sec to cosec and vice versa.

the same. i.e., sin --> sin , cos  --> cos , etc.,

When the angle is 1800 (or) 3600, the trigonometrical ratio remains

In each case the sign (+) or (-) is premultiplied by the A-S-T-C quadrant
rule.

S A A : all ratio’s are positive in the I Quadrant

II (90 – 180) I (0 – 90 ) S : sine is positive in the II Quadrant
T C T : tan is positive in the III Quadrant
III (180 – 270) IV (270 – 360 ) C : cos is positive in the IV Quadrant

Compound Angle Formulae Formulae for A, 2A & 3A angles

 )  1* 
  
1  

 1
   
  


 )  1* 
  
1  

 1

)  1*  
 
1 

 1

)  1*  
 
1 
 
 1 
  
 

  4  
    5
    1  
 
 )  1* 
     1
    1   
 )  1* 
  
     1    

   
To convert product in to sum or

 
   
difference formulae



  
1  2
 )  1* 
 )  1*3

   


 1  2
 )  1* 
 )  1*3   
    


 
1  2
)  1*  
)  1*3

   
  
 


 
 1  2
)  1*  
)  1*3
 
  
    


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Hyperbolic Functions

If > 
  ? ⇒
?   is called

 
as the Exponential Function.
9 
 

7  

 5
Hyperbolic Functions are defined

   

8 
in terms of exponential function

7 
as below :

6  
 

? 
B?

 A? 


  

  
? 
B?
 
A? 
    

 A?
 A? 
 
A?
   

  
A? 
  A?  
   
 A?  A?



 A? 
   
A?
  
 
    

 A? 

 A?
Formula to convert a sum or difference in Hyperbolic Identities
to product :

A ? 
 A ?  
:; :;

 : 
 ;  
 < = 
< =
     A ? 

 A ?
:; :;

 : 
 ;   
< =
 < =  A ?    

 A ?
 

:; :; 
A ? 
 A ?  
A ?


:  
;   
< = 
< =
 

 A? 
A? 
 A ?
:; :;

:  
;  
 < =
 ) *
 

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Relationship between Trigonometric Standard Results

EF ?  
and Hyperbolic Functions :
< =   B ,



? B?
?G  ?

 ? 

 
   > FI


? 
B? EF
 ?

?  < = 
 ?G ?

EF  ?

 )?*  = )*2

C? B
?
? B
C?
< = 
  ?G ?
]

= 2 3 = 
 A?

? B
C?

EF
)  ?*/? 

?G

)?*   
A?

C? D
?


EF  ?
<  = 

?G∞ ?

EF ? 
K  L 
?
G∞ 

EF
)?*/?  
G∞

General Solutions of
  
 M

    )* M, NA

 O P

General Solutions of 
  
M

    M, NA

 O P

General Solutions of     M

    M, NA

 O P

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Properties of Triangles

Consider a triangle ABC. It has three angles A, B and C. The sides opposite to
the angles A, B, C are denoted by the corresponding small letters a, b, c
respectively. Thus a = BC, b = CA, c = AB. We can establish number of
formulae connecting these three angles and sides.

Sine Formula

In any triangle ABC,



 
 I 1 
 :  ,
NA

 
A

Q A
F >
Q A
>
1:.

Napier’s Formulae

In any triangle ABC,

•   
B1 BI :
 DI 

•   
1B: IB 
 ID 

  
:B B 1
 D 
•

Cosine Formulae

In any triangle ABC, the following results are true with usual notation.

•   I    I 


• I       
1

•     I  I 
:

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Projection Formulae

In any triangle ABC,

•   I 
:   
1

• I   
   
:

•    
1  I 


Sub – Multiple (half) angle formulae

In any triangle ABC, the following results are true.

 )
 I*)
 * 
)
 *  )
 I*)
 *

 S 
S  S
 I  I 
)
 *

1 )
 *)
 * 1
)
 I* 1 )
 *)
 *

 S 
S  S
    
)
 I*

: )
 *)
 I* :
)
 * : )
 *)
 I*

 S 
S  S
 I  I 
)
 *

DID

where s =

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Area Formulae ( ∆ 



 Q  >
*

In any triangle ABC,

• ∆ I
 :



• ∆ I
 



• ∆ 
 1



• ∆
I


• ∆  
 
 1
 :

• ∆  U
)
 *)
 I*)
 *

Are true with the usual notations and these are called Area formulae.

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Inverse Trigonometrical functions (Inverse circular function)

Properties of Principal Inverse Trigonometric Functions

B )
 ?*  ? 
B )
?*  ? B )  ?*  ?



B )

 ?*  ?

B )

 ?*  ?  B ) ?*  ?

  

B < =  

B ? 
B < = 

B ? B < =   B ?
? ? ?

  


B < = 
B ?

B < =  
B ?  B < =  B ?
? ? ?

B )?*  
B )?* 
B )?*  
B ? B )?*   B ?

 B )?*    B ?


B )?*  

B ?

B )?*   

B ?

  

B )?*  
B )?*  B )?*   B )?* 

B )?*  

B )?* 
  

If xy < 1, then B )?*  B )*  B K L

?D
B?
•

•
B )?* 
B )* 
B K?U    √  ? L

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