Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I PB283-850 I
I~~III~~I_III_~
014926-F
September 1977
Sponsored By
CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION
------,
: REPRODUCED BY 'I
· u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE :
I
NATIONAL TECHNICAL I
! INFORMATION SERVICE
I,~_ SPRINGFIELD. VA22161 )
~IBLIOGRAPHIC
SHEET
DATA
7. Author(s)C.L. Owings,M.D. ,Ph.D., R.H. Norcutt ,M. S., R.G. Snyder, 8. Perfotming Organization Rept.
No.
Ph.D. D.H.Golomb M.S. K.Y. Llovd B.S. O14926-F
9. Petformmg Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
O14926-F
The University of Michigan 1 1. Contract/Grant No.
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 CPSC-C-76-0119
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
Consumer Product Safety Commission
5401 Westbard Avenue Final Reoort
Bethesda, Maryland 20207 14.
CPSC-C-7 6-0 11 g
15. SupplementatY Notes
16. Abstracts
Children
Grip Strength
Elbow-Shoulder Movement
Hand Dimensions
Hand, Hand Force
1B. Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This 21. 'No. of Pages
Re~~~Tt), A ~~I
20. Security Class (This /'CAI3
22. Price
Page
UNCLASSIFIED mFA-oI
"OR'" NTIS-3S (REV. '073) ENDORSED BY ANSI AND UNESCO. THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED U5COMM- DC B28S- P 74 '
CONTRACT CPSC-C-76-0119 FINAL REPORT
SEPTEMBER 77
Prepared for:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ d_ I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................... ii
LIST OF FIGURES ...•.................•..............•.. iii
1.0 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Background.............. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Objectives and Scope 7
2.0 . METHODS AND TECHNIQUE ...•.........•......... : .. 8
2.1 Design of the Study 8
2.2 Elbow Transducer ...•....•....•............ 9
2.3 Giip Transducer 16
2.4 Anthropometer .••.......................... 27
2.5 Strength Criteria .......•....•....•....•.. 29
2.6 Calibration of equipment 29
2.7 Data Acquisition and Display ......•.. ~ 32
2.8 T~sting Procedure •••....•................. 32
2.9 Data Reduction ...............•............ 38
3.0 RESULTS
3.1 Description of Data Presentation ..•....... 40
3.1.1 Interpretation of ~trength Data .•••.....• 41
3.2 Linkage Measurements ....••...•...........• 49
3.2.1 Index of Data ....•.••.•••.••.•..... 49
3.2.2 Data 51
3.2.3 Statistical Tables ...........•..... ll9
3.3 Hand S~rength •••..••....•....•.•..•••...•. 127
3.3.1 Index of Data 129
3.3.2 Data -Strength vs. Age ....••...... 131
3.3.3 Data - Strength YS. Span ~.200
3.3.4 Statistical Tables .~ 203
3.4 Elbow Strength •................•.......... 214
3.4.1 Index of Data .........•.•.......... 218
3.4.2 Data - Strength YS. Age 219
3.4.3 Data - Strength vs. Other Variables 232
3.4.4 Statistical Tables ....•............ 240
3.5 Discussion 243
3.6 Sample Strength Calculations .•............ 248
4.0 APPENDICIES
4.1 Static Analysis of Limb Fixture 249
4.2 Principle of Grip Transducer Operation 252
ii
LIST OF FIGURES·
18. Questionaire 36
iii
1.0 INTRODUCTION
around the elbow both for flexion and extension was measured
was chosen, for the most part, from children who had participa-
1
1.1 Background
at the major joint centers for children. The age range studied
was between two and eleven years, and over five hundred children
point pinch, three point pinch, five point pinch, and lateral
tension
Both contain new data that relate strength and the position of
measurement.
2
hand size and strength.
a child grows his hand becomes both larger and stronger. Very
the spacing between the gripping surfaces. Only one study (151)
ranged from 4.25 em. to 6.5 em. The data was only reported
3
depends upon more than just hand size. For example, a growing
ten year old boy might have the same hand breadth and hand
objects since the force per unit area increases. For all of
rod.
contains data on 6000 males and ·females but only between the
4
but suffer from several defects. The poor dynamic response of
reported the torque generated about the elbow joint for both
motor which moved the arm through its range of motion, as "an
strength.
ometer (231). The results were reported for "college men" and
the elbow at different joint angles for both flexion and exten-
especially true for children who may not be aware of their own
cient to move the object but not large enough to allow for com-
5
fortable control. A child who lifts a floor lamp may not be
situation.
6
1.2 Objectives and Scope
strength chair.
include:
7
·I
centimeters.
8
2.2 Elbow Transducer: Design and Function
j.
exoskeleton for the right half of the body. The upper and lower
(Fig. 4). The child's trunk and limbs are snugly strapped to
gages. All the electrical signals are amplified and fed via a
- WRIST STRAP
~~
HUMERAL FIXTURE
HANDLE
ELBOW FIXTURE
RADIAL FIXTURE
KNEE STRAP
~oo
PELVIC STRAP
HIP FIXTURE . KNEE .FIXTURE
o . \ ~
FEMORAL FIXTURE
I-'
a . . . . .111111111111I1111 1II1111111111111111111111111111ll1111111~ TIBIAL FIXTURE
ANKLE FIXTURE
ANKLE STRAP
FOOT STRAP
l : WEIGHT PLATFORM
• BACK FIXTURE
SHOULDER FIXTURE
CHEST STRAP.
"3;"". . I
I LEFT SHOULDER IMMOBILIZER
HUMERAL FIXTURE "
ARM STRAP~
WRIST STRAP
RADIAL FIXTURE I-
~ 11I11I KNEE STRAP
ELBOW FIXTURE .
KNEE STRAP ~ I I \\ PELVIS IMMOBILIZER
KNEE FIXTURE II
......
......
TIBIAL FIXTURE - - -
used in this study (Figs. 5,6). The upper extremity fixture bends
len~thi. The child climbs into the chair and his wrist and arm
157.5°, and 180°. (See Section 3.-4, page 214) ~oving the fixture
with the Child's arm secured causes negligible motion between the
arm and the arm fixture, since the axis of rotation of the elbow
follows closely with that of the arm fixture. Flexing the elbow
torque about the joint and is fed into the computer for further
analysis.
13
"
I
! •
14
" STRAIN GAUGE SET A
" JOINT CENTER A
" LIMB A
" STRAP A
I JOINT CENTER B
+~r£ /;-··]i~~-)
y
d1
~~
B I I I I .. x
were recorded from the arm along with the elbow flexion/extension
ing at this joint." ~or the elbow tests of this, study, the
16
~~ -...:. ~-:,.-:-.--~::::.~:!~
.,~ ..... ..,~;:.._.-"""'''; ..
"
iiJI" ....-.
17
i~ " I, IJ
' ..."
18
! .,.'/
to:
19
GRIP: SQUEEZE
FORCE DIAGRAM
Distal Proximal
Handle Handle
+F
s
I~ S ...,
Figure 10
20
r
GRIP: 3 POINT PINCH
FORCE DIAGRAM
Distal Proximal
Handle Handle
+F
s
I~ S ..,
Figure 11
21
GRIP: 5 POINT PINCH
FORCE DIAGRAM
Distal Proximal
Handle Handle
+F
s
F-s
F = Total resultant squeeze force
F = Normal component of squeeze force (perpendicular to handle
n
surface)
F = Shear component of squeeze force
s
L = Position (vector) of resultant force on distal handle
F surface (measured from centerline between second and
third finger)
~ = Angle of resultant force (F) with respect to handle
centerline
S = Handle span
Figure 12
22
The third force component, that perpendicular to the plane
much smaller than the normal and shear components and an insig-
ing the hand is positioned so that as many fingers are on one side
with the handle span and force angle known, the_ resultant force
bar onto which two handle halves may be mounted, one stationary
and are described in Table A (Fig. 13). All handles are color-
23
TABLE A
Squeeze 5 ( L <6 Medium Radius (7 rom) 2.0 - 7.0 ern lolL (cm)
Squeeze L> 6 Large Radius (9 rom) 2.0 - 9.0 ern 1.1 L (ern)
1. Middle finger measurement (L) is taken from tip of the second finger to
its palmar skinfold.
and 5 point pinch (Fig. 8) while the other three pairs are used
for small, medium, and large hand sizes in squeeze tests (Fig. 7).
The possible span range for pinch tests is 2-15 cm. and for
squeeze tests is 2-9 em. All spans are adjustable in I em. in-
times the middle finger length (MP joint to tip, phalanx III) in
the pinch tests and 1.1 times the middle finger length in the
the handles. Radii on the three ~queeze handle sets were also
hand size range, the greatest possible handle surface area over
2 em. span.
25
Placement of the thenar eminance vertically along the proximal
finger web between the thumb and first finger. Flexion of the
26
2.4 Anthropometer: Design and Function
was wired to the computer through the switch mounted" on the po-
tentiometer box.
27
Sliding the caliper blade to a linkage dimension thus rotates
~~"OIr1\~~SPRING
POSITION SIGNAL
28
2.5 Strength Criteria
29
was abducted 45° and flexed 22.5° with the elbow in a 90° posi-
each gage set in this loaded configuration and after the weight
mined measurement (read from the scale on its shaft) for a second
30
Figure 17 Attachment of Calibration Weights
31
2.7 Data Acquisition and Display
with adjustable gain were used to amplify the strain gage signals
4096.
phone and appointments set up convenient for the child and parent.
The children ranged in age between 2 1/2 years and 10 1/2 years.
The younger children were usually tested during ,the mornin9 and
early afternoon hours of the day, while the older children came in
32
after school. Race and sex were carefully considered in the recrui-
lation.
those children who performed both the elbow and the grip tests.
mission for the child to be tested (Fig. 19) and to fill out a
to remain in the lab for the testing session, and most did so.
sibling or a friend. A small play area was used in one part of the
lab l where oqe or more children could play while another was being
tested.· During this wait, the child could draw a picture, which
was later.put on the wall of the lab. This decoration on the walls
into the computer. The body weight was obtained with the child
seated on the back of the strength chair. When all linkage measure-
ments had been obtained, the results were displayed on the graphics
33
Using the linkage measurements, the chair was adjusted accor-
ding to the child's size. In this way each child could sit com-
was then taken before the session began. This was done by the
strain gages of the empty chair. Then the child was seated in the
R
strength chair and the velcrd ) straps were carefully placed over
during each test. The child was encouraged to fasten some of the
given each child before the testing session. Then, before each of
understand exactly how to perform the test. The child was asked
the child to see the results of his strength after each of the
then the test was deleted and repeated. Later in the sequence the
34
certain muscle groups of the arm and hand, the child was given
adequate rest between each test. If there was any doubt of the
child being able to, perform the test properly, it was omitted and
the next test done. Thus each t~st was hoped to be an accurate
Parents and children were very cooperative during the study and
there were very few times when-the tester did not receive the de-
sirable results.
the child and the tester. The tester was a certified elementary
the session, which was to obtain the best possible results from
the computer terminal, which allowed the child to view the results
immediately after each test, was also an, important factor in mo-
tivation. The child could see his "picture" of his strength right
after each test. This instant "f~edback" gave the child the in-
35
CHILD ~TRENGTH STUDY
University of Michigan Department of Pediatrics
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Has this child been under treatment for any serious illness? - - - - -
If so , please explain
---------------
Figure 18
36
CHILD STRENGTH STUDY
Consent Form
of children's products.
Figure 19
37
2.9 Data Reduction and Analysis
tic tapes filled with data files on each subject tested. Each file
The first reduction prDgram condensed each data file into a more
information and replacing the 400 data points for each test with
mation of 365 days to the year and 30 days to the month. Ages
computed in this fashion are never more than seven days in error,
38
analysis, subjects were grouped into 8 yearly age groups, from
dent on sample size. Where (N) was small «20) 15th and 85th
is readily apparent along with the actual sample size. The scales
Note that sample size decreases for large grip spans, reflecting
39
3.0 RESULTS
of the data including the sample size (N), the mean (X), the
summary of-the data for one year age intervals together with a
40
3.1.1 Interpretation of Strength Data
study as follows:
FORCE
41
UNITS
1 Kgf-cm = 1 .Kp-cm
units for the grip strenqth data are in Kiloqram f6rce (Kqf) .
Conversion to Newtons or pound force is thus:
1 Kgf =.9.806 N
42
10 ern, and so on. An estimate of the linkage length can
soft tissue can cause pain and thereby limit the strength
strength capability.
43
3.1.1.5 Photograph of Test: A photograph of a child
tions for that limb are given. The rest of the body remains
Grip and pinch tests are obtained with the right upper ex-
tremity unrestrained.
44
3.1.1.9 Adjustment of Equipment: The adjustment procedure
45
between individual points and therefore care must be taken
ducer are plotted against age for each setting of the trans-
height, body weight, and the sum of the radial and carpal
imply a first order fit is the best for the data. This line
46
47
ILONGITUDINAL
lAXIS
~
SAGITTAL
-------- ~QR_O~~L
AXIS AXIS
MEDIAL
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
LATERAl
INFERIOR
:.
3.2 LINKAGE MEASUREMENTS
49
CERVICAL CLAVICAL
HUMERAL
HEIGHT
t
THORACOLUMBAR
RADIAL
Ul
o PELVIC
SACRAL
~
CARPAL
fTpEMORAL
IJ61-
t
BODY WEIGHT
"\'
'{
~"fI
;) ~j
)~
I
.... , ...
~;;~ t
, ... ,,-
~: ~
~g
50 b
_ _ L.
STANDING HEIGHT
51
! Preceding page blank 1
,_.~--
STANDING HEIG'flT (elR)
(!'1ales and Females)
180.00
150.00 .
" ,
1"0.00 " . ..
• • ' •• ' 1/
I' .. • :1_, •
~ .' "
.. .. ,
I.:', . :. :...
'I ..
... ... : . . .. .. .. , .
, '
-
~ 130.00 ' '
<.:)
.,'
L&J .. ..
.. ..
'. I, \
..... I
,.....
• ..
~
. . ., : ... . ." .. ~ .'
-
z 120.00
<.:)
~ .. ' '.... " . I'
c
z ..
,,:. '1:"
.
a:
.. ... ..."'::
... ' . ' II I." .. I I :,
.. .... .. .
~ ' "
U)
. .' "
. .. ; .
.1 .
:' .
90.00
, 80.00
2 3' S 6 7 B 9 10 1
AGE (YEARS)
52
BODY WETGHT
53
BODY WEIGHT (kg)
(''I a les and Fellales)
Age (yrs) N !'lean s.d. lIIin 5th ')Oth 9')tb !'lax
2.5-3.5 31 15.2 1.9 11.2 11.3 15.3 17. b 18.8
3.5-4.5 45 16.8 1.9 13.4 14.0 16.5 2 0.0 20.7
/1.5- 5.5 44 1 (). 6 2.7 15.2 15.4 19.2 24.1 26.4
,.5-6.5 49 21.0 2.8 16.2 16.5 20.7 25.5 29.3
6.5-1 :"5 46 23.4 3.2 15.6 18.0 23.3 28.1 30.5
7.5-8.5 52 26.4 4.7 19.2 19.5 2').2 34.4 39.6
q. 5- 9.5 42 30.1 . 5.0 19.7 22.6 30.0 37.1 44.9
9.5-10.5 45 33.0 4.9 24.3 25.2 31.6 41.6 42.6
so. 00
IQ.OO
0:
o
...
• 0
..
~ 31&.00 .
- •• .. .o
C)
. ....... .. ......
~ 'I.
0"
.-
." .
o 0
)- -I' ... o • •
8CD 28.00
•
.~,
0 •
._ . ;.... ..
.. . . ..
.. . ," --:.. : :........ ...
..
.............. , .. :: ..
........ ••:
..
..
.. )
~..
.... ..
•••: .. ~ .. ,.eJ I ~ .. "
-.. -... -.
. ; ...... "
. ..
..
18.00
..... ..
._.-......
.... I .. . . ' " ..
•
-, ...... .. ......
. .
I' .
..
. .... .: .•...
.. ......
. .. ..
10.00+----+---~--_+--- .....- - _ + _ - - _ _ _ l t _ _ - - . . . _ - - _ _ f - - - _ 1
2 5 8 7 8 9 10 11
RGE (YERRS)
54
CARPAL LINKAGE
55
CARPAL LINKAGE (cm)
(!'Iales and Females)
9.00
8.00
7.00
"" .
'- ... ... ....
t.:)
. .
~
,
-
. .J
..J
6.00
. -...
.
.
.. .......
"
..
. .... .
..
...... . ..
a: 5.00 . .. ..
..... .. .. .
Q..
a:
~
u .. . . .
... . _ ....
.
-
.... 00
3.00
2.00+---_+--~~--+_--_+--___1l__--+_--_+_-,.....~1__-
2 5 6 7 8 9 10
AGE (YEARS)
56
RADIAL L"INKAGE
II
57
25.00
22.00
L&J
~
19.00
z~
-
. .J .'
..
.:. .. II
.........
, .'
II....
.,
.'
-
..J '
a: • I . . . . . . . . .. .. I, \ .. II"
o 16.00 "
a: .. • I' .. I I. ,', I,:
a: , ::.'-:•• ~ ': ...1. ': \ • :.
", ...'
.
., .
'..'. ..
'
,
..
II
' .
....
.....
= ....
"
10.00 +----+----+-----il----+----+----+---+---t-----of
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
58
.....
"
HUMERAL LINKAGE
I
I
)
\
) \
U
59
HU!'IERAL L! NU.GE (em)
(l1ales and Felllales)
30.00
26.67
.'
.. : .
....
,•• I
",
.'
a:
a::
L&J
" .... ... ', ... ,
,
.. I
.
•
.'
,"
z:
:::>
r 16.61
. '
• • II ':.
":, ,
•
."
.. ",
I
• ..
....
"
.. ..
:.
.. I. I
.'",".. .'..
; ...., " I
, . .......
13.33
10.00 t;'-:-----::-t:::-----::-t:-------+----:---t-------l
2.00 3.80 5.60 7,~0 9.20 11.00
AGE (YEARS)
60
......--
. '
SACRAL LINKAGE
J\
J~
-------
61
SACRAL LINUGE {c. )
("liil €s and Fe Dla les)
111.00
12.00
10.00
l.&J
<.:)
cr
zx
-
....J
....J
8.00 .- ....
a: '.... .
a::
u
a:
(f)
8.00
"
, ' .. ,
.., .'
..
,'
!' .' :
It. 00
2.00 +----+---+----+---t----+-----lr----t-----I---....
2 3 II 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
62
.... -
"
-
THORACOLUMBAR LINKAGE
'p,~
........ 'l\'"
-1"- " 1 : . \1'I~
.:
j' - ... ,'\ !
~~~
'. '. -.", /'
,--,\,~ ~'
--
.
,~
.
"r,
,'
.~
63
TRORACOLU"B~R lIlfHGE (CIII)
(!'Iales and Females)
35.00
90.00
,1,1 . .:
I" ••
"
.. .,
LLI " , .. : ...... : . . ,"
'.
'"a: 25.00
.'
,
.
,
.'
- ..
:lIC
: ,
'. .'. ..
"" "
Z
: " . :. " , ~
"
-'
a:
, '
.
I' •• ' .:.
..
II ••• : • .'
"
.
• II \. • ,.
. , . ,.' ..
a: " I, ••••
m "
~ 20.00 '
..,
-' :
, .
15.00
10.00 +----+----+---t----+----+----+---t----+----i
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE CYEARS)
64
CERVICAL LINKAGE
65
CERVICAL tI NUGE (ell)
( "ales and Females)
22.00
20.00
:
, . "
18.00
lLJ , ~
~
a: , ' ,
.,
. ..
-
~ :
z 16.00
...J
.
'
"
,
"
" ,\ , ,
, . . ,
...J ..
- ., .
a: "
w ,',
Ill. 00 , ,,
> ,
a: ," " ,
lLJ
W
,
.,
.,, .
, .
12.00 '. .,
.' . I
10.00
., -"
8.00
2 3 5 6 7 e 9 10 1
AGE (YEARS)
66
FEMORAL LINKAGE
67
PE!OlUL LlIUr:AGE (c.)
("'ales and Females)
Age (yrs) N l'Iean s.d, "'in 5th 50th 95th l'Iax
2.5-3.5 31 21.2 1.9 11.1 11. B 21.2 23.9 2?O
3.5-4.5 45 22.5 1.9 19.0 19.3 22.3 25.7 26.4
4.5- 5.5 44 25.4 1.B 21.5 22.5 25.1 28.5 30.3
5.5-6.5 49 26.1 1.8 22.0 23.5 26.7 29.1 30.6
6.5- 7.5 46 28.3 2.1 24.7 25.2 27.1 31.5 32.3
7.5- B. 5 "'52 30.4 2.2 21t.8 25.6 30.2 33.8 35.1
8.5- (). 5 42 31.5 2.4 24.7 25.3 31.9 34.4 35.8
9.5-10.5 45 33.6 2.5 27.8 29.5 32.9 37.9 39.4
1&5.00
39.00
I.LJ "
c.:l
~ 33.00
". . ..
-
• •• ••1 • : '" 1 ,', •
, , • I, ::. I' \
z
....J
. .... "
.:.
• •• f
..
' . I,
....J o , \
a: . '. " .~
a::
~
: #. • :
27.00 , , • I"
I.LJ
lL.
.' . .
•••' 't . '
I
"
•
"
• •
. '"
.
'; I'
. ... ..
I,
' .' •
,,-
... "
•
,
II • I'
., .
0, •
21.00 o ,
1 ' :- II.
,"
.. , "
"
15. OO+----+---~I--'---+---_+--~I__'_--+_--_+--__il__'_-__i
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
68
,
.... -
.
TIBIAL LINKAGE
69
TIBIAL LIRUGE (ell )
(Males and Fellales)
f>.ge (yrs) N Plean s.d. IHn 5th '50th 95th !'lax
2.5-3.5 31 20.0 2.1 16.1 16.2 19.9 23. ; 23.7
J. 5-4.5 45 21.4 1.6 18.2 18.8 21. 3 23.9 24.5
4.5- 5.5 44 23.8 1.2 21.0 21 .7 23.5 25.9 :>6.6
5.5-6.1) 49 24.7 1.9 20.5 21. 1 24.4 27.5 29.0
6.5-1.5 46 26.9 1.9 23.0 23.4 26.6 30.4 30.5
1 • 5 - B• S i "'5 2 28.5 2.2 24.2 24.1 28.2 31.6 32.9
IL5-9.5 42 30.2 2.1 25.9 26. , 30.0 33.8 ~4.5
9.5-10.5 QS 32.0 2.5 27.8 28.1 31.5 36.6 37.2
110.00
35.00
"
a . . . . . -,
UJ
~
ex: 30.00
.... '
'::.
"
.. . ',
,t, ....
"."
.... t....
• to
, ..
-
~
z " , . .. :.
-1 , .
--
-1
ex:
CD
.....
25.00
.. ..
..
.. . :.: : .....' ..
:..:"
" "
.. ': ~ .. "
':..':
,
"
. '. ,
.
"
,
..
"
-. ,
I.' ....
"
.. .. .1 "
,
..
.'
20.00
. '
.. .. - : '
., ...
I,
"
,: I.
15.00 +----+----t---t---+----+-------lf----+----+-----f
2 5 6 7 e 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
70
--
TARSAL LINKAGE
~I
71
'f!
20.00
17.00
1~.OO
"
,, ,
,
" ,
"
, • I
I
'\
,
..
.. . "'
',9\'.' I, I'':,',
"
11.00 , . ,,'
"
"
't
1. '.-.
.." .:. .. . ::
II':
.,' ..
\
• II .,'
"
.,'
• II
,.
,. ,
• II. •
II .' ' •• ' I" . . . ••
I • ,
. . I.
.. ,. I ...,••,'. I' I, :
, '
~
• • • t- II • •• "
8.00 ,
"
,',
"
. ., "
5.00+----+----+----+----+---+---+----+-----lf----
2 3 5 8 9 10 1
72
CLAVICLE LINKAGE
73
CLAVICAL LINKAGE (em)
(~ales and Females)
so. 00
26.00
I.iJ
.. .,.
C)
xa: .
- . ..
' 0'
22.00
z o .0 • .'
...J
. • II' ': ...
. ..
, , II' .: • • II I I ' •
:e.: .'
- ' . I' " .. "..
...J • •••• II _._. ',. •
a: , ..._1
u
'.
.. .1 •• II • • 1
~.
1
.. .. .... ' .
',.. ..'
• .. : .1
.
II.. ':...... • II • •
~ 18.00 " ~
'. ..-'
. '.
.. . .
:,. .. ..
.......... .. ."
-I
u
, '. .. ~ .. ..
:'\ .'
• :. II II
. II
.... :.
II I, ....
II II II II II II
. .
.. 11'1 II II II
. . . II II II' I
.
• II II II
,
11£.00
.
,I II
•••••
II
II
10.OO+2-----I----+----iSI----·+6----f7---e+----+9---1+-O----i1:
AGE (YEARS)
74
PELVIC LINKAGE·
DESCRIPTION: Measure from the left hip joint (left femoral head)
to the right hip joint (right femoral head).
Subject standing .
.•.......
': .
...
: :.
.::::~-::.::::::::
" . : ..
..
·4 .
."
~I
75
PELVIC LINKAGE (em)
(I'Iales and Fellales)
30.00
25.00
.
o " . -,
·0
~
~ 20.00 . . .. . ," .. •
-z
....J .. . " ..
. ",.. '". ...
',' .' . . ..... ,,"
0 •
: "': . .,
o
..
'.'
"
" '0 ,
o o.
-
00
.' I" '
o " '"
"
".: '0
U
> I 0
o
•0•
.
:.'c'
"I • .::
o ..
. ". .
. ",. • .
..
" .., . o o.
o
',,.:-" .~'
LLf
a..
15.00
o
'" '. 0 0
" ;.", . 00
. .0
o •
10.00
5.oot---""!---+---+---+---+---+---+---+--~
2 3 .Q 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
76
WRIST BREADTH
77
IIIIS'! BIH'ADTH (em)
(P'lales and Females)
Age (rrs) N Mean s.d. "in 5th 50th 95th !'lax
2.5- 3.5 31 3.6 . 0.2 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.9 4. 1
3.5- 4.5 45 3.7 0.2 3.3 3.3 3.7 4. 1 4.2
4.5-5.5 ijij 3.9 0.2 3.5 3.5 3.8 4.3 4.4
5.5- 6.5 49 4.0 0.2 3.5 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.4
6.5-1.5 _45 4.2 0.3 . 3.6 3.6 4. 1 4.5 4.6
7.5- 8.5 52 4.3 0.3 3.6 3.1 4.2 4.8 5.2
~. 5- 9.5 42 4.5 0.3 3.8 3.8 4.4 4.9 5.1
9.5-10.5 45 4.6 . O. J 4.1 4.1 4.5 5.1 5.5
6.00
5.50
5.00
z:
~
c
cz:
L&J
ii ~.50
-
~
en
a::
:z:
.. . .-.. . .
~.oo
...
.. . ...
3.50 •........
3.00 +---+---+----+----+----+----+----+-......:...--+-----1
2 3 5 8 9 10
78
HAND BREADTH AT THUMB
79
HAND BRF~DTB-THUPIB (ell)
(I'lales and Fellales)
10.00
8.00
8.00
a3
:c
~ • 0
...
_
I II
. . ....
'•• 1
.. ••
I.
..
••
..
..
0
..
.- ..'..._.
o •
t- 7.00
0
.... . ..
00 0
..
..
o •
t-
a:
:
...- ....... .. - . .
.. ... - 00 •
o
~
I ._ .
t-
0
6.00 ~ .. '::. . .... 1- : .. " - I,
.... .....
. ...... ..... .. -.. .. II. ....
:'.. ..,
a:
w
.. ..
.
.. II..
.....
.0 0
.. ....
.. ......
lfi 5.00
. ........
0
z
a:
%:
'l.oo
3.00
2.00
2 3 6 7 8 .9 10 11
RGE (YERRS)
80
... -.
HAND BREADTH
:.,;~'lr~~'
81
HilI: Ell! H'TR cc.)
(!!ales and Felllales)
Age (yrs) . N Mean s.d. Min 5th 50th 95th PI ax
2.5-3.5 31 4.9 0.4 4.2 4.2 4.8 5.4 5.8
3. ~- 4.5 45 5.1 0.3 4.3 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
4.5-5.5 44 5.4 0.3 4.9 4.9 5.2 6.0 6.5
5.5-6.5 49 5.5 0.3 4.B 4.9 5.5 5.9 6.2
6.5-7.5 46 5.7 0.4 4.6 4.9 5.7 6.3 6~5
7.5- 8.5 ... 52 6.0 0.4 5.2 5.3 5.9 6.6 7.4
8.5-9.5 42 6.3 0.4 5.6 5.6 6.3 6.8 7.0
9.5- 10.5 45 6.5 0.5 5.5 5.8 6.4 7.2 7.1
8.00
7.50
7.00 ... .
::z::: 6.50
~
c
a:
L4J
a::::
CD 8.00 ',' .
c
~
::z::: 5.50 . .. ."
'.00 +----t----+----+----+----+-......;--+----+----+-----l
2 S 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE CYEARS)
82
FINGER BREADTH AT PROXIMAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT
83
FIHGFR-BREADTB-PROXI~AL IRTEBPHALANGEAL JOINT
(~ales a~nd Females)
Age (yrs) .N f'Iean s. d. P1in 5th 50th 95th Max
2.5-3.5 31 1.2 0.1 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.4
3.5-4.5 45 1.2 O. , 1.0 1.0 1. 2 1.4 1.5
4.5-5.5 44 .,. 3 O. 1 1.0 1.0 1.2 '1.4 1•5
5.5-6.5 48 1.3 0." ., • 1 1• 1 1.2 1.4 1• 5
6.5-7.5 46 1.3 0.2 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.7
"'.5- 8.5 '"52 1.3 0.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6
1:\.5- 9.5 42 1.4 O. 1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 ".7
9.5-10.5 45 1.~ 0.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1. b 1.7
2.00
1.80
1.80
-.,
I-
z ••• I" • ..... • ••• ••••• •
0
1.~O
-
• • _.... _.. • • - • _ I ••
Q.. ..................._ .
Q.. 1.20 ....................................
I-
a:: ......... 1 •
::I: 1.00
l-
e
a::
~
a::: 0.80
m
a:::
~ 0.80
-
~
z
u..
O.~O
0.20
0.00
2 3 5 6 7 e 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
"-
84
FINGER BREADTH AT DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT
85
FINGEF BR U DTH-DI STAL IN.TEBPH HANG EAL JOINT
(l'Iales and Felllales)
1. 1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1. II
1.3
1.5
6.5-7.5
7.5-8.5 "'51 1.2 0.1 1.0 '.0 1. , 1.4 1.5
8.5- 9. 5
q. 5-10.5
42
f15
'.2
1.2
O. 1
0.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1. 2
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.5
, •5
.11
• __ _ _ •• _ to
3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
86
.,.
HAND LENGTH
1,_, .'
\: M
\
. \.'
\~''';''''
87
HA RD L!RG'fH LIUAG! (c.)
(!'Ial es and Felllales)
18.00
16.00
.,.., , , .,
,,
. .... ,
:
.
. .. " , II ,
12.00
. ...
....
... ... .... . .., .
...... ....
I:. • . ~
\..
0'
o "
. ..... .."
.1 • •
'
10.00
8.00+----+-.....:..--+--...-j~--+_--_+_--_+--__+---t_-__t
2 S 5 6 7 e 9 10 11
AGE CYEARS)
88
MIDDLE FINGER LENGTH
-'''''~~
---
'. . .
'
., ~ ". -. ~.,'-,:~, ,
. ~. .'
",.
'~.";:'.'.'
, (,.
"~
~
.
89
til DOLE FINGER LENGTH (em)
("!ales and Females)
9.00
8.00
7.00
· ..... .....
· - ... ...
.. . . .......
..
6.00
. .. ..- . ..
II • • II •
- ..
.. • II ..
II • II •
.·
.. .. .......
• I' I II II II ......
••• .. •• II
II • II II II II
5.00 • II ••
I..
II • II II' • II II' II
II II • II II
•• II 'I'
• • • • II II ••
•• .._ II' II
•• , II
1£.00
3.00+----+-- I-----+---......---+----+-----+---+--~_t
2 3 5 8 9 10 11
90
WRIST THICKNESS
'~--
.-
r.-.. .:,~,~,~,>~;c'~
- ,,-
':; .
. ;,.
; . '. - ~-. ". :" , ":~;
91
ii RIST THICKNESS (c III)
( f'lales and Females)
Age (yrs) N Mean s.d. "in . 5th 50th 95th roIax
2.5- 3.5 30 2.7 0.2 2.3 2.3 2.6 3. 1 3.2
1.5-4.5 45 2.8 0.2 2.4 2.4 2.7 3.2 3.3
11.5-5.5 44 2.9 0.2 2.3 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.11
5.5-6.5 49 2.9 0.2 2.4 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.3
6.5-7.5 45 3.0 0.3 2.4 2.5 3.0 3.4 3.7
7.5-A.5 5) 3. 1 0.3 2.5 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.7
8.5- 9.5 42 3.2 0.2 2.6 2.1 3. 1 3.5 3.9
9.5-10.5 45 3.3 0.3 2.8 2.8 3.2 3.7 3.8
5.00
~.50
~.OO
3.50
.. ...........
.. ..
en
en
LU
z 3.00 ...... _
.. . ... _. .. .
.
:lIC
....U7:
• •
...
••
•
•
II.
II
• •
••
.. .
~
2.50 .,
~
en
.... 2.00
a=
:%
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
92
...... _-
METACARPAL PHALANGEAL JOINT THICKNESS
93
P!ETACARPAL THICKNESS (ca)
(!'Iales and 'ellales)
Age Cyrs) N !'lean s.d. "'in 5th 50th 95th !"lax
2.5-3.5 31 1.7 0.2 1.3 1.3 1.6 2. 1 2.3 .
3.5-4.5 45 1.8 0.2 1.4 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.5
4.5-5.5 42 1.8 0.2 1.5 1.5 1.1 2.0 2.4
5.5-6.5 49 1.9 0.2 , •4 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.2
6.5-1.5 46
7.5- 8.5 "'52
1.9
2.0
0.2
0.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
'.8 2.2
2.4
2.6
2.9
'.9
~. 5- q. 5 42 2.1 0.2 1.8 1.8 2. 1 2.4 2.6
9.5-10.5 45 2.2 0.2 1.8 1.8 2. 1 2.6 2.7
11.00
3.50
3.00
en
en
w
z 2.50
-
~
u
~
~
...J 2.00
a:
Q..
a:
a:
u 1.50 .... I •• • • It ••
a:
~
w
~
1.00
0.50
0.00 2
3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
94
....
.,
PROXIMAL. INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT THICKNESS
95
PRnXIM.U I NTERPHAL ANGE~L JOINT THICKNESS (em)
( "'ales and Females)
2.00
1.80
1.80
.,
en
en
1.1iI.0 -- -- .. -..-
LLJ
Z
. ..... _.. ..... _.. _... . . - .... ... --
-
~ 1.20 .~ .
u ,
II •• •• •• _.. .
~
~
1.00
-...,
~
z
0
0.80
-
Cl..
Cl.. 0.80
0."0
0.20
0.00
2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
96
DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT THICKNESS
97
DISTU INTERPHAl~NGEAL JOINT THICKNESS (em)
("ales and Females)
Age (yrs) N "lean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th 'lax
2.5-3.5 31 0.9 O. 1 0.8 0.8 0.9 1. 1 1.2
3.';-4.5 uS 1.0 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 1• 1 1 .2
4.5- 5.5 44 1.0 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 1. 1 1.2
5.5-6.5 49 1.0 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.q
6.5-1.5 .... 43 1.0 .0. , 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 ,•5
7.5-8.5 52 1.0 O. 1 O. B 0.8 '.0 1.2 1.3
B. 5-9. 5 42 , •1 0.' 0.9 0.9 '.0 1.3 1.3
9.5-10.5 45 ,. 1 O. 1 0.9 0.9 1. , '.3 1.6
2.00
1.80
1.80
. .
VI I.~O
VI
I.LJ . .. ." ...
-
Z
:lC
u 1.20 .. . ... .. ._...... ...
:z: .... . . ..- -
-_
" '
~
....... -_ -," _ .
-
1.00 .--'~ -..-
~
z
0
-, 0.80
-
Q..
CI 0.60
O.~O
0.20
0.00
2 ·s 8 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
98
THIRD PHALANX
99
THIBD PHALlIl LIIUGl (c.)
("a.les and le.ales)
I\ge (yrs) N Mean s.d. Min 5th 50th 95th !'!ax
2.5-3.5 31 5.8 0.5 !J.8 4.8 5.7 6.5 7.0
3.5-4.5 45 6.1 0.4 5.4 5.5 6. 1 6.8 7. 1
4.5-5.5 114 6.7 0.5 5.5 5.7 6.5 7.6 ".9
5.5-6.5 49 6.7 0.5 5.5 5.7 6.6 7.6 .7.8
6.5-7.5 46 7.2 0.5 6.0 6.2 7.2 7.8 7.9
7.5-8:"5 52 7.5 0.6 6.2 6.3 7.5 8.4 tL .,
8.5-9.5 .42 7.8 0.5 7.0 7. 1 7.7 8.7 9.0
9. 5-H). 5 45 8.2 0.6 7.1 7.2 8. 1 Q.3 9.q
10.00
9.00
..
8.00 ....
x
za: .
•••
.. . ..
•
o •
I"
•
•
.... .. .... .. .
i
0- 7.00 ..
..
.. . .
c 1: •• . .. .
-...
a::
~
8.00
..... .
...... ...
.... ._..
. ...
'. ...
.
. ...,.
5.00
. '£.OO±---t---t---.....t-----t---+----+---+----+----'--
235 6 7 8 9 10
AGE (YEARS)
100
PROXIMAL PHALANGEAL LINKAGE
101
PRon MAL PHHANGEAL LINK AGE (em)
("'ales and Females)
5.00
II. SO
w 11.00
t:) 00 .. 0 .. 0
a: o'
..
00 00
.
-
:lE::
z 3.50 0
-l .... .. .
-l
a: 3.00 .. ..
..
... . ....... . . -
0.0
W
t:)
Z
.. •• 0
o. o. 0
a: 2.50 00
-l
a:
z:
Q...
2.00
-I
-
a:
~
x 1.50
0
a:::
Q...
1.00
0.50
0.00
2 5 6 7 B 9 10
AGE (YEARS)
102
MIDDLE PHALANGEAL LINKAGE
103
MIDDLE PHALANGE~L LINKAGE (era )
(l'Iales and Pemales)
Age (y rs) N r!ean s.d. IUn 5th 50th 95th Max
2.5-3.5 31 1.6 0.2 1.2 1.2 1.6 2~0 2.4
3.5-4.5 45 1.7 0.2 1.3 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.1
4.5-5.5 43 1.8 0.2 1.3 1.3 1.7 2. 1 2.2
").5- 6.5 49 1.8, 0.3 1.1. 1. 1 1.7 2.3 2.5
6.5-7.5 415 1.9 0.3 1.2 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.5
7.5- 8. ') 52 2.0 0.3 1.6 . 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.8
8.5-Q.S"'42 2.1 0.3 1.3 1.5 2. 1 2.4 3.0
9.5-10.5 411 2.2 0.3 1.4 1.5 2. 1 2.6 3.0
1£.00
3.50
UJ 3.00
~
a:
-
z:lI::
-J
-J
a:
lIJ
2.50
z~
a:
2.00 . \.
-J
a:
X
Q..
1.50
lIJ
-J
-
C
C
::E: 1.00
0.50
0.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
104
DISTAL PHALANGEAL LINKAGE
105
DISTAL PllALA NGF.U lINKAGE (em)
(PlalEs aod Females)
Age (yrs) N Plean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th q5th Max
2.5-3.5 31 1.3 0.2 0.9 0.9 '.2 1.5 , •6
3.5-4.5 44 1.4 0.2 , .0 1.0 '.3 1.6 1.8
11.5-5.5 44 1.4 0.2 , •1 1• 1 1.4 1.8 1• 9
5.5-6.5 49 1.5 0.2 1.0 1.0 1. II 1.8 2.0
6.5-7.5 "'IUi 1.6 0.2 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.0
7.5-6.5 52 1.6 0.3 1.0 1.1 1.6 2.0 2.4
F3. 5- 9.5 142 '.7 0.2 1.1 1.1 '.7 2.0 2. 1
9.5-10.5 45 1.9 0.2 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.4
3.00
2.67
L&J
2.33
~
a:
-
x:
z
....J
....J
a:
2.00
L&J
~
1.67 .-. . . .. .
Z
a: .... - I ... _I . . . . . .
....J
a: 1.33
~
a..
....J
a: 1.00
-
t-
en
0
0.67
0.33
0.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
AGE [YEARS)
· ,
...... 106
OUTSIDE CARPAL LINKAGE
~."-
-''..",.
l",. ,".
~._'
'L··f'~
,:
.z:.~ .
.'
_.
-- ,_.-... '
.
- -----" ..
107
OUTSIDE CARPAL LI NKAGE (em)
(Males and Pemales)
Age eyrS) N ~ean s.d. !'lin 5tu 50th 95th III ax
2.5-3.5 31 4.4 C.1 3.0 3.2 4.3 5.6 5.8
l.5-1I.5 45 4.6 0.5 3.6 3.7 4.5 5.5 5.7
11.5- 5.5 43 5.3 0.1 4. 1 11.2 5.2 6.3 1.2
5.5- 6.5 119 5.6 0.1 3.9 11.4 5.5 6.7 8.3
6.5- 7.5 Li3 5.8 0.7 4.3 4.5 5.6 7. 1 7.7
7.5-8.5 ...50 6.0 0.8 4.2 4.6 5.9 7.2 8.6
8.5-q.5 40 6.3 0.7 4.7 5.1 6.2 7.2 8.0
9.5-10.5 44 6.5 1. 1 4.8 li.S 6.2 8.8 9.8
,,
..... , . .. .
. .. ,. .. .
.. .... . ,.. .
'
. ::.. .. .- .. , .
.. .. . .·.... .. .. ·, , .. , , ,
"
.......... ·· .
. . .. ....... . . ..... .. ...., .......··.. :
, , . ..
.. . ......... .
,
.. .
..
3 5 6 1 8 9 10 1
AGE (,EARS)
108.
OUTSIDE PROXIMAL PHALANGEAL LINKAGE
109
OUTSIDE PROII PlAt PRAUNGFAL LIN~AGE (ern)
("'ales and Females)
8.00
7.00
z:
~
~ 8.00
-l
.. . ..
-J
a::: ...._.. . --
..
.... .. ....
_. -... ...... .
..
. .. ..
.,... -
LLJ ....
~ 5.00 .. ...... ... .. . .. .. ..
..
z ... . .. """ .. .... . ..... .. ""..
a:::
-J
.. .. .. . ... .. " ..
.
..
.. -
I.
...'..
.. . . I '
-.. ..
•••
..
... .. ..
~
I .. .. • ......
. . II.......... ..
.... _ .. .. ..
.. .. . ......
•• , I. . . .
x
0
a:
. ....,. ..
ll. 3.00
-
LLJ
0
en
l-
=>
0
2.00
1.00
0.00
2 3 5 8 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
110
OUTSIDE MIDDLE PHALANGEAL LINKAGE
:;:. til"
II:.
111
OUTSIDE: 1''11 DOLE PHAl1\NGEAL L IliK1\GE (em)
(!'lales and pemales)
5.00
11.50
:r:: 11.00
~
~
..J
3.50
. .. ... .... .. . ......
..... . .
..J
a:
. ...
.. - .. .... . . ....... ...
l&J
~ . . ....
za: 3.00 ,-'
cE
:r:: . .. .... ... . ..... ..
Q..
2.50 .... .,. . ,
-
0
~ 2.00
-
IJJ
0
en lisa
.....
::J
0
1.00
0.50
0.00
2 "S 5 6 7 8 9 10 1]
AGE (YEARS)
112
OUTSIDE DISTAL PHALANGEAL LINKAGE
::.;<~;~'~~""
" .. I .... :~.~:::~:., ' " ~'0;\1~':'-
, ~~-""
...
113
OUTSIDE D1STAL PHALANGEAL LINKAGE (ell )
OIales I nd Fe •• le.)
11.00
3.50
.-
~
c,:) 3.00
...J
...J
~
I.LJ
c,:) 2.50
Z
~ .'
...I
~ 2.00
a..
.- ......
.. . ...__..
-
(f)
C 1.50
".
-
I.LJ
C
.-
( f)
:::J
1.00
o
0.50
0.00+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----.----4
2 . 5 8 9 10 11
114
OUTSIDE GRIP DIAMETER
:;~....
:t····
..
115
OUTSIDE GRIP DB I5ETEIl (em)
(l'Iales and Pemales)
10.00
9.00
a=
LlJ
.....
LlJ 8.00 ... 01'
,
:E
a:
..... . .,
c
,
.. .
. ...... ,
,
,
......
,, II
II II II
II II
II
• • II
Q..
..... 7.00
. .. . ..
, ,, . II II..
.. II II ••••
II
.. ..
a= , I ".
, • ....
<.:J ..
........
II
•
• II II
••
..
II
II
II
-
II •• II .. II II II
-5
LlJ
C
" , , .. • •
.... • II ,
, .
,
,
en
. ...
"
..... 8.00
...
._. II • II. II II
.
• II
•••
••
•••
•
• • II
II II •
II
II
II •• II •
5.00
,,
..
~.oo 2
s 5 e 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
116
INSIDE GRIP DIAMETER
'.,'
117
INSIDE GRIP DI ~IHT'E:R (em)
(Males and Females)
6.00
5.00
...
a:: .. .... . ..
. . . . ..
L&J
Il.oo
.... ••• 1 •
•
. ...
I' •.
...
~
. ....
--
L&J ,
..... . .. ...
:z: • • II
. .1. .
ct:
. ...... • •••
.. . . .
•• oM
. I.'
•
. .
C
. ... . ...... . •. . • I''''
. . ..
I.. . I" _
1'._ ••
..
Q..
3.00
..... . .. . . ...
f5 .. .
.. . .. ...
...
--
~
en
z 2.00
1.00
0.00+----+---+----+---+-----+------1----.....
2 5 6 7 8 9
----1-----
10
AGE (YEARS)
118
Anthropometry statistics
(2.5 - 3.5 years)
Anthropometry Statistics
(3.5 - 4.5 years)
Anthropometry Statistics
(5.5 - 6.5 years)
Anthropometry Statistics
(9.5 - 10.5 years)
Sacral Linkage (em) r,5 8.8 1.6 4.9 6.0 8.7 11.2 13. ]
Lumbar Linkage (em) LIS 26.7 2.4 20.5 21.7 26.9 29.9 32.2
Cervical linkage (e m) - 45 17.3 1.5 13.3 14.3 17.4 19.6 20.4
Femoral Linkage (em) 45 33.6 2.5 27.8 29.5 32.9 31.9 39.4
Tihial Linkage (em) 45 32.0 2.5 27.8 2B.l 31. 5 36.6 37.2
Tarsal Linkage (em) 45 11.6 1.2 8.6 9.2 11.5 13.6 '''.2
Clavieal Linkage (em) 115 20.7 2.e 16.2 11.5 20.4 23.8 25.7
f-'
N Pelvic Linkaye (em) 45 19 • 1 2.2 14.7 15. 1 18.8 23.1 24.7
CJ'l Distal Phal Linkage (e m) 45 1.9 0.2 1.4 1.4 1. 8 2.3 2.4
Middle phal Lir.~age ( em) 44 2.2 0.3 1.4 1. ') 2. , 2.6 3.0
Proximal Phal link (c m) 45 3.7 0.4 2.8 2.Q 3.7 4.4 4.8
aD Distal Phal Link (em) 45 2. 1 0.3 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.5 - 2.7
aD Middle Phal Link (e m) 44 3.3 0.3 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.8 3.9
aD Prox Phal Link (em) 45 5.2 0.4 4.2 4.6 5. 1 5.9 6. 1
ad carpal Dhal Link (em) 44 6.5 1• 1 4.8 4.8 6.2 B.8 9.8
Fingerfold Li~kage (em) 45 6.4 0.6 5.3 5.4 6.2 1.4 8~0
Hand Length l,ink ( em) 45 14.7 1.1 12.9 13.0 14.5 16.7 17 .5
DIll Finger Rreadth ( em) 45 1.2 O. 1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1 .5
PI~ Finge~ Breadth (em) ij5 1.4 O. 1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 , • '7
Hand Breadth-!'tP (em) 45 6.5 0.5 5.5 5.8 6.4 7.2 7.7
Hand Breadth-Thumh (em) 45 1.5 0.6 6.6 6.6 7.3 B.7 Q.4
Wr is t Brea ,j t h (em) 45 /~ .6 0.3 If. 1 4. 1 11.5 5. 1 5.5
nIP Thickness (em) 45 1 • 1 O. , 0.9 0.9 1. 1 1. 3 1.6
PIP 1'hiekness (em) 44 1.4 O. , 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 l.fl
l'IP Thickness (e m) 45 2.2 0.2 1. Ii 1.8 ? 1 2.6 2.7
Wrist Thickness (em) 45 1.3 0.3 1.8 2.f\ 3 • .£ 3.1 1.8
Grip OD (em) 45 7.7 0.6 6.7 6.8 1.6 B.1 9.R
Grip 11) (em) 45 4.2 O. 3 1.6 3.1 4.0 4.S 5.0
E
e
u
U
co
co
..c: ..c:
u u
c: c:
."t=J.. e ."l:l< e
U
U
.j.l .j.l 1.0
c: 1.0 c
."0 ."0 lJ")
~ lJ") p..
,
,.., lJ") ..".
..".
E
u eu
1 M
12'1
-_ .....
e()
Cl
N
Cl E
Cl ()
:::J 11")
0'
U)
3.3.1 Index of Grip Strength Data
Measurement Pag~
~29
!-1casurement
5 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ••••.•..•......•••••.•..••••••.••••••• 166
Location of Force Vector (em) .•••••..••••••..••.•• 167
Angle (Degrees) •••.•.••.••...••••••.•...•.••.....•• 168
6 centimeters
Force (Kgf) " .. 169
Location of Force Vector (em) .••••••.....•.•.....•• 170
Angle (Degrees) ••.•.•••.•......••••••..•••••••..•.. 171
7 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ••••.•.••••••.••...•••••.•...•.•.•.••• 172
Locati~n of Force Vector (em) ..••••••••..••••••••. 173
Angle (Degrees) ••...••••••••••..••••••••..••••••••. 174
8 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ••••....••••••..•..•.••..••••.••••••••• 175
Location of Force Vector ••.•••.•••••••••.•••••.••• 176
Angl~ (Degrees) •.•.•••..••••.•...•...•.•...•.••.•• 177
9 centimeters
Force (Kgf) •••.•.•••••••..•...•••••••.•...•.•..••.• 178
Location of Force Vector (em) • • • • • • • • . • • . • • • • . • . .• 179
Angle (Degrees) •.•••••••.•••.••.....••.....•••••... 180
3. Squeeze
2 centimeters
Force (Kgf) •••••••••.••••.•••'. • . • • . . . • • • . • . • . • . . .. 182
Location of Force Vector (em) ••••••...•••••••••••• 183
Angle (Degrees) .••.••.••...•••••••••.....•••••••••. 184
3 centimeters
Force (Kgf) .••..••.••.•...•.••••••.....•••••••.•... 185
Location of Force Vector (em) • • • • • . • • • •• • • • . • • • • •. 186
Angle (Degrees) •••••.••...•••••••••••••••••••••••• 187
4 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ..••••••••••••..••••••••.•••.•••••••••. 188
Location of Force Vector (em) •••••••.•.•••••••••.•. 189
Angle (Degrees) .•••••••..•••••••••...••••••••••••• 190
5 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ••.••••.•••....•••••.••..•..•••••••••• 191
Location of Force Vector (em) • •• • • . . . . . • • • • • • • • . .. 192
Angle (Degrees) ••••••.•....•••.•.•.••••.•.••••••.• 193
6 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ••••.••••••••••.•.••••••••.•........•.•. 194
Location of Force Vector (em) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . 195
Angle (Degrees) ...•.•.•.•.••.•.•..........•.•....•. 196
7 centimeters
Force (Kgf) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• '•••.•.••• '•••••• 197
Location of Force Vector (em) ....•...•..•.....,•..•. 198
Angle (Degrees) •••...••• ,••••••..•••.•••••••.•.••.•• 199
4. Three Point Pineh Strength vs. Span .••••••..••.•••••• 200
5. Five Point Pinch Strength vs. Span ....••••••...•.••. 201
6. Squeeze Strength vs. Span . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
, ,
130
GRIP: THREE POINT PINCH
TEST POSITION: The thumb and first two fingers are flexed in
the sagittal plane so that the thumb tip is opposite the
first "'and second finger tips and one finger lies on each
side of the distal handle brace. The remaining two fingers
are flexed in the same plane into a tight fist.
Dietal Proximal
Handle Handle
131
3 porn PI NCH. force at 2 ca (Kgf)
(!"Iales and Pemales)
10.00
8.00
2:
U 8.00
C\I
~
~ 7.00
LU
U ,. ,
!5
~
8.00
.. ,
,
• . .... " • I.' ._ •• ' ., .. ,
0 ......
...." ,
, ":
......~."
. .. ..
-
z
~
....
5.00
• ,"
'. "... ".. ., " . . "r',. .'
. :. '.': ': ......
I
" , . , ,
, ...
, ,
-
Z '.00
..'. .. . ! . : .. '"
...... ....
.
~
..
.... • ' ". 'I"
0 . ..
It· ..
.. '...
-
t ....... •
.
\
Q..
3.00 ,' . ..~.:
.~
:, .1
..
I '
cr>
. ....~'.:'"
' . " ...
.'
2.00
.. '
..
. . .
"..
" .: :"" • I " '.
"
•
oil '.
1.00
2 3 5 8 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
132
-~ POINT PINCH. force locat ion at 2 cm
(Males and PelDa les)
llge(yrs) N ~ean s. d. Min 5th 50th 95th Mal:
2.5- 3.5
3.5-~.5
4.5-5.5
28
44
44
,. ,
1.0
0.8
0.11
0.4
O. J
0.2
-0.5
0.3
0.4
0.9
1. 1
1.7
1.7
1~ 9
'.1
0.4 0.0 0.9 1.2 1; 6
5.5- 6.5
6.5-7.5
48
j6
0.8
O.B
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.8
0.8
1.5
1.3
'.1
1.9
7.S-~.5 52 0.6 0.3 - 0.2 0.1 0.6 1.2 1.6
B.5-9.5 42 0.7 0.4 -0.0 0.1 0.6 1. 1 2.2
9.5-10.5 44 0.6 0.. 3 - 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.0 1.2
2.50
1.50 -- .,
•
,
- , -0 ,, /.
•• '.. •
,-
•, . ...'
.
.. •• .. .• •
• 1.00 ,,. " .: . .'.... '. • • • • ,, . "
-
zis
CL
• ,,
,,
•
.
, ,•
, , ,
, , . • .. .. . ,
0 , •
. ••
"
• ••
. -•... • , ...-, - , .,, .•.... ., • •.:...., • ' ..., .-
0
,
~o , .'
o • ,.
-
-
• .# ,t
~
'0
., , , ,
o
0.60 ,
• .,
, ,
.' . . ••
.. .. • '
CL
,, - .' • ,
• 0'
l"')
, ., • ,
,
0.00
o
..
-o.50~---+----+---.....p.---+---+----t----l~--t------t
2 5 8 '7 e 8 10 1t
AGE (YEARS)
133
3 POI NT PINCH, angle at 2 c. (Degrees)
(P'Ja les and Females)
8.DO
134
J POIK'I' PINCH, force at 3 ca (Kgf)
(PIa les and FeBales)
8.00
8.00
7.00
.
•
1.00
.-.... '.
.•
. '. • .
.. 5.00
.. . .. . "'. .
-
o •
~
~ .. . 0: • • ...• ..
• w. . ••
o • • ~l •
o •
a.. fl. 00 • :
' 0 .. I.
.. o •
.. . .. .• e" -, "- • .
• 0
-
• o~ .
t-
z . • .0
•
2.00 0
.~.
. ..
.... . • 0"
•
w- . . . . .
'..~
.e.
:.. I
•• • I
.
0
0
•
0
1.00 2
3 fl 5 I 7 8 I 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
135
3 POiNT PI NCH. fOt"ce locat ion at 3 em
(/'fales and Pemales)
2.00
.'
1.50 ., .. '
lj , . ., .
.. . ..., "
. . . ,. , •
, . ....
"
:.". -... .. .. .. .. , .
(I')
'. • ....
,
1.00
~
a:
. .... .. ... . ..
'. • ..
1
tI.
..J
••
..
..." ... .'• ,. ."
e· ,
......... ., ......
.
. ,
0Z
...
0.50 ,.'
.' . .. .
.
." ..
"
'
.. . ,, . .,.... .. . , ,
-!Z
A.:.
e... .
.,
. . .. ' '
, , , "
\
•
, .f
"
-
0
CL.
(I')
0.00
-0.50
-1.00 +----+----+--"""""4~--+_--_+_--_+--__+---~-___t
2 S S. 1 8 9 10 1
AGE O'EAAS)
136
3 POINT PIRes, angle at 3 ell (Degrees)
(I'lales and Fella 1es)
9.00
1&.00
~ •
.
C")
,. •• ,
~ • • ,
~ -1.00
,,
,. ,. . ,,
•
l&J
~ ...... •"
,, ,
,
, .. .",
., ,
, ,"
.
' .•
" .
'
"
.'
,
... • .."
,
""
J
,.
i . •
, , " # "
. , ", .
••
0z
• -4.00 "
,' •
., " ' ,.... . . . ..:.. , .
",
, .' ,,
•
, ,, . . , ,' .
.. ...'. .
",
-
'
.. ,,, , .
••
". .... ,
Q..
,
\ ,
.. . .' .
.' ..
,
. • ,, ,
, ,, ,, ,, .
... , , .
-
z -11.00
~
..
'",
, ",
0 ,,
Q.. "
C") , "
-18.00
, .
-21.00+---000+--"""""t~--+---
2
.....
'l 5 8
----t---"""'---+---+----I
7 8 9 10 11
RGE O'ERRSJ
137
3 POI NT PI HeM, force at 4 c. (Kgf)
(I!ales and Fellales)
'.00
8.00
E
U 1.00
='
~
a: , ,,
8.00
~
. .. ,
.. . ...... . .' ,. .
, ,"
~•
,0
0
, ,
. .. .
5.00 0
.
...... ···A . ,
~
-
, , ,
is
0
; ,
z
• . ..
, ,
,
.
.. .,...
a.. e. ' " ':.
.,
• 0 0'
,
' ,"
,. . .
o •
".00 .. . • "
......
, ," •
,
.,'
-
!Z
0
~
(f)
3.00
,
. . .. '0 " .."
,
...
.' o ,•
,.
•
, ,"
,I
2.00
, . • 0
. ,."
1.00
2 5 8 7 1I s 10
AGE (YEARS)
138
3 POINT PI NCH w force: location at 4 cm
([lJales and Females)
ftge (yrs) N ",earl s. d. !tin 5th 50th 95th !tax
2.5-3.5 28 0.8 0.5 -0.4 -0.2 0.1 1.5 2.1
3.5-4.5
4.5-5.5
45
44
0.9
0.8
0.4
0.4
- 0.3
-0.2 0.1
0~3 '.0
0.9
'.4
1.4 1.8
1.6
5.5-6.5 49 0.1' 0.3 O. , 0.2 0.7 1.3 1.6
6.5-7.5 46 0.7 0.4 -0.3 -0.1 0.7 1.4 1.6
1.5- B. '5 52~ 0.6 o ~'3 - 0.1 -0.0 0.6 1. 1 1.5
B. '5- 9.5 42 0.7 0.4 -0.0 -0.0 0.6 1.4 1.6
9.5-10.5 115 0.5 0.3 - 0.2 0.1 0.5 1.1 1.2
2.50
2.00
1.50 ..
..
... '., . .. ..
. .. '.. . '. .. . .
' .. .'.' . ..
. • ......, . ..•
:
.. .·. .
• ....
~ 1.00
u
-
z
0...
• ....-
.. .. .
,
.. ...
I .....
.. . .....
.... .. .'·. ..
o
•
o •
:. ttl
. .....-.. ...
..
.. • •. ...•• ...
--
t- •
. .. .. .. . .. .. ....'
Z
0.50 • • •g : • ...,.. •
o . ".: ....
0...
.. .. .1
., . ..
C")
..
0.00
.. ..
-o.50........:...---+---.......----+-~~~--+_--~--_+_--_+--__4
2 3 " 5 8 7 8 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
139
(Degrees)
3 POINT PINCH, angle at 4 em
("ales and Females)
Age (y rs) N Mean s. d. "in 5th 50th 95th !'lax
2.5-3.5 28 -10.8 4.2 -17.11 -16.9 -11.0 -1&.0 - 3. 6
3.5-4.5 1j5 -7.6 4.2 -13.5 -13.0 -1.9 -0.8 2.0
1.1.5- 5.5 44 -7.8 4. 1 -16.8 -15.6 -1.6 -1.0 2.8
5.5-6.5 '19 -6.5 3.6 -13.2 -12.1 -6.8 -0.2 2.2
6.5-7.5 46 -5.9 3.9 -15.7 -13.3 -6.9 0.3 2.6
1.5- 8. ~ 52 -4.5 3.9 -12.6 -11.4 -4.6 1.3 3.3
8.5- 9.5 42 -4.2 3.7 -12.9 -10.3 -3.8 0.5 2.2
9.5- 1 O. 5 45 - 3. 2 3.5 -11.6 -8.5 -3.6 3.6 5.B
6.00
3.00
~
O.DO
, 0
.' , ,
,
"
' , ,
:::J' ,
..
pi
~ ,, .
, ,
.....,
, , ' ,,
....- . r ..
0
-3.00
L&.I
...J
Co:)
Z
.. " .' .
,
"
••••
0
10 .. ,
. 0 "
a:
. ..
• 0
" .'\'
, ..
-
U
Z
0.. -9.00 '. "
. ...
- ..
o·
t-
Z " "
.. .. .. .'..
.\, '
,,
o'
0
0.. -12.00 ' ' '
(Y')
-15.00 .,.'.
-18.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
AGE (YEARS)
140
3 POINT PI HCH. force at 5 ell (Kgf)
("ales and Fellales)
Age (yrs) N Mean s. d. Min 5th 50th 95th ftax
2.5- 3.5 26 2.4 0.6 1. 1 1.2 2.3 3.2 4.0
3. ~4. 5 43 2.9 0.1 1.5 1.6 2.9 4.0 4.6
4!, 5-5.5 44 3.4 0.7 1.7 1.9 3.2 14.6 5.1
5.5-6.5 49 3.6 0.1 2.3 . 2. 3 3.5 4.8 5.9
6.5-7.5 46 4.0 0.7 2.7 2.9 q. 1 4.9 5.6
1.5-,.8.5 .e2 4.4 O.B 3.0 3.1 4.l.l 5.7 6.0
8.5-9.5 42 4.B 1. 1 3.2 3.4 4.7 6.1 8.3
9.5-10.5 115 5.3 1.0 3.3 J.5' 5.1 1.3 1.6
8.00
8.00
•
7.00
o
o
6.00 o
o
.0
'0 0
: .
.o. , .. .• • . ..'.
o • •
.. 5.00 00 I 0
"
'.'
'I 1-'"
oz "\
- It. .:
0
o
.' .
0 .. 0 0
o .'
·.
0 0
o.
....
0
\ 0
0
0
~ . .' .. o 0
•
....
0
. 0
I
0
o
o' 0
".00
.
.0 0 0 0
0
• 0 .\ 0\ 0
0 o
-
~
0 •
.... •• • • fI" •
• 0
0
z ••- • ... I • 0
o
~ 3.00
o 0 0
o
. .,.
o
0
•
•' • '....,- ...1;.:
1'.
.....
o 0
.. .. •
0
•
•
"
" .. •
0
0
. . •• .·
,•
o • o
(I") o 0
o • o
o 0
t ..... 00
• 0
2.00 . o.o
• 0
1.00 2
5 , 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
141
3 peINT PINCH, force location at 5 CII
(Males and females)
Aqe (yrs) N Mean s.d. "in 5th 50th 95th "ax
2.5- 3.5 26 0.8 0.4 - 0.1 -0. 1 0.9 1.4 1.5
3.5- 4.5 43 0.9 0.4 - 0.2 -0.1 0.9 1.6 1.9
4.5-5.5 44 0.8 0.4 -0.1 O. 1 0.8 1.4 1.7
5.5-6.5 49 0.7 0.4 -:' 0.3 -0.1 0.7 1.3 1.4
6.5-7.5 46 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.3 1.8
7.5-8.5 52 0.7 0.4 - 0.11 -0. , 0.7 ,. J 2.0
8.5-9.5--42 0.7 0.3 -0.1 0.2 0.1 1.3 1. II
9.5-10.5 45 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.7 1. 1 1.2
2.50
2.00
2:
U
If) ..
~
ex
1.50
..
. ......
,,
L&-
., .
.
.. . ..
-J • I
. . .. ..
.'
.., .. . . ... .... . .. .." .. .
• " '.
is 1.00 ". . "
-
z
Q.
..
. '".,
..
. ' .
'
. .., ,. ., , .
.. . '..., ,. ..'". ..... : .'.
~
11. • •
\
,
., .
'" "
-
z~
• •, ... I
0
Q.
0.50 ,
,
.. . "
.
.' ,. .., ., ..
"(\')
. . . ..
0.00
-0. 50 +---+---+---+---+---t---.....-,t-----tr----t--
2 .. S 8 7 8 e 10
AGE (YEARS)
142
] POINT PINCH, angle at 5 c. (Degrees)
(r'Jales and Fe.ales)
8.00
"
,.
1.00 '., .
li ,,
.
IJ)
, ..' ..'
. ..'
~
a: ,. •, ". .' . .. ., ,
'
•, . • , , • ,
"
LU
G ~.oo
..
,o ., .
- , ,
. , .
.
o •
,
. .
, ,
,
"
o
, e. : .
z
.. '. . . .:
••• " I,
.. .,
., , ,
~ , 0
,.
a:
.. .. . , 0;' o.
, .'
•
. ,. ..
• ,0
-
~
U ·0
,'
Z
Q..
-8.00 .. ,
.. II..
'0
-
~
Z
o
Q..
(\') -1".00
.. ,,0, .
o
..
-18.00~---t----+-~~+----+----+---""""---t----+---~
2 3 .. 5 7 8 8 10 e 11
AGE (YEAAS)
143
(Kgf)
:3 POI IT PIICR.• foc-c. at 6 ca
(!'!ales and Females)
9.00
8.00
:E
U 7.00
CD
....a: .'
.. .:. .'
w 8.00
u
~
~ .. .. .
, . .. 'I
.. .. '. ." .
• ,,',.'
• • II
.'
. . .'
I"
II'"
0
Q..
3.00 . ' ,... .
"
. . .
'. .
••
".• I. I
(Y") •
'" . ... . . .
II' • II • •
.
, . . .
2.00
1.00
2 3 5 6 .7 8 8 10
AGE (YEARS)
144
3 PCINT PI NCH. force locat ion at 6 em
(Males and Females)
Age (yrs) N liJean s. d. Min 5th 50th 95th Plax
2.5- 3.5
3.5-4.5
19
~2
006
0.7
0.5
0.5
-0.4
~ 0.1
••
-0.0
0.5
0.7
••
1.4
1.7
1.6
4.5-5.5 43 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.7 1.4 1.9
5.5- 6.5 49 0.7 0.3 - 0.4 0.1 O.b 1.2 1.5
6.5-7.5 46 0.8 0.4 0.0 .0.2 0.7 1.4 2.2
7.5- 801. 5 9'2 0.7 0.4 - O. 0 0.1 0.6 1.3 1. "1
8.5- 9.5 42 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.3 1.4
9.5-10.5 1&5 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 1.1 1.2
2.50
2.00
::z::
u
co
~
1.50 o 0 0
a:
~ · o. o
-'
.0 o 0
.
o
o
. .
o
•
..
o
0" •
eo •• • ••
::I: 1.00 •
U , ,
• o
o o
.
• 0
o·
o 0
.
. . ..'. , .. '
Z
..
o •
..... o
: .: ..:.
• 0
a.. o 0
o 0
.
o •
.' 1'.
•
0
0 .. : . '•.• I '" • 0
o
, 0
~
.•
0
• 0
z
..... . ..
I : • • 0 0
0.50
.. z
00 0
o 0 o
o o ~
a..
(Y') ·0
0
0
·0·0
o
o ••
•
.. o. , 0
o.
..
0.00 ..
-0.50 +2-----i3~--+----+S--~·
....e-----7.---t'B----±9------:lt----:l
lO 11
AGE (YEARS)
145
3 POI If,.PIIICH, an qle at 6 c. (Degrees)
(l'Iales and Feules)
9.00
5.00
fi
co 1.00
,
, . ,
~
" . .-. " .....•
.. . -.' :..".--.-. .... ,-.. .
a:
, .~
I&J
. '
0z , ...
-
",
-7.00 ,
, , Io.
.,I
.." ,
. I
,
.'
'
Q ..
.,, . "
-
'f
~
Z , ,
0 -11.00
Q..
C')
-15.00
-19. 00+---__+_-----1__--
2 3
......--__+_--~1---- ......
5 6 7 8
----+----......-
9 10
-
AGE (YEARS)
146
3 POINT PIlfCH. force at 7 CB (Kgf)
(P1ales and Females)
9.00
8.00
o
o
7.00
o
..., .
8.00 '. ,,
.
'0
.- "'.
,o . . ,.
, • 0 •
. .- ..
.. 5.00 .... . ........ ..
oz ...... . .: .. : ,..
"
,. ., .,.. ,
o ' ,
, ,
-
"-'
n.. 1&.00
.,
.... . . .. .
,o ,
.. 0
" '
" .'0 , o
o , • 0
.
'
..... ..
.. .
" 0
-
z
o
n..
en
3.00 .
o
, 0 ",
..
,
"
'.. . .,.. . .. .
o '
.
,
, ~
o
"
0
, ,
l
2.00
1.00 +2----43---....---+5---+6-----i71----e~--+9-----:t10-----:iU
AGE (YEARS)
147
3 POI!lT PI NCH, force location at 1 CII
(f'lales and Females)
2.00
I .•
:I:
U
,.... 1.29
~
a: .. ,
.. . ..... . ..
o •
-. . ." .. o
~
. .
.....0 . . ... ... ..
-
is • 0
z . .-..
. , .··.
o
". ..
00
Q..
0.57 • 0
o
o ,
• 00
-
o.
. ...' .·
o' I 0 0
~
0
, 00
Z
0
Q.. 0.21 .. 0
#
o •
o· .
o
.• . o
.0
0
(r)
-0.1"
-o.50+----+----+---~--+_--_+_--ooo4---~--_+_--
2 3 5 8 7 8 9 10
AGE (YEARSJ
148
3 POIlf'! PI!lCH, angle at 7 c. (Degrees)
(!tales and Fe.ales)
5.00
3.00
o
..
.'
~
u 1.00
,....
t-
·.. ... '"
.. -.
..
o
w
-I
e,:) •
-.
", ... . . ". ..
.. "
. • 0
I 0
I I '1.
z
a:
-3.00
. .. '. ... • .
. I •
0 0
.
o -,
.' t:
. •.. ..."• ...... . ".... .
~
~
• .. • 0
-
u -5.00 .0
z
CL ... . . .... ." . · I'
.0
• 0
'
o .0
, .• ..
-
t-
z
0
o -7.00
.. - .
,
CL
('I") -9.00
-11.00
0,
-13.00
2 3 5 6 7 e 9 to 11
RGE (YEARS)
149
1 POUT PI NCH. force at q cm (Kgf)
<"ales ~nd Fe.ales)
9.00
8.00
:E
U
./
CD
7.00
t-
a:' '.
~ . ., .
,
..
" '.,
a:: 8.00 ',
0
&L. . ... .. . "
.. .. .
• ,
%:
... .. , ,
-
U
z 5.00 •
a... . •
-
t-
Z
c
Q.
(I")
11.00
,
3.00
2.00 +----t----i----+----+----+---__......---t----+-----I
2 3 567 8 9 10 Ii
AGE (YEARS)
150
3 POTIT PI RCR, force location at 8 cm
(!'Iales and Females)
Aye (yrs) N Mean s. d. rUn 5th 50th 95th ftax
3.5-4.5 1 0.3 •• 0.3 •• 0.3 •• 0.3
4.~5.5 4 0.4 0.2 0.1 •• 0.3 •• 0.6
5.5-6.5 8 0.5 O.q -0.2 •• 0.5 •• 0.8
6.5-7.5 20
7.5-8.5 ,29
0.7
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.1
- 0.'
••
0.0
0.7
0.5
••
1. 1
1.2
1. 2
. 8. 5~9.5 34 0.7 0.4 -0.0 0.0 0.5 1.3 ,. 8
9.5-10.5 "3 0.6 0.3 -0.0 0.1 0.6 1.0 1.2
2.00
1.81&
%:
U
1.29
, .
CD
t-
v' . .
"
a:
.. .. '...
I.L.
....J 0.83 • , ·, ,
. ,. ,
. ,
.. .
%:
u . ·
..
,
-
,
z .,
. ,
... ·..
Q.. 0.57 • 0
'
.
-
t- . 0
0
z 0
0
Q.. 0.21 . 0
. ,.
0 \
(I")
-0.1'
-o.50+---~-----+----+--~+----+----~---+------l~--~
2 s 5 S'· 7 8 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
151
3 POI NT PI IlCH. angle at 8 ca (Degrees)
(!'lales and pe.ales)
Age (yrs) III Plean s.d. I'!in 5th 50th 95th Max
3.5-4.5 1 -6.8 •• -6.8 ** -6.8 *• -6.8
4.5-5.5 4 -6.0 1.5 -7.1 ** -6.6 •• -3.8
5.5-6.5
(). 5-7.5
B -J.4 3.5 -9.6 •• -2.7 ** 2.4
20 -5.0 3.1 -12.0 ** -4.3 ** - 0.9
7.5-8.5- ~9 - 3. J 2.7 -10.9 -10.4 -3.2 -0.3 2.5
8.5- 9.5 34 -2.6 1.9 -6.5 -6.1 -2.7 0.2 1.2
9.5-10.5 43 - 1.8 2.11 - 8.4 -11.7 -2.4 1.4 6.1
8.00
~ q.oo
u
CD
t-
a: . ·
""~ 0.00
. . .. . .. • ·. '"
a: . ., .. . ·
·.
·
•
:E:
.. .
.. . . .. . ·.·.... ....
-
• •• 1••
U
Z
Q..
-IA.OO
.. .. .. ..
-
t-
Z
0
Q..
('t)
-8.00
.·
-12.00+---+----+---+---+--""""""'i1----+---+----+----i
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
AGE (YEARS)
152
r,
J POIIT PIlCH. force at 9 c.
(Kgf)
(!'Iales and Females)
Age (yrs) N Mean s. d.' I'HD 5th 50th 95th Max
5.5-6.5 1 5.6 •• 5.6 •• 5.6 •• 5.6
6.5-1.5 1 5.2 •• 5.2 •• 5.2 ••
••••
5.2
7.5-8.5 5 6.0 1.0 4.3 •• 6.0 1.1
8.5-9.5 10 5.4 1.2
0.8
3.4
4.3
••
16.5
5.3
6.1 7.4
1.1
1.9
9.5-10.5 25 6.2
~
~
8.00
z::: 7.00
u
(7)
o'
t-
a:
l&J
6.00
~lL I
J:
.
- ..
U
Z
Q..
5.00
-
I-
Z
0
Q.
(T)
1£.00
3.00r---"±--~-t---"±----t----+---+-_-:""+----+----1
2 3 5 '6 7 8 '9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
153
3 PCINT PINCH, force locat ion at 9 cm
(Plales and Females)
Age (yrs)
5.5-6.5
6.5-1.5
N
1
1
Mean
0.2
0.5
......
s. d. Min
0.2
0.5 *.••••
5th 50th
0.2
0.5
95th
••
••
~ax
0.2
0.5
1.5-8 .. 5
8 .. 5-9 .. 5
9.5-10 .. >
5
10
25
0.6
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.3
·0.3
0.1
0.1
.*
0.1
0 .. 6
0.3
0.4
...
*.
0.9
1 .. 0
0.7
1.1
1.20
1.00
z::
u
0')
~
0.80 ..
~
lL.
~
• .' .
:I: 0.60
-
u
z
a.. ' ,
.
-
~
z
0
a..
Cl')
0.1&0
0.20
.
,
0.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
154
3 POlliI'l' IlIICB, angle at Cj ell (Degrees)
("ales and Fe.ales)
Age (1 rs) N Hean s. d. Min 5th 50th 95th Hax
5.5-6.5 1 -4.4 .* -4.4 •• -4.4 •• -,4.4
6.5-7.5 1 - 5. 0 •• -5~O ••
••
-5.0 •• -5.0
7.5-8.5 5 -2.,2 2.5 -4.5 ,-3.2 •• 1.9
B.5- 9. 5
9.5-1'0.5
JO
25
-2.5
-2.5
1.7
2.3
-5.4
-6.7
•• -2.3
-6.5 -2.5
••
0.5
- 0.5
3.5
5.00
3.00
z:
u
0')
.....
~ 1.00
I.LJ
-J
t.:J
Z
~
• -1.00
. ..
-
~
u
z
~
.
-
.....
z
0
~
(T')
-3.00 ..
-5.00 ..
- - - - - 1- - -+- - - - - 1
-7.00 +2-----j~--+---~S~--,+8----l7~--+e
9 10 11
AGE' (YEARS)
155_
GRIP: FIVE POINT PINCH
TEST POSITION: Thumb and four fingers are flexed in the sagit-
tal plane so that the thumb tip is opposite the second and
third finger tips and the distal handle brace is between
them.
c1u..al Proximal
Handle Bandle
+F.
156
5 POI NT . PI NCft .. force at 2 CII (Kgf)
("ales and Fellales)
12.00
10.00
N
~ .8.00 ..
l&J . . , ......• ".
. • .'.
u
I§
LL. , •
. . ...
. " .... " ..-
. o.
oz• 8.00
. •.. . ... "• ..
-
Q .. .. .. .
'
.
•
.. .'
.t..
• ..,
' t '.
' • '.,
•
" ""
. .,"'t a• • "
t,"
"
•
• " I
"
"" "
-
.• t "" •• _ • •, ~ '.,-:
2.00
., '. . . ."
o~" ".
.
0.00 2
5 8 7 8 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
157
5 POINT PINCH, force location at 2 em
.( l'Iale!'i and Females)
2.50
2.00
~ I
N
~
1.50 . 0
L .. ..
-oJ
• .. '0
.. . .. . ..
0
%: 1.00
.
-
U
Z
L
0
..
-
~
0
Q.,
U)
0.50
0.00
2 3 .
-o.50+----+----+----+----+----+---+--.......-----l~-~
s 8 8 10 11
158
5 POINT PINCH, angle at 2 c. (Degrees)
(lIIales and Fe mal es)
.11.00
13.00
1.00
,
. .:
"
.0 .' 11_:. •.
.
•• 0
'0 ••• I
. ,
. ".
... . ... , '0
...
, 0' " "
3.00 .e: ..' ..
. .. ..
,. . ..... .... . .'
I. \,'
.
e• •
..
... ...: 0
. .0
. ..
- . . • 0 ,
~ . . •
.
0
. .
.
0, "
.
..
.. . . ..
': ,
•
..
o
-12.00
.,
-17.00
2 3 5 8 7 I 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
159
5 POINT PI NCH, force at 3 CII (Kgf)
('1a1 es and Females)
11.00
::I:
9.00
U
(T')
~
a:
w
u 7.00 . \ ..
a:
o
I.L.
. . . .
.. . .....
: •• I
J:
.. . . •• t • "lit
-
U
Z , , , .
a.. 5.00 ,II' •
....,. . .! :
,
" ,
.
'" , .. .. , .'
-
~
z
o
a..
U'l . II::' .1' '. '.
• ... II.; I.
,
..::.... . ,..
~
\~"
II
.':" .
,. , ,
• •
.. ,
,
.,
'.
"
\
", '.
• .', II ' •
. .
. •.·1~ ...•.
"
1.00 +----+---1----........- - - 1 - - - - + - - - - + - - - - 4 - - - - + - - - - 4
2 3 5 6 7 B 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
160
-
'.
5 POINT PI NCH. force locatioD at 3 ,cm
(~ales and Females)
2.50
2.00
,
t5 , " ,
,,
. ,- . .. .
C1')
1.50 , , , , ,
..... " . .. .... .'
" ,
a:
... "
.... ....' ..
'
I.L..
-J
,
.',' ,"
"
",
,
.
'
:r::• 1.00 .fl.- . '.
" .• '. fl. . " , '
. .
, ,
-
u , " ,, , ,
z ,, , , , , ",
CL.. ," , : , ' .. It
,
., .'. , ,
, ,
, ,
,
,,
..... ,
.. , , , . ..'
-
Z
o
CL..
If)
O.SO
, ,
" ,"
,'
" " , , , ,,
, "
0.00
-o.50+----+----+----i-----+---+----+----+----l-----i
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
161
5 POI NT PI HCH r angle at 3 ell (Degrees)
(!IIales and Fellales)
Age (frs) N Mean s. d. Min 5tb 50th 95th Max
2.5-3.5 28 - 5.0 4.7 -16.0 -14.5 -5.4 3.2 7.0
3.5-4.5 45 -2.7 3.8 -11.1 -9.4 - 3.2 2.7 8.9
4.5-5.5 44 -1.B 3.6 -1 J. 0 -B.O -1.6 2.6 6.4
5.5-6.5 49 - 1. 1 3.2 -13.4 -5.8 -1.3 3.5 5.4
6.5-7.5 46 - 0.9 3.7 -10_ 3 -6.B -1.4 4.6 6.4
7. 5-8.5· 52 -0.0 3.0 -9.4 -5.7 0.5 3.7 5.3
~.5-9.5'" 42 0.9 3.3 - 5. 6 -4.9 0.9 6.4 7.8
9.5-10.5 45 1. 3 . 3. 0 -6.3 -3.5 1.4 5.5 7.9
9.00
, '
.
o
~
!l.00 \ , o
o.
o 0
o , o '
u .. ,"
I'
0'
.,
000
0
.. ..
I
.....
.
('I") 0 0, '
'
.... .." ': ..
I
o
o 0
, o ' , '. ..
I-
a:
...
'0 . " '. "
o ,
0'
,
I • 0 I
o
o
•
..
00 '
, " ,
UJ -1.00 I
-J , 0 0
, ,
, .. .. '" ....."
"I ,
(.:J
Z
a: .. ..
0
.... ,
.. '...
, .. 0
. o 0
#
o
.,
o
o
0
o o 0
•
::I:
o
,
o ,
00 I
,0 o
.
0
-
U o
, 0
Z o 0
-
0
.1- 00
Z
0 0
0.. 0
L/)
-11.00
-IB.OO+----+---t-----+----+---+----+-----1f-----+-----1
2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE ClEARS)
162
"'--
5 POI NT PI HCR • force at II CII " (Kg f)
["ales and fellales)
Age (yrs) N Mean s. d. plJin 5th 50th 95th Max
2.5-3.5 29 2.6 0.5 1.5 1.1 2.5 "3.5 3.8
3.5-4.5 45 3.1 0.8 1.5 2.0 3. 1 4.5 5.1
4.5-5.5 44 3.5 0.8 1.9 2.2 ).4 5.0 5.4
5.5-6.5 49 3.9 0.7 2.3 2.7 3.9 4.1 6.4
6.5-1.5 46 4.3. 0.• B 2.5 2.6 4.2 5.6 5~7
7.5-..8.5 J)2 4.8 0.9 3.0 3.2 4.7 . 6.2 6.8
F4.S-9.5 42 5.4 1.0 :1.6 3.6 5.1 7.2 7.8
9.5-10.5 45 5.9 1.2 3.9 4.0 5.7 7.7 10.3
11.00
:::E:
9.00
u
:34
~
a:
I.LJ 7.00
u
CI:
..' . -. . .,-
. . ." .. .
0 o
l.L.
••
:c - .. -
t, ,I,
u
. --. - .
-
" • I ••
z ,
. .,-. .'.. .
',' '. I' I' .. _.' 00
5.00
.. : . '.t .. . II
a..
.. "" ,.. "....
'• .
. ... I... "
".:' o
,
~:
. '"
o o
IJ') o 0
" 't
.... .,....•.."".. .. - .- o. :0 .
3.00 " :. It
"
.", ' .. -
1.00+---_+----+---+----+----+-----I~--+_--_+--__i
2 3 5 8 9 10 11
163
5 POINT PI leH , force location at II ca
(r1a les and Females)
2.50
2.00
~ ,I , .. .. . .
"
., . . . . .' .
· . ..
I
::JI
1.50
., I
. '. ....
~
a: .,, . '..
'
,
'.
,,
III' •• .
LL . ·· ..'.
, , , ,
z:•
u 1.00 . ·.. .
,
...-.
-
z
Q..
.. : ..
, , " .
.
I'
"
, "
...
-
~
Z
o
Q..
0.50 ."
IS)
"
'. . '
0.00
-o150+-----+----+---~---+----+-----+---+----4-----I
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
164
----
ii.
16.00
10.17
z:
U
::JI
~
. •• I •
~ • 0
.
o
00
.
.
• 0
o • • • ••• I. "•
W
....J .
. . .'.• "0' " .. .1 ..•...'
.. .
. . .. • • 0
... . . .
o 0 0
. ..
•• 0
C)
...
00 •
.1 :. o
~
00
o ..
• -1.50 , , . ,
o
./ ...',., .. . '.
II .. • '0
"•" ,
"
0'
\
, , 0
'.' "
o
o.
~
....
- '"
o
. . ..
,I .. ,
u o
z
.. ,
, • 0
, ,
.
• 0
.0 " 0
o '.
a..
.. . o
- ..
'
~ -7.33 .,
o o
,
o
a..
., o
. ,
o 0
'0
Lon
-13.17
-19.00+_---+----+--~~--+_--_+--_+--__t---+_-___I
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
165
5 POINT PINCH. force at 5 c. (Kgf)
("'ales and fe.ales)
~ge (yrs) N !'lean s.d. lIJin 5th 50th 95th Max
2.5-3.5 29 2.8 0.8 1.7 1.7 2.6 4.4 5.0
3.5-4.5 .45 3.2 0.9 1.6 1.9 3.0 5. 1 5.6
4.5-5.5 44 3.8 0.9 1.1 2.1 3.8 5. 1 5.7 .
5.5-6.5 49 3.9 O.B 2.3 2.7 3.8 5.1 6.3
6.5-7.5 46 4.4 0.8 2.9 3.0 4.2 5.8 6.7
1.5-R.5.-52 4.9 0.9 3.2 3.~ 4.7 6.5 6.7
~.5-9.5 42 5.5 1• 1 3.6 3.7 5.3 7. , 8.0
9.5-10.5 45 5.9 0.9 3.9 4.8 5.9 7.3 8.6
9.00
8.00
~ 7.00
.1 I
I I
lJ) o
: . ....
~
~ . ,
~
8.00 I
•
0
I " .. • I I
• 0
a:
.
o 0 •
0
.
l.&..
5.00
. .., .
I I
I
• I
I 0
..."-::.
• I
0 , I I
-
o • "
.: .
I •
Z
...
" .. ...
."
:,
o '0
.:....
•
..- ...."
,~ ..
CL.
11.00 . ", .
I I
- .. .. ".
".. ..
~ ..
z •• I '.
~
,. .. ..... .. .. o I
0 '
0
CL. 3.00
•
· .... I
.... I·
I .. 0 I 0
lJ)
".. ".
o 0
\ . II
.. ..
00
·
·
o 0 0
2.00 o
1.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 1:
AGE (YEARS)
166
5 POINT PI NCH. for-ce location at 5 cm
("'ales and pema,les)
Age Cyrs) N Mean 5. d. Min 5th 50th 95th Max
2.5-3.5
3.5-4.5
29
45
1 .1
1. 1
, .2
0.5
0.5
-1.0
-0.3
-0.5
0.3 ,. ,
1;. " 1.6
l.q
1.9
2.0
2. ,
4.5-5.5 44 0.4 0.0 0.2 1.2 1.8
5.5-6.5
&.5-1.5
49
46
1.2
'.2
0.4
0.4
0.3,
0.2
0.4'
0.5 ,. ,
1. 2 1. B
1.9
2.0
2.3
7.5-...B.5 ~2 1. , 0.5 -0.1 0.1 1.0 '.9 2.3
8.5-9.5 42 1.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.3 2.0 2.1
9.5-10.5 45 1. 1 0.5 0.1 0.3 1. 1 1.8 2.3
2.50
2.00
..• • ..· ..
~ . . .. .'. .
u
l/)
..' .. . .,. • ..• .. .. .. " .0
t-
1.50
,
..,
'eo'
,
,
. "
• '. .
~'
o: . .
. .., . .. . '. • ...
0
0
.
.. .. • ,.." . ...,. ., . ", . ,.,•, .
.
0 0
0 o•
LL.. ,,
. . . . ,• . ..' ...
-I
•
J:
u t.OO
\ 0
· ..
• ..
-
z
, 0 ., ..... • ,
.'
'. . . .'
a- "
0
·. ., .,.. . . 0
- ..
0
t-
Z '
0
0.50
a-
Ln ..
0.00
-o.50+--:--+-~-+---+---+---+---+---r---t------4
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
167
5 POINT PINCH, angle at. 5 em (Degrees)
(p"~les and Fe.ales)
11.00 , .
,,
6.00 . to ,,
, ,
,,
,,
" , , ",, . ~
,
,
.' . , .,
In
~ 1.00
"
.. , .. ...' ,.
, '. I
.. ,, ,,
,,
.•
, , ., . ' . :
.\.
, , .. •"
:,
,.-.
,' .. '
~ ,,
..' ..
, , ' ", '.
, .... ,, ': . "
~
a:
0,
to
,
,
0
:
,,
,'
,,
.. , ,
• -1£.00 "
-
is
z
0 ..
, ., 0 , ,
"
0 :"
.'
-
~
o
Q..
In
-9.00
,
,,
,
,
-1~.00
-19.00 +----+----+--~~--~--_+_--_+--__+---oI_____-_.j
2 s 5 6 7 8 9 10 1:
AGE (YEARS)
168
5 POINT PI NCB, force at 6 Cli (Kgf)
<,'ales and Fe.ales)
10.00
9.00
%:
u 8.00
CD
to- 7.00 ,
~
. • .
w
u
a: .
/
... '.... " .
6.00
. . ,, ,"
. . .., , . .. .. , ."
0 ,
..
.
~
. " ." ,
0
-
z 5.00
....... '. •• • ,I.
\
.. .... '
. " .. , .
.. .' ...
.. I, ..
n..
. .
,-'
. ..
. ,. .... .. t.
... - ,
-
, .. "
to-
Z ij.OO
.
.
....
. ': , "
•••
, ,
o
0
I
. , " ..
.
.... I... I,"
n.. ....
..
'"
" , I I ....
.. ,....
, ,•
. . ,. " .. " ..
'/
Ln 3.00
.
.... t
, ,
..
,
, , . ".. .
2.00 o
., '
.' , . "
1.00
2 5 6 7 8 s 10 11
AGE £YEARS)
169
5 POINT PI NCH, force location at 6 CIII
(/'Ia 1es and females)
s.oo
2.56
:I: 2.1S
u
co "
~
a: 1.89 .. ", , o o I
LL.
., .... ,
,0
., , '''. . -
, 0 0
o
".', : "
."..
. . ..
-l o , " .'~ o -" I
• , o , .1 '"
. . .' ..... . ... .
• 1IIIt • • o
J: ' . ,I.• • ',_ I, '• "
1.25 .. ' , .. . .
-
u o
0,
z '
..
o 0' 0
, o •
0' 0
,
, 0 0
Q..
" , • 0
, ,,
o •
, • 00
,
, 0
:
-
t- 0.81
.0
z 0
0
0 "
a- 0,
LI) 0.38
-0.06
-0.50 2
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
170
5 POINT PI NCR, angle at 6 c. (Degrees)
(Plales and Pe.ales)
Age (yrs) 111 l'Iean s. d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th 1'1 ax
2.5-3.5 22 -4.6 4.2 -n.6 -13.3 -4.3 , .9 4.6
'3.5-11 .5 45 - 2. 6 3.2 - 8. 4 -7.8 -3.2 3.7 5.1
4.5-5.5 43 -1.9 3.5 - 10.9 -8.0 -1.4 2.9 5.2
5.5-6.5 49 0.0 3.5 -9.2 -7.5 o. , 5.7 9.2
6.5-7.5 46 0.1 3.q -9.0 -5.8 '.3 6.6 10.0
1.5-B.5 5~ 1. 1 3.3 -6.3 -5.0 0.8 5.7 8.3
B.5-q-:S 42 2.6 3.6 -3.2 '-3.0 1.b 8.1 9.0
9.5-10.5 45 2.6 4.5 -6.3 -5.8 2.3 9.4 16.3
18.00
111.00
5
CD
10.00
,, ,,
. ,
~ , ,
a: ,,
8.00
. ..
lAJ
....J
, ,
., •...
'
.. ,
Co:)
Z . , ,
. .' .. : . . .' .
.,'",
...,
a: ,'
o • 2.00
.'
,
' . •' •
"
. . ' II •
.. ,.,
"
.
, , ,,
.'.
,,
'
".
-
..
. , I... • I'· . ""
,, I•
I. ... '"
z
Q.
-2.00
I. :.
•
,t " I.
, \.1.
,
•
, '
....
I
.. , , '
.' "
'
\
", ,,
.. ,'
-
~
"
Z
o
.,
,
,
1
0
..
I.~. ....
• •
\ '\
.' . "
Q. '-6.00 . . 'I.
IJ) ..
-10.00
-tl{.OO +----+--......,..--+---.....--+----+-----4---+----+---------1
5 8 7 8 9 10 11
2 " RGE (YERRS)
171
5 POI NT PI NCH , force at 7 c.
(Kfg)
(!!ales and Fe.ales)
Age (yrs) N !!ean s.d. ~in 5th 50th 95th "'ax
2.5- 3. 5 4 3.6 0.6 3.,'
2.4
**
2.4
3. 1
3.3
••4.3 4.2
4.7
3.5-4.5 24 3.4 0.7
4.5- 5.5 38 4.0 1.0 2.1 2.5 3.9 5.5 6.5
5.5-6.5 43 4.3 0.9 3.0 3.0 4.3 5.6 6.7
6.5-7.5 46 1t.7 1.1 3.0 3.1 4.7 6.4 6.9
7.5-8.5 52 5.4 1.0 3.2 3.6 5. 3 6.8 9.0
A.5-:9.5 __ 42 5.9 1.4 3.3 3.8 5.8 8.3 9 •.1
9.5-10.5 45 6.4 1.2 3. 1 4.5 6.4 7.9 9.3
to.oo
9.00
..
u2: 8.00
r-
~
~
7.00
I.U
u
ct: '1
.. .'
.'
0
L&.. . :. "
, .. ' 0
5z
• 6.00
,
: .. .. o 0
00
.
-
I •• ' , o •
'. .' ..
~
o o , 0 o 0
,
.. . .' .' .. '. :' ....
" '0
a..
5.00
. ,. ....... "
"
.-
-
z~ "0 • , I o
o
'.' , 0 00
0
a..
.
.... . .
til
'.00 1 ,
o •
"
,, .'
.
o •
I,' •
.'
• 0
, 0
• 0
3.00 •
"
2.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 to 11
AGE (YEARS)
172
5 POINT PI NCH, force location at 1 CII
(Piales and Females)
Age (yrs) N l1ean s.d. Min 5th 50th 95th !'lax
2.5-3.5 4 1.2 0.5 0.8
-0_0
••
0.1
0.9
1• 1
••
1.6
1.8
1• 8
3.5-4.5 24 1.0 0.5
4.5-5.5 38 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 1.0 1.7 2.1
5.5-6.5 43 1. 1 0.4 0.3 0.5 1. 1 , .6 1• 8
6.5-7.5",46
7.5=-B.5 52
1.2
1. 2
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
'.2
1.2
1.8
1.7
2. 1
1.9
A. 5- 9.5 42 1.3 0.5 0 .. 2 0.4 1.3 2.0 2.5
9.5-10.5 45 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 1. J '.9 2. ,
2.50
2.10
%:
.
,,
U '.
1.70
r-
., .... ... " ..
,
l-
e: . ... .. ,,
~
...J
•
1.SO
. '
. .'.
,
, , '
..., ,
:I:
.
D·
..'. . •
e • •' , . ,•
., ,...... .
-
U
z: (
,
.... ,'
c.. 0.90 ,
.. ' ,
t
-
I-
Z
0 -
,
,, "
a..
In
,0.50 .,
0.10
-o.SO+----+---~--t__-___1~-__i---__+--__+_--_+--__1
2 5 6 7 e 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
173
5 POIIT PI itCH, angle at 7 c. (Degrees)
("ales and Females)
Age (yrs)
.*
N !'lean s.d. "in 5th 50th 95th "'ax
2.5-3.5
1.5-4.5
4.5-5.5
4
24
38
-6.1
-2.5
-1.6
1• ~
3.4
3.2
-7.j:J
-9.9
- 9.3
--
-9.4
-7.3
-6.8
-2.0
- 1. 1
2.2
3. 1
-4.5
2.7
4.5
5.5- 6.5 43 -0.3 3.0 -7.7 -5.1 -0.3 4.1 8.9
6.5-7.5 46 0.1 3.2 -6.5 -5.8 -0.3 4.8 8.7
7.5- B. 5'" 52 1. 1 3. 1 -7.7 -5.5 1.5 5.7 7.1
A. 5- 9.5 42 1.8 2.8 -4.5 -3.4 1.S 6.0 8.3
9.5-10.5 45 2.8 3.2 -4.4 -3.9 2. B 7.7 , 1 .5
15.00
~
10.00
u
.....
... .
~
a: ,
l&J 5.00
-J
. . , , . .•,
~
. , • ·
"
!. ., .. , .' .' .. .., . , ., , ". .
,,
' " ' "
:J:
, . '.
••, 'i , ·
· '.
,.,
- I.. . • ,'. ..
U ' ,
Z '
0.... 0.00 , .... .... . . ' , : ,
, .'. .
.. '" . . . .'
• II. •
.1,. '.
- .. ,
~
Z . • I. •
,. ,.
'
0
, '
0....
LI')
-5.00
.
.. . ,.
,
\ "
'
•
-10.00~2--........jI----+--""---+S----16---7+----+e----+S---l"'O-~"""11
AGE (YEARS)
174
5 POINT PI NCR. force at B ca (Kgf)
("'ales aDd Fe. ales)
10.00
9.00
..
z:::
u 8.00
CD .. ".
.. . ,
.. . .
t-
a:
~
7.00 ..
., .
• •• Cl
.... . ..
u
a::::
0
..
IJ- .. . . .. :' . ..
.. .. .
8.00
... ...
:2:
U
-
Z
l:L.
5.00 ..
-
to--
Z
0
l:L.
L/)
~.OO
.
3.00
2. 00 't----t---_+_---fo---i---~.....;...-+_-..,...._+_--_+_--__t
2 S 5 6 '7 B 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
175
5 POINT PINCH, force location at '3 cm
(f'IIales and Females)
Age (yrs)
3.5-4.5 ,
N !'lean
t•,
s.d.
••
MiD
, •1
5th
**
50th
t.1
95th
.* ,. ,
f'Iax
4 .. 5-5.5
5.5- 6.5
4
8
1. 1 0.5
1.2 0.3
0.6
0.6
••
*.
0.8
1. 3
••
.*
1.6
1.6
6 .. 5-7.5 20 1.2 0.5 - 0.1 ** 1. 1 ** 2.3
7.5-8.5 29 1.2 0.4 0.5 O.l) 1.2 1.9 2.0
A.5-9.~ 34 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.4 2.0 2.4
9 .. 5-10.5 42 1.3 '0.4 0.5 0.5 1.3 2.0 2.3
2.50
2.00
5
.. ....
CD :. .
~
1.50
. .
. . .. . .
IX
p
. •
'
'.
..
~
-J .: ...
.. .. ...
•
%:
1.00 .• . .
-
U
Z
a..
-
z~
Q
a..
In
0.50
0.00
-O.SO 2
s 5 6 7 8 s 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
176
"- -
5 PO~NT PIltCH, angle at 8 ell (Degrees)
("'ales aDd Fellales)
.* *..**.••
Age (yrs) N !'lean s. d. P1in 5th 50th 95th III! ax
3.5-4.5 1 - 2.1 •• -2.1 -2.1 -2.'
••
4.5-5.5
5.5-6.5
6.5-7.5
1.5- 8.5
20
4
B
2..9
-2.8
0.2
-1.'
0.4
0.3
3.4
3.4
2.1
- 3.1
-5.2
-6.1
-4.1
*.••
-3.7
-2.9
0 •.2
- 1.4
0.3 3'.5
-2.4
6.4
5.3
5.2
8.5-4'.5 34 1.0 2.4 -4.6 -3.& 1.2 4.6 ~.5
9.5-10.5 42 1.2 2.5 -3.8 -3.0 0.8 4.5 7.5
8.00
0 0
2:
5.00
u
0
CD 0
o. 0 0
t-
~
. . . .
. . ·
0
0
0 0
LU 2.00
.
0
...J
~
. • .• .
0 0
Z • 0
~
• .
.. .. .
.0' 0
00 •
0
-
Z
CL. -1.00 .. • ·
-
t-
Z
0
CL.
LO
0
0
.
0
-4.00
.'
-7.00+----+-----t---+----+----+---+-----+-~--+----1
2 S 567 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
177
5 POI NT PI NCH, force at q ell (Kgf)
(Plales aDd Pe.ales)
~ge (yrs), N "'ean s.d. !'lin 5th 50th 95th ~ax
11.00
10.00
~
u 8.00
0)
~
~
L&J
8.00
u
a:
0
~
• 7.00
-
~
U
Z
Q.
8.00
-
z~
0
Q.
Li)
5.00
1£.00
3.00
2 1£ 5 8 7 e 9 10 1
AGE (YEARS)
178
5 POINT PI NCH, force location at q cm
(!!lales and Fe-llales)
Age (frs)
5.5-6.5
6.5-1.5
1.5-8.5
H
1
0
5
Mean
1.3
s. d.
••
••••••••••
1.3 O.q
!!lin
1.3
•••••
'.0
5th
••
*.
50th
1.3
,. 1
••
••
95th
•• .*••• •• - 1 • 3
'.9
....1'Iax
8.5-.2. 5
9.5-' 0.5
.10
25
1.0
'.2
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.6
••
0.6
0.9
,. 1
••
1.6
2.0
2.0
3.00
0
m
2.00
~
a:
lL.
.
.....J
:J:
-
U
Z
a..
.
.
-
z~
0
a..
In
1.00 "
•
.
,
0.00 2
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
179
5 POINT PI NCH w angle at 9 c. (Degrees)
(~ales and Females)
Age eyrS) N Mean s. d. "'in 5th 50th 95th ~ax
5.5-6.5 1 0.7 •• 0.7 •• 0.7 •• 0.7
7.5-8.5
8.5-9.5
5
10
1.4
1.4
1.2
2.7
- O. 1
- 1.5
••
••
1. 1
1.9
••
••
1.0
5.0
9.5- 1 O. 5 2S 0.9 2.4 - 3. S . - 3.1 0.9 4.7 5.7
6.00
"'.00
5
0)
~
a:
LLJ
-l
C)
2.00 ..
!•
0Z ..
-!Z
0- 0.00
-
0
0-
L/) , ..
-2.00
..
""'.OO~---+----+---+-~---i---~--~--+----+----11
2 S 5 8 7 e 9 10
AGE (YEARS)
180
GRIP: SQUEEZE
TEST POSITION: The handle brace lies between the second and
third fingers. The wrist is left in neutral position. The
thumb tip is allowed to overlap finger tips, if necessary.
<5 5
5-6 7
=>6 9
Dietel P:roximal
Mendl. f1.andle
+P 5
181
GRIP - SQUEEZl .. force at 2 CII (Kgf)
(I'!a les and Females)
la.OO
15.20
..
u.tw ..• · . .. •
_. ,
. ...
.• .. ..
•.
. . .. . . ....
,. .. ... .. •
7.80 . .
•
. ·...- •
.. • • .1
..
. . ...1 l' .',..' _.. · :
- ..
I
'
• •-
'
: I•• '
Q.
. ..''.
I .1. .'
." •
I
.... ..
..... 1
,.
••
, . ... .' .
.
I. .: •
• • ••1 •
,
0.00 2
3 , s 8 7 8 8 10
AGE rYEAftSl
182
GJUP - SQUFEZE. force location
(!'lales 'and Fe.ales)
at 2 em
2.50
2.00
• • • 'II ..
1.50 •
.". .•. ..
...
. '"
. .
..... .. . • • ... ..
. ':... .. .• .
'
1.00
. . . .. . .. \.
..... ·.
. •
.
...,
..
.... ".. ..- .
.:
. . . . ..
e'
. .. . . ....
,
"
•
'. .,
..... .. 0.·. ... .. ..
~
'.
. ..
¥ '.
D.SO
...
' •
.. . ..
'
".
.
• ' ...
..
0.00
-o·50+2--~31----+Il-----l51-,---+s----t1----+----!91----:':O--:-----:l
7 e 1 U
AGE (YEARS)
183
GRIP - SQDEn!, angle at 2 ell (Degrees)
(fIIales and Pe.ales)
32.00
25.00
.... .
, 0
, ... -..
, 0
,,
,0 ~
,
..
. .... . ...
,
. ,"
I
11.00
...
... . ....• .'
o " • 0
:,.: I" • -,
. .'.
o
t._ ~ .1 o
~o
0
, , . ... . " ..
, '. •
. . .. .
0\ •
, ,
. , " .
...
• I. ','
:. -- . ...
o , • 0 0 .0, o
','
o.
. .. ,,
o
1£.00
... '.. .'
.. . , . ,
"
.,
o •
'.' •
.
'-
0
0 , '.
..
, 0,
-10.00
-17.00 ....---+-----+---~---+---...-+----+8---+----+----l
2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
184
GRIP - SQUEEZE" force at 3 CII (Kgf)
( ..a les aDd Fe.ales)
• •
• • 0
. ·0 .•
• • • •
. . ...
o •
•
. . •
. • , •• • •
••• . ..... ..... .
• • _ •• I,
•
. . '
•• -•
•• rl
~.
..
..• • :... '. .... •
•
.. ••
~•
•
.. ". •• .• •o. • • •
12.00 I .'I.... · .1.... . .••." ..-. • •
~ ." ..
•• ' •• . . . I. • _:
••
.
• • 1 ., .'
•
..
•• •
• I.•
•• •
.... : .
•,".:.I·' ,•. •
., .. •
•
'. .. 0'
•
I
8.00
. .' ': ..: • •.',•
••
•
. '
,• . , I.
•••• ••
-
A..
•
,-
• • I.
,
·C'
.. .. •
f3 • • ••••• I .
~
.. .1""• ." . • •
II.
O.OO~--"""'---+--"""--""----i~--""'''''''-+---''''''--'''''
2 , 5 • 7 8 10 11
AGE [YEARS) •
185
GRIP - SQUEEZE, force location at 3 em
(/lales and Females)
A.ge (yrs) N Mean s. d. !!in 5th 50th 95th l1ax
2.5-3.5 31 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.8 1.4 1. B
3.5-4.5 45 0.8 0.5 - 0.1 0.0 0.7 1.6 2.0
4.5-5.5 411 0.6 0.5 - 0.3 -0 .. 1 0.5 1.4 1.7
5.5-6.5 49 0.6 0.4 -0.3 o.
1 0.5 1. 1 1• 8
6.5-7.5 4E 0.6 0.3 - C. 0 0.1 0.5 1. 1 '.6
7.5-B.~ 52 0.5 0.3 -0. :2 -0.2 0.5 0.9 1.1
B. 5- 9.5 42 0.5 0.3 - 0.' o. , 0.5 0.9 1.3
9.5-"10.5 45 0.5 0.3 -0.0 0.0 O. ~ 0.9 1.0
2.50
2.00
..
1.50
.
,t •
..
,
. .... ..: . • I, '.- • •
0.00 .'
S--~81----+7 ----+8---81----+- - - - 4]
2----43~--+--~ ...
-o.SO ...
10 1
AGE ClEARS)
186
GRIP - SQUEEZE. angle at 3
(I'!ales and Fe.ales)
c. (Degrees)
18.00
.. . . ..
.. , .'• ..-.. .. .
.. .. . . .....- ... .
,
,,
.' .' .,
,.
,
'
,
'.
.0
•
,
I. •
'
• , ,.
., ... ..'.
o .•t· .- :
..
-.... •
• 0 •
' 0
.• .
.:.
0'
'.'
.'
o
o , ,' .
o
o ..
o
o •
.'
I
•
•
0
0
•
,
• . ,
,
,.0
-2.00
'0'
'0'
.. 0
0
-7.00
-12.00 2
3 5 8 7 8 e 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
187
GRIP - SQUEIZE" fo~ce at 4
(Ilales and Pe.ales)
c:. (Kgf)
..
.. .
...a:
::I
20.00 o
.
'0
• 0 ,
o o 0
.. .
o
... . .,
,. -, .. .0 0
.." • 0
'.--....
:
. .'
• 0
-,
.... .. .,
" :....
.... .
-:"" :.'
....
o ,
12.00 .: ..
o
-.
-,"~:
•
.....
.... : . ...... ........
"
•
'0
... .. . ..
:.. .-... ., •
-
o •
I o 0
a. 8.00 ~:
.- .0 '0 ..
~. ...
. :...... t........
.. .. .-.. .. .. ·0
.. . -. .
•
O.OO ....---P-----4~--_+---+---+_-----
S • 7
AGE (YEARS)
.......--.....I ---__+O--___I
10 11
188
~- .
GRIP - SQUEEZE. force lcca tioD at 4
(P1ales and Females)
CII
2.00
1.70
1.1A0
..
1.10
. "
.. ,
........ . . .,
....' .'.
'
• 0 '
.. ,.. ... .
o
....'
.' . .. . .. .. . .
. .. .
0
.. .'.. . . ....
.,
.. .. "..,.0 .. . ., . . ..
• 0
..
o' •
" "
'. .
~ o•
~
'..'"
0
0.50 e'
.. , ..••. :. ..
'
0
'.' '.' .
.. . " '0
. ...
o '.
.. '0
,0
o ••
,0
... 0
0.20
.. • 0 •
-iI.l0t---~--+---+---r---I------iI-----l----t-----4
2 3 ~ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
189
GRIP -( !'Iales
SODEEZE,
and
aDClle at 4 ca
Peaales)
(Degrees)
1'.00
10.00
"
• 00 , ,
is ... ' o 0 • I
.
, ,
,
.. ......
o 0
o
=' 8.00 , , , • _.' II It I., •
'0'
t- 0,
.
'0
'0'
.a: I ,
I
\' , I
,
'0 • '. It
o
, o 0
o 0 ,0 , ' '
, 0
o
o
•
au o 0 0
• '0
,0,
. ..'
..J I' • • o~ '
t.:)
2.00
I
.
..
'0 • ,',
z
a: • 0 \
, 0 ,0
• I
I,
au• .
, 0
,
N
IAJ
-2.00
~
5l .
I
o •
I
-
Q..
~
-8.00
-10.00
-1'.OO+---+---~--+----+-~--+-_-:""""'---+------+---"""
2 3 6 8 s 10
190
GRIP -(ftales
SQUEEZE.
and
force at 5 ell
lellales)
(Kgf)
28.00
2'1.00
.
20.00
...:, . ....:
..'.... ..'.
~ . . .• • :• •• " •.-.. . . .
.:. ,...... .,.....
.: .. ,. .. .
~ 18.00
• • • •• >
"- .
""LaJ
W 12.00 · .. ...' ,..-.-.".. . ...
5 ·...,'. .:-. ., .. : .. . ....
(f)
I
. -.
.• . .. .. ... ~
eo. • • \
.
. .
-
Q..
a:::
~
1.00
.. . . -. .
~
. .... .. .... ..
.- \
... .., . .
0.00 2
3 5 8 7 I 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
191
GIUF - SQUEEZE, force location at 5 ell
("a1E£ and Fellales)
Age (rrs) N I'!ean s. d. !lin 5th 50th 95th Mall:
2.5-3.5
3.5-4.5 31
e 0.8
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.2
••
0.2
0.8
0.9
••
1.6
1. 4
1.7
4.5-5.5
5.5-6.5
41
47
0.7
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
1.2
1.0
'.5
1.5
6.5-7.5 46 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.2 1.6
7.5- 8.5.... 52 0.6 0.3 0.1 O. 1 0.6 1.0 1.7
8.5- 9. 5 42 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0 , •1
9.5-10.5 45 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.9 1 .0
1.80
1.50 '.
1.20 ..
.. ..
. . ".. ...
0.80 " ,
,
, 0
: .... o •
.. . , .0 ,
o
.. .. ..
... .
.... .., ,
.'
. ..., ,
I "
'. ., ..... , ' .. ... \
.'"" ..
" , l "
0.80
. t,
" . ..:. ., ,
'
,,
'. ,
0.30
,"
,
.
0.00
2 5 6 7 e 9 to 11
AGE (YEARS)
192
(Degrees)
GRIP - SQlJElZE .. angle at S ell
(Males and Pe.ales)
10.00
.'
,,
~
u
6.00
,, . .'. .-
. .... . , ,
IJ')
. . .. . ,. . ..
, , ,
,, ,
~
a: I. I. . .' ., •'
.0
'0
'
.
.- . .,
0
.
• '0
LLJ
...J
(.:J
2.00 .. ,\ . , . .. ' ,
,,
, ,
"
! ,
, ' ,
,
"
Z
a:
LLJ
. . ., , 'I
, "
.. • I ••
'
.< , I
,.
o
N
I.LJ
LLJ ,
, .
.,, ,
"
, .
5
(f)
-2.00 .. ..'.
I
-
0-
a:
C)
-6.00
,,
-10.00 +---+-----+------+----t----+----+----+---+-----.
2 3 5 7 8 9 10 11
(YEARS)
193
GRIP - SQUEEZE, force at 6 c. (Kgf)
(l!Iales and Peulesl
Age (yrs) N !'lean s. d. "in 5th 50th 95th !'lax
4.5-5.5 7 8.B 1.3 1.9 .* B.2 •• 1 1.5
5.5- 6.5
6.5-7.5
10
2B
8.9
10.7
2.6
2.0
4. 1
6.8
••
7.1
7.8
10.9
••
13.7
12.5
14.5
7.5-8.5 40 . 12.8 3.0 5.7 6.5 13.0 16.9 19.0
B. 5- 9. ~ 39 15.2 3.0 10.6 10.6 14.8 20.9 21.5
9.5-10.5" 4ij ·11.2 3.8 10.1 10.6 11 • .2 23.3 2&.1
28.00
2IL00
~ ..
CD
,.
, ".
20.00
~ .. :,
a: . . . ..
,
~
•
IL
18..00 . . ... , .." 0
0
'0
,
IIJ
•
, ..
0,
,
0 o
,
0
,
'
'
0
o
# • • 0 o 0
. 0
tj ,
0
.
; ., •
o 0
12.00 • I • .. 0
0
•
, , 0 0
.
.
0' 0
0
,
I o ,
-
~
Ii
LOO 0-. 0
,
""'00
0.00
2 3 & 6 7 8 8 10 11
AGE (YEAftS)
194
GRIP - SQUEEZE. force location at 6 cm
(P'lales aod Females)
Age (1r5) N Mean s. d. !'!in 5th 50th 95th Max
4.5-5.5
5.5-6.5
6.5-7.5
7
10
28
1.0
o.~
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.3
O.q
O.q
0.0
--*.
0.1
O.B
0.9
D.8
••
*.
1.3
.1.6
1.6
1.4
7.5- 8.5 40 0.7 D.3 - D. 1 0.2 0.7 1.2 1.7
8.5- 9.5
9.5-1'(J.5 -
39
If If
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.0
-0.0
0.1
0.1
D.b
0.6
'.0
1.3
'.3
1.5
1.80
1.50
2:
U
..
c.o
...
a:
1.20
o"
lA-
..J
• .,
.. .
. ....
W , , ,
.. . .
...
N 0.80 • •
W
w=:) . ' ,
a(f') '"
I
0.80 .:.. . . .
. .. : ,.. ...
.
-
Q..
a:
(,!)
..
." . .. , ,
,
,.
.,...
0.30 ,
. ...
0.00 2
3 5 6 7 6 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
195
GRIP -(!'lales
SQUEI!2I!:,
and
angle at 6
Fellales)
c. (Degrees)
40
-1.0
1.1
1.6
1• 1
5.0
2.6
- 3. 0
-9.5
- 3.3
**
-7.3
-2.4
-1.2
O. 1
1.1
--
9.2
4.7
0.1
18.5
9.5
8.5-9.5 39 2.8 2.5 -2.9 -2.3 3.0 6.1 8.7
9.5-1 O. ~ 44 2.4 2.8 -1.6 -1.5 1.7 7.3 9.0
20.00
1".00
5
CD
....
~
LLJ
B
z
8.00
..
a: . . . .
.
'L
.. .. ,
I&J
N
I&J
LLJ ' ,
'
,.
. •.. , .. , ,.. . :.. .
, .'. ., . .
"
I
' "
,
5en 2.00
. , . • .. •.... " '".. . . II.
. ..,. ,..
~
,
'
"
I
. ., ,
'
-
CL.
~ -1&.00
'
-" .'
-10.00 f---t---~--+---+----';';+---+----+-----+------I
2 3 , 5 8 7 8 8 10 1
AGE (YEARS)
196
GRIP -("ales
SQUEEZE,
and
force at 7 CII
Fellales)
(Kgf)
Age (yrs)
6.5-7.5 ,N 'ean
9.2
s.d.
••
"in
9.2
5th
••
50th
q.2
95th
••
Max
9.2
1.5-8.5 3 12.4 1.3 11.6 •• 11.1 •• n.9
8.5- 9.5 ' 9 13.3 2.0 , O. 6 •• 12.9 •• 16.3
9.5-10.5 1.8
"
16.8 3.6 10.5 •• 17.2 •• 24.6
25.00
20.00
fi .
l"'-
..
~ •
~
.. . .
LIJ
u IS. 00
~..
LIJ
~ 10.00
..
~
-
I
Q..
l§ 5.00
O.OO-l----+----+-----~-~+_--_+--_+--__i~--+_--_I
2 S 1& 5 8 7 8 8 10 11
RGE £YEARS)
197
GIl I P - ~?UEEZE, force location it t "1 ell
(Males and Females)
1.\&0
1.20
z:
u
,.... 1.00
~
a:
~
0.80
-oJ
LLI
..
~
CJ
U')
0.80
-
I
CI..
O.qO
f5
0.20
0.00 2
3 5 6 7 8 9 10 1
AGE (YEARS)
198
GRIP -(I'!ales
SQUEEZE,
and
angle at. 1
Fe.ales)
c. (Degrees)
9.00
7.00
5.00
..
3.00
.~
..
1.00
-1.00
-3.00 .....---+--........j~--+----+--........j~--+----+----t--,..........j
2 3 5 8 7 e 9 10 11
AGE (l'~ARS)
199
6.00
-+- 2.5 TO 5 YEARS
- - - 5 TO 8 YEARS
~ e YERRS AND UP
5.80
~
~ 5.20
~
z
UJ
a:
~ 1,1.80
(f)
-
Q..
a:
~
I
1,1.1,10
-
~
u 1,1.00
z
Q ..
3.eo
-
~
z
0
Q..
3.20
(1')
2.80
2.110
1 5 7 9
CENTIMETERS
200
7.00
--e-- 2.5 T05 YEARS
~ 5 TO B YEARS
--+- 8 YEARS AND UP
6.50
~
~
t-
to=)
6.00
Z
LLI
a:
~ 5.50
(f)
-
Q..
a:
~
I
5.00
~
u ~.50
-
z
Q..
~.oo
-
t-
Z
0
Q..
3.50
Ln
3.00
2.50
1 3 5 7 9
CENTIMETERS
201
18.00
--e-- 2.5 TO 5 T
--..- 5 TO 6 T
, ~ 6 TEARS
15.00
:I:
~
C)
z
UJ
a:
~
(f) 12.00
-
Q..
a
C)
I
:
UJ 9.00
N
UJ
UJ
=>
C3
(f)
6.00 • ~
3.00 +----+----+----+---+----1-----I---~
1 2 3 q 5 6 7 8
CENTIMETERS
202
,
......
Grip Strength Statistics
(2.5 - 3.5 yea rs)
Pleasureaent DescriptivE Statistics
Ii !'Jean s.d. Plio 5th 50th 95th Plax
3-Pt Pinch (2 cII-Foree) 28 2. 1 0.4 1.3 .1.4 2.2 2.6 3~1
]-pt Pinch' (2 em-LF,cII) 28 1.0 0.4 0.3 0~3 0.9 1.7 1.9
3-Pt pinch (2 em) ~ngle 28 - 1 0.3 4.8 -17.1 -16.9 -10.9 -3.3 -1.4
]':'Pt Pinch (3 cm-Force) 29 2.2 0.5 1.4 1.4 2. 1 2.S 3.2
3-Pt pinch (3 e~LP,CII) 29 0.8 0.5 -0.7 -0.4 0.8 1.6 1.7
J-Pt Pinch (3 ca) ~ngle 29 - " .2 3.8 -18.2 -n.1I -11.9 -4.7 -3.5
]-Pt Pinch (4 cm-Force) 28 2.4 0.6 1.4 1.4 2.3 3.2 3.8
l-Pt pinch (4 clI-LP.CII) .28 0.8 0.5 -0.4 -0.2 0.7 1.5, 2. 1
)-pt pinch (4 ell) ~ngle 28 -10.8 4.2 -17.4 -16.9 -".0 -4.0 -3.6
)-Pt Pinch (5 cil-Force) 26 2.4 0.6 1. 1 1.2 2.3 3.2 4.0
3-Pt Pinch (5 clI-L P, cm) 26 0.8 0.4 -0.1 -0.1 0.9 1.4 1.5
l-Pt pinch (5 CII) ~ngle 26 -11.2 3.8 -18.4 -18.2 -11.9 - 5.4 -4.b
l-Pt Pinch (6 ca-Force) 19 2.6 0.6 1.4 •• 2.1 •• 4.2
3-Pt piDch (6 cIt-LF,c.)
)-Pt pioch (6 em) ugle
3-Pt pinch (7 clI-Force)
3 -£»t pinch (7 cIt-LF,cm)
19
19
,
1
0.6
-9.2
4.3
1.2
0.5
2.9
••
••
-0.4
-14.6
4.3
1.2
' ..
••
••
••
••
0.5
- 9.4
4.3
1.2
••
••
••
••
••
'.1
-5.6
4.3
1.2
l-Pt. pinch (1 CII) lng le
Squeeze (2 CII- Porce)
1
31
-7.5
3. 1
••
1.0
-7.5
1.0 1.4
-7.5
2.9 4.6
-7.5
5.3
Squeeze (2 CII-L F, cm) 31 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.2 1.0 2.2 2. 3
Squeeze (2 CII) Ang 1e 31 2.1 8.0 -16.1 -12.9 1.4 15.0 2'.0
Squeeze (3 ca- porce) 31 5.0 1.6 . 2.7 2.8 4.6' 7.8 9.6
Squeeze (3 ca-LF,clI) 31 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.8 1.4 1.8
Squeeze (3 CII) Ang 1e 31 -0.1 4.0 -9.6 -9.4 -1. 1 4.7 6.1
Squeeze (4 ca- porce) 31 4.9 1. B 2.1 2. II 4.5 8.3 9.3
Squeeze (4 cm-LPircII) :n 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.9 1.4 1.9
Squeeze (4 cm) Ang le 31 -2.1 4.9 -13.4 -13.1 -0.9 3.5 3.9
Squeeze (5 cm-Force) 8 4.3 0.8 3.0 •• 3.8 •• 5.5
Squeeze (5 cm- L.P,clI) 8 0.8 0.5 0.2 •• D.El •• 1.4 .
Squeeze (5 cm) 1\ng le 8
31
-3.5 5.7
0.7
-10.0
1.7 1.7
••-6.b
2.3
••
'3.B
B~
4.9
3
5-Pt Pinch (2 clII-Porce) 2.5
5-Pt Pinch (2 CID- LF ,CII) 31 ,•1 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.1 2.0 2.2
5-Pt Pinch (2 CII) Angle 31 -3.6 5.8 -16. l -14.5 -4. 1 3.2 17. )
5-Pt pinch (3 cm-Porce) 28 2.5 0.4 '.6 '.7 2.4 3.0 3.2
5- Pt Pinch (3 ca- LP' ,cm) 28 1.1 0.5 - O. 2 -0.1 1.2 , •9 .2. 1
5-Pt Pinch (3 CII) Angle 28 -5.0 4.1 -16.0 -14.5 -5 •. 4 3.2 7.0
5-Pt Pinch (4 clll-Porce)
'i-Pt pinch (4 cil-LF ,Cll)
29
29
2.6
1.2
0.5
0.3
'.5
0.6
1.7 . 2.5
0.6 1• 1
1.5
1.7
:1.8
'.7
5-pt Pinch (4 cm) Aogle 29 -4.5 5.2 -12.6 -12.4 -4.4 2.4 11.9
5-Pt pinch (5 cil-Force) 29 2.8 0.8 1.7 1.7 2.6 4.4 5.0
5-Pt pinch (5 cII-LF ,CII) 29 1.1 0.5 - 1.0 -0.5 1.1 1.6 ,•9
5-Pt Pinch (5 cm) Angle 29 -2.7 4.5 -10.7 - 10.1 - 3. i 4.8 9'.5
5-pt !linch (6 clI-Porce) 22 2.9 0.8 1.7 1.7 2.9 4.3 4.9
5- Pt Pinch (6 clI-LF,CII) 22 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.2 1.6 1.8
5-Pt Pinch (6 cm) Aogle 22 -4.6 4.2 - 13.6 -13.3 -4.3 1.9 4.6
5-Pt pinch (1 cll-Force) 4 3.6 0.6 3.1 •• 3.1 •• 4.2
5-Pt Pinch (7 CIl-tP,CII)j 4 1.2 0.5 0.8 •• 0.9 •• ,. B
5-Pt pinch (7 cm) Angle 4 -6.1 1. 5 -7.8 *.~6.B •• -ij.5
203
Grip Strengtll Stat.istics
(3.5 - 4.5 years)
!'Jeasurellent Descriptive Statistics
N PIe an s. d. P1in 5th 50th 95th "ax
]-Pt Pinch (2 cil-Forcel 44 2.6 0.5 1.5 1.6 2.6 3. J 3.7
3-Pt Pinch (2 cm-LF ,cm) 44 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 1. 1 1.7 1.1
3-Pt Pinch (2 CI) Angle 44 -8.2 4.2 -18.7 -17.4 -8.0 -2.6 0.0
3-Pt Pinch (3 cll-force) 45 2.7 0.5 1.5 1.8 2.6 3.6 4.0
3-Pt Pinch (3 Cll- LF ,cm) 45 1.0 0.4 0.3 0 • .3 1.0 1.5 1.9
3-Pt pinch (3 c II) ~ogle 45 -8.7 4.6 -20.7 -15.6 - B. 7 -1.5 5.1
1-Pt Pinch (4 cm-force) 45 2.9 0.6 1.8 1.8 2.7 4.0 4.3
3-Pt Pinch (II c~LF ,cm) 45 0.9 0.4 -0.3 0.3 1.0 1.4 1.6
J-pt Pinch (It CI) ~o9le 45 -7.6 4.2 -13.5 -13.0 -7.9 - O. 8 2.0
3-Pt pinch (5 cll-Force) 43 2.9 0.7 1.5 1.6 2.9 4.0 4.6
3-Pt pinch (5 .cll-LF,cm) 43 0.9 0.4 -0.2 -0.1 0.9 1.6 1.9
3-Pt pinch (5 CII) ~n9le 43 -6.7 3.7 -15.3 -12.6 -7. 1 -0.2 2.3
3-Pt Pinch (6 cm-porce) 42 3.0 0.6 1.7 1.9 2.8 4.0 4.4
3-Pt pioch (6 em-l.F ,CII) 42 0.7 0.5 -0.1 -0.0 0.7 1.4 1.6
3-Pt Pinch (6 Cll) Aogle 42 -7.0 3.0 -15.8 -13.5 -7. 1 - 1. 7 - O. 6
]-Pt Pinch (7 cm-Force) 25 3.1 0.6 2.1 2. 1 3.1 3.9 4.4
3-Pt Pinch (7 cm-LF,clI) 25 0.6 0.4 - 0.1 -0.0 0.7 1.2 1 • ij
3-Pt Pinch (7 ell) ~n9le 25 -6.8 2.9 -12.5 -12.3 -7.2 -2.7 -2.6
3-Pt Pinch (B cil-Force) 1 3.7 •• 3.1 •• 3.7 •• 3.7
3-Pt Pinch (8 CII-LP ,CIII) 1 0.] •• 0.3 •• 0.3 •• 0.3
)-Pt Pinch
Squeeze (2
(8 CII) ~n9le
ell-Force) 45
1 -6.8
4.1 1.2
•• -6.8
2.0
••
2.3
-6.8
3.9
••
6.3
-6.8
7. 1
Squeeze (2 cm- LF,CII) 45 0.9 0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.8 1.7 2.2
squeeze (2
Squeeze (3
Squeeze (3
CII) Angle
cm-Perce)
CII- LF, CII)
45
45
45
5.6 6.9
6.7
0.8 0.5
~,. -8.8 -5.1
4.2
-0.1
4.3
0.0
.5.2
6.7
0.7
14.3
9.6
1.6
2 B. 3
10.1
2.0
Squeeze (3 CII) Angle 45 1.8 5.9 -11.4 -8.3 1. 2 12.3 17.7
squeeze (4 CII- Porce) 45 6.7 1.9 3.2 3.8 6.tl 9.6 11. 2
Squeeze (4 cII-LF,CII) 45 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.8 1.4 2.0
Squeeze (4 CII) ~ngle 45 0.7 3.8 -8.0 -7.0 0.8 7.2 8.1
Squeeze (5 clI-Porce) 31 6.0 1.8 2.11 2.B 6.1 8.8 Q.8
Squeeze (5 ell-LF,ell) 31 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.9 1. b 1.7
Squeeze (5 cm) Angle 31 -1.2 3.5 -7.2 -6.5 -1.8 II. " 6. 1
5-Pt Pinch (2 ci-Force) 45 2.9 0.5 2.0 2.0 2.9 3.1 4.2
c:;-Pt Pinch (2 CII-L F, cm) 45 1.2 0.5 -0.3 -0.0 1.2 1.9 2.2
5-Pt Pinch (2 em) Angle 45 -2.2 4. 1 -11.8 -10.6 -:-2.7 3.& 7.6
5-Pt Finch (3 cm-Force) 45 2.9 0.6 1.7 1.9 2.8 3.9 4.8
5-Pt Pinch (3 clI-Lf,CII) 45 1 • 1 0.5 0.1 0.2 1. 1 1.8 2.2
5-Pt Pinch (3 cm) Angle 45 -2.7 3.8 -11.1 -9.11 -3.2 2.7 8. 9
5-Pt Pinch (II cm-Force) 45 3.1 0.8 1.5 2.0 3. 1 11.5 5.7
5-Pt Pinch (4 cm-LF,clI) 4.5 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.3 1.9 2.2
5-Pt Pinch (4 c II) Angle 45 -2.9 4.6 -12.5 -9.8 -3.0 ' 3. tl 9."1
5-Pt Pinch (5 cm-Porce) 45 3.2 0.9 1.6 1.9 3.0 5.1 5.6
5-Pt Pinch (5 cII-LP,cm) 45 1 • 1 0.5 -0.3 0.3 1. 1 1. 9 2.0
5-Pt Pinch (5 CI) Angle Al5 -3.6 3.8 -10.5 -9.9 - .1.7 '.5 6.8
5-Pt Pinch (6 cm-Force) 45 3.3 0.7 1.9 2. 1 3.2 4.6 5.2
5-Pt Pinch (6 cm-LF ,CII) 115 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.4 1.2 1.8 2.5
5-Pt pinch (6 cm) Angle 45 -2.6 3.2 - 8. 4 -1.8 -3.2 3.7 5.1
5-Pt Pinch (7 cm-Force) 24 3.4 0.7 2.4 2.1.1 3.3 4.3 4.1
5-Pt Pinch (7 cm-L F, ell) 24 1.0 0.5 -0.0 O. 1 1. 1 1.6 1. B
5-Pt pinch (1 cm) Angle 24 -2.5 3.11 - 9.9 -9.4 -2.0 2.2 2.7
5-Pt Pinch (B cll-Force) 1 3.8 •• 3.8 •• 3.8 •• 308
5-Pt Pinch (8 CIl-LF ,CII) 1 1• 1 •• 1• 1 •• 1. 1 ••
••
,.1
5-Pt pinch (8 c II) Angle 1 -2.1 •• - 2.1 •• - 2. 1 - 2. 1
204
•
"---
Gdp strength Sta tistics
(11.5 -
5.5 years)
Pleasurellen t Descriptive statistics
N /tean s.d. /tin 5th 50th 95th !!ax
3-~t Pinch (2 clII-Force) 44 3.1 0.6 1.9 2. 1 3.0 4.2 4.3
3-Pt pinch (2 cm-LP,clI) 44 0.8 0.4 -0.5 0.0 0.9 1.2 1.6
3-Pt Pinch (2 cm) Angle 44 -6.3 . 11.6 -15.11 -13.9 -7.2 2.2 3.4
3-Pt pinch (3 cll-FOrCe) 1111 3.0 0.7 1.9 2.0 2.9 4.2 5.3
3-Pt pinch (3 clI-L F, CII) 44 O.B 0.4 ~ 0.1 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.5
3-Pt pinch n cm) ADgle 44 -8.4 4.7 -19.3 -17.8 -8.5 -2.4 6.0
3-Pt Pinch (4 c~Porce) 44 3.2 0.6 1.9 2.3 3. 1 11.11 4.5
3-Pt pinch (4 clI-LF ,cm) 44 0.8 0.4 - 0.2 0.1 0.9 1.4 1.8
3-Pt Pinch (4 CII) .'ngle .44 -1.8 4.1 -16.8 -15.6 -7.6 -1.0 2.9
3-Pt piDCh (5 cm-Force) 44 3.4 0.7 1.7 1.9 3.2 4.6 5.1
l-Pt Pinch (5 clI-LF, CII) 44 0.8 0.4 - 0.1 0.1 0.8 1.4 1.7
3-Pt Pinch (5 cm) Angle 44 -6.2 4.0 -17.9 -11.9 -6.0 -0.1 O.B
3-Pt Pinch (6 cil-Porce) 43 3.5 0.8 1.7 2.2 3.4 5.2 5.1
3-Pt pinch (6 cm-LF, CII) 43 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.4 1.9
3-Pt Pinch (6 CII) Angle 43 -6.4 3.6 -lR.5 -12.0 -6.0 -1.6 0.2
3-Pt pinch n cm-Force) 38 3.7 0.8 1.7 2.2 3.7 5.1 5.1
1. q
)-Pt Pinch (7 cII-LF,cII) 38 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.6 1.4
3-pt Pinch (1 CII) Angle 38 -6.0 3.4 -12.9 -12.2 -6.1 -0.3 3.2
3-Pt pinch (B Cit- Force) 4 4.6 0.2 4.3 •• 4.0 •• ".8:
3-Pt Pinch
3-Pt Pinch
(8 cm-LF, em)
(8 CII) Angle
4
4
0.4 . 0.2
-6.0 1.5
0.1
-1.1
•••
••
0.3
-6.6
••
••
0.6
- 3.8
Squeeze (2 CII- Force) 44 5.0 1.4 2.4 2.5 4.9 1.1 8.2
Squeeze (2 cII-LP,CII) 44 0.9 0.5 - o. 3 0.1 0.9 ·1.8 2.3
Squeeze (2 cm) Angle 44 6.9 7.7 - 5.1 -3.4 5.7 21.9 31.2
Squeeze (3 CII- Porce) 44 9.1 2.3 4.1 5.2 B.8 13.0 13.4
Squeeze (3 clI-LF,cm) 44 0.6 0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.5 1.4 '.1
Squeeze (3 CII) lingle 44 3.5 4.3 - 3. 2 -3.0 3.3 11.0 , 5. 1
Sgueeze (1+ C8l- Porcel q4 9.5 2.9 3.9 5.1 9. 1 13.9 14.3
Squeeze (4 cil-LF ,cm) 44 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.0 1. 1
Squeeze (4 CII) Angle 44 1.2 4.2 -6.6 -6.2 1.4 7.0 7.3
Squeeze (5 CII- Force) 41 8.5 2.5 3.8 4. 1 8.11 12.5 ,14.0
Squeeze (5 CII- t F. CII) 41 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.7 1. :.1 , .5
Squeeze (5 CII) Angle 41 -0.3 3.4 -7.1 -6.4 -0.1 5.5 li.9
Squeeze (6 CII- Perce) 7 8.8 1.3 7.9 •• 8.2. •• 11.5
Squeeze (6 C.- LP,cm) 7 1.0 . 0.4 0.4 •• 0.8 •• 1.6
Squeeze (6
5-pt Pinch
CII ) Angle
(2 clI-Force) 44
7 0.2 3.2
. 3.6 0.9
-5.4
2.3
••
2.4
-0.3
3.5
••
5.1
5.1
5.6
5-Pt Pinch (2 clI-LP,cm) 44 1. 1 O.q 0.1 0.5 , .0 1.6 1.8
5-Pt pinch (2 CII) Angle 44 0.4 4.2 -8.2 -7.6 0.8 1.0 10.6
'j-Pt Pinch (3 CII- ForCe) 44 3.5 0.7 1. q 2.4 3.5 4.7 5.2
5-Pt Pinch (3 CII-LP' ,CII) 44 1.0 0.4 0.3 . 0.5 1.0 1.7 1. q .
5-Pt Pinch (3 CII) Angle 44 -1.8 3.6 -13.0 -B.O -1.6 2.6 6.4
5-Pt Pinch (4 cl\I-Porce) 44 3.5 0.8 , .9 2.2 3.4 5.0 5.4
5-Pt pinch (4 CID- t P ,CII) 44 1.2 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.2 1.9 2.0
5-Pt Pinch (4 em) Angle 44 -1.7 3.8 -18.2 -5.8 -2.3 3.1 5.5
5-Pt Pinch (5 CII- Porce) 44 3.B 0.9 1.7 2.1 3.8 5. , 5.1
5-Pt Pinch (5 cm;"L r: ,CII) 44 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 1.2 1.8 2.1
5-Pt Pinch (5 CII) Angle 44 -1.2 4. , -18.3 -10.2 -0.9 3.9 7.4
5-pt Pinch (6 cm-Force) 43 3.B 0.9, 2.2 2.2 3.7 5. 1 6.9
5-Pt Pinch (6 CII-L F ,cm) 43 , • 2 0.4 -0.3 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.2
5-Pt pinch (6 CII) Angle 43 -1.9 3.5 -10.9 -8.0 -1 ... 2.9 5.2
5-Pt Pinch (7 clI-FOrCe) 38 4.0 1.0 2.1 2.5 3.9 . 5.5 6.5
5-Pt Pinch (7 CII-L F,cm) 38 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 1.0 1.7 2. 1
5-Pt Pinch (7 CII) AnglE 38 -1.6 3.2 -B.3 -7.3 - 1.1 3. 1 4.5
5-Pt pinch (B cm-Force) 4 4.9 0.6 4.2 •• 4.0 •• 5.1
205
G~ip Strenqth Statistics
(5.5 - 6.5 years)
1'1 easare lie nt Descriptive Statistics
N P1ean s. d. "in 5th 50t.h 95th ~ax
3-Pt Pinch (2 cll-FOrce) 49 3.6 0.8 1.9 2.1 3.7 4.7 6.2
3-Pt Pinch (2 CII-LF ,CII) q8 0.8 O. II 0.1 0.2 0.8 1.5 1.1
3-Pt PinCh (2 CII) Angle 1f9 -5.0 11.11 -111.8 -12.8 -5.6 2.9 5.7
3-Pt Pinch (3 cm-Force) 119 3.5 0.7 2.4 2.5 3.5 4.b 6.0
3-Pt pinch (3 CII- LF , CII) 1f9 0.1 0.5 - 0~4 -0.2 0.7 1.5 1.8
3-Pt Pinch' (3 cm) Angle 1f9 -5.9 3.6 -12.2 -11.1 -6.1 0.' 1. 1
3-Pt Pinch (4 c"-Force) 49 3.5 0.8 2.3 2.4 3.2 5.0 6.0
]-Pl. Pinch (4 clI-L F ,CII) 49 0.7 0.3 O. , 0.2 0.7 1.3 '.6
l-Pt pinCD (q c II) Angle q9 -6.5 3.6 -13.2 -12.1 -6.8 -0.2 2.2
3-Pt Pinch (5 clII-Force) 49 3.6 0.1 2.3 2.3 3.5 4.8 5.9
)-Pt Pinch (5 CDI-LF,CII) 49 0.1 0.4 - o. 3 -0.' 0.7 '.3 1.. II
3-Pt pinch (5 cm) Angle 49 -5.6 3.1 -15.3 -11.2 -5.3 -0.9 1. 1
3-Pt Pinch (6 cm-Force) 49 3.8 0.7 2.1 2.9 3.7 4.8 5.5
3-Pt Pinch (6 CIII~LF,clII) 119 0.7 0.3 -0.4 O. 1 0.6 1.2 '.5
3-Pt pinch (6 el) A.n9le q9 -4.5 2.8 -10.5 -10.0 -11.9 0.3 3.2
3-Pl. Pinch (1 CII- Force) q3 4.0 0.8 2.1 2.2 4.1 5.2 5.6
3-Pl. Pinch (1 cil-LP ,cm) q3 0.6 0.3 - 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.3 '.5
3-Pt Pinch (1 ell) Angle 43 -4.0 2.8 -12.2 -8.6 -4.1 -0.3 2.6
3-Pt Pinch (8 clI""'Porce) 8 4.7 1 .0 3.4 .* 4.6 •• 6.3
3-Pt Pinch (8 clII-LP ,CII) 8 0.5 0.4 -0.2
** 0.5 *. 0.8
3-Pt Pinch
3-Pt Pinch
3-Pt Pinch
3-Pt pinch
(8 cm) Angle
(9 clI-Porce)
(9 clII-LF,cm)
(9 CII) Angle
8
1
1
1
-3.4
5.6
0.2
-11.4
3.5
.*
-.
••
-9.6
5.6
0.2
-4.4
.-.-••
*. -2.7
5.6
0.2
-11.11
••
_.
••
••
2.11
5.6
0.2
-4.4
Squeeze (2 CII- Porce) 49 5.8 1.6 3.4 3.4 5.6 8.5 9.i
Squeeze (2 clII-LF,cm) 119 0.8 0.5 -0.3 0.0 0.8 1.5 2.0
Squeeze (2 cm) Angle 49 7.1 6.6 -11.5 -3.2 1. ij 11.1 21.2
Squeeze (3 CID- force) 49 10. 1 2.2 4.5 5.6 10.3 13.4 13.9
Squeeze (3 CII- LF, CII) 49 0.6 0.4 - 0.3 0.1 0.5 1• 1 1. e
Squeeze (3 CII) Angle 49 11.0 3.3 -5.8 -1.1 J.7 9.0 11.9
Squeeze (4 cm-porce) 49 11.0 2.3 5. 1 6.3 11.2 14.7 15.5
Squeeze (4 CII-LP,CIII) 49 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.·9 1• ,
Squeeze (4 CII) Angle 49 2.4 3.6 -9.6 -2.3 2.3 7.4 11.9
Squeeze (5 clI-Force) 41 9.9 2.5 5.11 5.6 9.11 13.2 17.3
Squeeze (5 cm-LP,clI) 47 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 1.0 1 .5
Squeeze (5 CII) Ang Ie 47 1• 1 J.3 -5.8 -4.9 1.2 6.0 '7.2
Squeeze (6 CII- force) 10 8.9 2.6 11.1 •• 7.8 •• 12.5
Squeeze (6
Sqaeeze (6
5-Pt Pinch
CII-LF,CII)
CII) Angle
(2 clI-Force)
10
10
49
0.9
-1.0
. 11.0
0.3
1.1
0.8
0.4
-3.0
2.0
...
••
2.6
0.9
-1.2
4.0
••
••
5.5
1.6
O. 1
6.3
5-Pt Pinch (2 clI-LP ,CII) 49 1.0 0.4 0.' 0.4 1.0 1.6 2. 3
5-Pt Pinch (2 ell) Angle 49 1.2 3.5 .. 5.8 -5.0 1.2 6.6 11.7
5-Pt Pinch (3 cm:-Porce) 49 3.8 0.8 2.5 2.1 3.7 5.0 6.4
5-Pt pinch (3 cil-LF ,cm) 49 . 0.9 0.4 - O. 0 0.2 1.0 1.5 1.8
5-Pt Pinch (3 em) Angle 49 -1.1 3.2 -13.4 -5.8 -1.3 3.5 ~.II
5- Pl. Pinch (II cm-Porce) 119 3.9 0.7 2.3 2.1 3.9 4.7 6.4
5- Pt Pinch (II CID-L F, ell) 49 1.0 0.5 - O. 2 0.2 1.0 1.7 1• ~
S-pt Pinch (4 CII) Angle 49 -1.6 4.0 -8.8 -8.1 -1.9 4.9 9.2
5-Pt Pinch (5 clII-Porce) 119 3.9 0.6 2.3 2.7 3.6 5.1 6.3
5-Pt Pinch (5 CDl-LF,cm) 49 1. :2 0.4 0.3 0.4 1. :2 1.8 2.0
5-Pt Pinch (5 CII) Angle 49 -0.6 11.11 -11.8 -9.8 O~O 5.2 7.6
5-Pt Pinch (6 cm-Force) 49 4.0 0.6, 2.6 2.9 3.9 5.11 6.2
5-pt Pinch (6 CIII-LF ,cm) 119 1.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1• 1 '.i 1.9
5-Pt pinch (6 ca) Angle 119. 0.0 3.5 -9.2 -7.5 0.' 5.1 9.2
5-Pt Pinch (7 CII- Force) 43 11.3 0.9 3.0 3.0 11.3 5.6 6.1
206
Grip Strength Statistics
(0.5 -7.5 yea rs)
Pleasurement Descriptive Statistics
If Plean s.d. "in 5th 50th 95th !'lax
3-H Pinch (2 cII-Porce) 46 4.0 0.7 2.2 2.8 4.0 4.9 5.5
3-Pt pinch (2 CII-L P, cm) 46 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.8 1.3 1.9
3-pt Pinch (2 CII) Angle 46 -4.4 "3".0 -10.5 ":10.3 -5.2 0.7 1.6
3-Pt Pinch (3 cm-Force) 46 3.9 0.6 2.4 2.9 3.9 5.0 5.3
3-Pt Pinch (3 clI-LF,CII) 46 0.8 0.4 0.0 O. 1 0.1 1.3 1.9
3-Pt piL.=h (3 011) Angle 46 -5.5 4.2 - 18 • 3 - 10 ~ 3' -6.4 1.5 9.0
3-Pt Pinch (4 clI-Porce) 46 3.8 0.1 2. ] 2.5 3.8 4.9 5.4
)-Pt Pinch (4 cII-LF,cm) 46 0.7 0.4 - O. 3 -0.1 0.1 1.4 1.6
3-Pt Pincb (4 CII) Angle 46 -:5.9 3.9 -15.1 -13.3 -6.9 0.3 2.6
3-Pt Pinch (5 cm-Force) 46 4.0 0.7 2.1 2.9 1.1. 1 4.9 5.6
]-Pt Pinch (5 cm-LF,cll) 46 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.3 1. B
]-Pt Pinch (5 CIl) Aogle 46 -4.8 3.3 ,-11.0 -10.8 -1.1.9 1.0 1.2
]-Pt Pinch (6 CD-Force) 46 4.3 0.8 2./& 3.0 4.3 5.7 5.8
3-Pt pinch (6 cm-L F,ca) 46 0.8 0.4 0.0 '0.2 0.1 1.4 2.2
3-Pt pinch (6 CII) Angle 46 -4.1 3.3 -11.9 -8.1 -4.2 -0.1 8.6
]-pt Pinch (1 cm-Force) 46 4.2 0.8 2.1 3.0 4.2 5.7 6.3
3-Pt Pinch (7 cm-LF,clD) 46 0.7 0.4 - 0.3 0.0 0.7 1.2 1.3
3-Pt Pinch (1 CII) Angle 46 -4.6 2.7 -10.6 -9.9 -4.6 -0.1 O.q
]-Pt pinch (8 cD-Force) 20 4.7 1.2 2.5 •• 4.7 •• 7.9
3-Pt Pinch (8 cm-L F,COl) 20 0.7 0.3 0.1 •• 0.7 •• ,•2
3-Pt Pinch (8 ca) Angle 20 -5.0 3. 1 -12.0 •• -4.3 •• - O. 9
]-Pt Pinch
)-pt Pinch
3-Pt Pinch
(q cD-Force)
(9 clII-LF ,CID)
(9 CII) Angle
1
1
1
5.2
0.5'
-5.0
.,.
••
••
5.2
0.5
-5.0
••
••
••
5.2
0.5
-5.0
••
••
••
5.2
0.5
-5.0
Squeeze (2 CII- Force) 46 6.1 2.0 2.9 4.0 6.4 10~2 11.4
squeeze (2 ell-IF ,CD) 46 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.8 1.7 2.0
Squeeze (2 CII) Ang le 46 6.9 5.9 -12.8 -2.1 6.5 15.5 17.3
Squeeze (3 CIII- Force) 46 11.7 2.7 7.3 7.7 11. 1 15.8 1 B. 4
Squeeze (3 cm-LF,cm) 46 0.6 0.3 - 0.0 0.1 0.5 1. 1 1.6
Squeeze (3 cm) Angle 46 4.4 3.6 - 3.0 -1.0 3.7 9.1 .16. l
Sq.ueeze (4 CD- Porce) 46 13.1 2.6 7.3 8.6 13.1 11.0 18.3
.squeeze (4 CID- LP, ell) 46 0.6 0.3 - 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.9 1.3
Squeeze (4 cm) Angle 46 3.6 3./& -3.3 -2.5 3.2 9.2 12.2
Sqaeeze (5 CII- Porce) 46 12.0 2.7 6.0 7.1 12.0 16.4 H.9
Squeeze (5 cm- L'f' ,cm) 46 0.1 O. 3 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.2 1.6
Squeeze (S cm) Anqle 46 2.2 2.9 -5.1 -2.2 1. 9 6.9 1.8
sqaeeze (6 CID- Porce) 28 10.7 2.0 6.8 7.1 , 0.9 13.1 14.5
Squeeze (6 cm- LP ,em) 28 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.8 1.3 1.4
Squeeze (6 cm) . Angle 28 1. 1 5.0 -9.5 -7.3 o. 1 9.2 18.5
Squeeze (7 cll-force) 1 9.2 •• 9.2 •• 9.2 •• 9.2
Squeeze (1 cm- LF ,CID) 1 0.6 •• 0.6 •• 0.6 •• 0.6
squeeze (7
5-Pt Pinch
c m) Angle
(2 em-force)
1
46
1.5
4.4 1.0
•• 1.5
2.3
••
2.8
1.5
4.4
••
6.0
1.5
6.8
5-Pt Pinch (2 .cm-LP,CIII) 46 1. 1 0.4 0.3 0.4 1. 1 1.1 2.0
5-Pt Pinch (2 C ID) Angle 46 1.5 3.4 -1.3 -/&.5 1.2 1.0 7.9
5-Pt Pinch (3 cm-Porce) 46 4.4 0.9 . 2.4 2.8 4.5 5.8 6.0
,;-Pt Pinch (3 cm-LP ,cm) 46 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.6 1.9
5-Pt Pinch p cm) Angle 46 -0.9 3.7 -, O. 3 -6.8 -1.4 4.6 6.4
5-Pt pinch (1.1 cII-Porce) 46 .4.3 0.8 2.5 2.6 4.2 5.b 5.1
5-Pt Pinch (4 cD-LF ,CII) 46 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.3 1• 1 1.8 i.l
5-Pt Pinch (4 cm) Angle 46 - 1.1 5.1 -10.0 -9.3 -1.6 1.4 13.3
5-Pt Pinch (5 cm-Porce) 46 4.4 0.8 2.9 3.0 4.2 5.8 6.7
5-pt pinch (5 cm-LP,cm) 46 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.5 ,. 1 1.9 2.3
5-Pt Pinch (5 c II) Angle 46 -0.5 4.3 - 9.1 -8.3 -0.9 6.7 8.2
5-Pt Pinch (6 cm-Porce) 46 4.6 0.9 2.5 3.1 4.5 6.0 6.5
207
Grip Strengtb Sta tistics
(8.5 -
9.5 years)
209
Grip Strenqth Statistics
(9.5 -10.5 ,..ars)
210
.
Squeeze
,;
ZERO ORDER CORRELATIONS
Grip
Finger Cervical Hand Hand
Height Weight Outside
Linkage Linkage Length Breadth Diameter
5 Point Pinch
IV
......
2 em I .8269 .8078 .7451 .6171 .8047 .7670 .8059
w .7502 .6450 .8021 .7765 .7978
3 ern .8278 .7979
EXTENSION
EXTENSION
15l5°
FLEXJ;ON
EXTENSION
EXTENSION
112.5°
EXTENSION
214
;.
_ ..... -
67.5 0 67.5 0
215
112.5° 112 .. 5°
216
.--
:/-
-,,','/'
217
3.4.1 Index of Elbow S~rength Data
Measurement Page
1. Elbow Flexion
67.5° . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
135° . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
157.5° . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
2. Elbow Extension
67.5° 227
90 0 • • • ,. e .. 228
112.5° . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
135 0 .. 230
218
.....,
ELBOW FLEXION
219
;: LD Oiol FLEXICN (61.5 DEG) (Kgf-crn)
(/tales and Females)
'je (y rs) t' 'lean s.c!. Min 15th SOth 'I')th ~ax
2.S-~.5 1 40.5 21.6 q.5 10. 3 :I ~. 8 ~2. 1 76.2
3.5-4.;" 9 51.3 1~.4 28.5 31 • 1 54.0 63.5 76.9
4.5- 5.5 1: 59.8 32.1 2 q. q33.0 42.lJ 88.": 129.6
5.5-5.') 23 ~l2. 3 25.2 29.3 .~ 3. j fl6.:! 100." 143.5
6.5- 1. 5 1) 10B.7 10.0 56.13 61.1 1 O~. 3 131.2 11.19.1
7. S- 8.5 1;" 145.5 39.5 8~.8 100.~ 13'1.1 188.7 230.g
>3 • 5- '3.5 14 1 E1 .5 36.9 94.5 123.1 , 5~. S 1 9 5. 7 22q.~
9.5-10.5 8 175.2 42.1 90.4 101.6 180. ') 208. J 22 6.5
300.00
250.00
•
Co:)
~
In
200.00 ..
ro-• ••
CD
. .. .
-
• •
~ 1&0.00
t5 ..
• •.
. .•
It
.•.• . . .
~
100.00
~ .. ••
. .
~
•• •
. •.
• .• .
50.00
• •
0.00 2
3 5 8 7 e 9 to 11
AGE (YEARS)
220
....,
.
-
ELBOW FLEXION (gO DEG) (Kgf-cm)
(Males and Females)
A.ge (yr-s) N Mean s. d. Min 15th 50th R5th Ma x
2.5-3.5 7 54.6 24.8 23.9 24.5 47.1 66.6 9S.3
~.5-4.5 9 76.6 8.9 68.0 08.0 7S. 1 79.0 97.6
4. is- 5.5 15 84.9 28.2 .17.3 67.2 71. 1 113.5 , 37.8
5.5- 6.5 ~3 l1l. 1 29.·6 57.3 83.2 1.1 , • ~ 141.8 165.9
6. 5- ., .5 13 135.2 34.9 79. O. 103.9 12 a. 1 157. A 198.6
7.5-8.5 15 172 ... 5 48.4 115. 3 127.7 149.7 219.8 284.7
A. 5- q. 5 14 189. 8 39.2 118 5 149.6 184.8
40 215.3 275. 1
9.5-10.5 8 237.5 36.7 195.6 197.'4 219.7 265.5 305.1
350.00
300.00
C)
• 2SO.DO
~
g ... •
200. DO
z•
-
0
l :j
~. ISO.00 .
. ..
..
.
\
... .. • ..
:z
~
-J tao. 00 ~
I&J
.... .... .
•• • ;. •
•
50.00
••
0.00 2
.. S
•
AGE
7
(YEARS)
8 8 10 u
221
i::l.BOtoi fLEXlCN (11';;.5 ~tG) (Kgf-cm)
(Males and Female!')
~gf> (y ['s) N :'lean s.d. ~in bth 50th q"lth :1 a x
~. 5- J. 5 7 73.3 23.6 27.2 2 <1. 3 72.7 91.b 102.2
3 " 5- 4 • ') 'd 'lb.7 19.7 ~6.8 72. 1 91.L 115.0 13' .7
4. 5-:>. S 15 108" 3 25.3 6"7.5 72.5 104. J 134. ;: 153.0
5.5- 6.5 23 137. 0 33~O 91. 1 10 1. 1 1 ] 1.8 165.6 209. ,
6. ~- 7.5 13 1 ~R. 4 51.8 "'0.0 95.2 146.b 214.b 26G.7
7. 5- tj. ~ 15 203.1 56.3 149.7 154.6 188 •.3 243.4 ~63.2
q. 5- 9.5 14 220.9 57.~ 116.1 16b.3 216.5 ~j4.j 33H.5
9.5-10.5 8 112.8 74.0 209.3 213.fl 2'J 1. 7 386.lJ 415.4.
'150.00
....00
350.00
t:)
•
~
U) 300.00
--
N
•
•
250.00 .. "
..
-~
Z
0
X 200.00
".
.
"
""
.
• . ..
"
."
: . ..
150.00 " "
i!
CD
"
""
"
Ed 100.00 "
.: . ."
. .". ..
"
"
. .. "
so. 00
0.00
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 u
AGE (YEARS)
222
ELBOW HE nON (135 DI:;G) (.Kgf-cm)
(l'1alES and Pelrales)
~qe (y LS) N Mean s.d. Min 15th 50th H5th Max
2.5-3.5 7 6<1.1 23.6 41.7 -42.0 56.7 g4.7 96.1
1.5-4.5 9 87.9 15.3 72.6 73.2 8u.ti 105.9 111.4
4.5-5.5 15 120.A 36.4 62.1 69.0 121.3 156.9 1a 1 • 1
5.5- b. S 23 1J4.3 40.8 34.7 107.0 128.0 17 2.3 220.6
6.5-7.~ 13 1 58.3 62.3 56.4 70.6 157.' 9 180.9 303.4
7.5- 8.5 15 1 B1. 1 ~7.7 104.2 131.5 157. 1 249.6 301.3
:3.5- :}. 5 14 218.6 52.7 163.2 164.9 199.1 ~ 90. 1 318.4
').5-10.5 8 295.7 71.7 190.0 191.3 319.2 342.4 383.5
'lOG.00
350.00
..
• 300.00
Co:)
IIJ
o
-
l/)
(")
•
250.00
-
Z
o 200.00
X
I.&J
..J
0
..
...
..
... •
~
1SO.00 . . ... .
.. .•.: •.
:E
o ~
'.. .
tD
..J
I.&J
100.00 . ..
•
..
so. 00 ..
0.00
2 3 5 8 7 e 8 to 11
AGE (YEARS)
223
eLBOW FIEXION (157.5 DEG) (Kgf-cm)
(l'Ii\l~s and Females)
uo.oo
SSG. DO
~ · 300.00
~
II)
.
• 250.00
-
&;
• ..
-"'"
~ 200.00
><
.
. 0
. ..
~ 150.00
.
.. .
0 0
i .. o •
0
0 0
0
~ 100.00
. . .. ....
0
0
0
.
0
0
.. ... .0
50.00 •
0.00 2
3 5 8 ., 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
224
,
.....
ELBOW flEXICN (1 B0 DEG) (Kgf-cm)
(Males and Fl:!lIlaf€s)
Age (y rs) N ~ean s. d. Min 15th SOtl. 85th Md x
2.5-3.5 1 40.0 27.1 14.5 14.6 :3 O. d 59.6 92.6
3. 5-4.5 9 54.6 20.7 16.6 22.5 53.9 74.6 RO.S
4.5- 5.5 15 79.A 29.6 l.j6.3· :. 9.0 ·75. q 90.8 150.5
5.5,.. 6.5 23 134. () 20. 1 45.7 64.4 81.3 98.0 138.5
6~5-7.5 13 96. C; 38.9 111.5 53.0 ~6. 9 140.5 112.6
1.5-8.5 15 119.3 45.9 114.q 63.t:i 118.4 '16 4. ~ 210.6
8.5-9.5 14 153.5 61.1 ·5"7.2 94.0 126. 13 220.6 254.2
9.5-10.5 8 202.7 53.8 11 J. 2 119.5 206.0 235. 1 286.1
300.00
250.00
•
c:J
~.
200.00
-
0
CI)
-l5
0-J
~
ISO.OO
"
.. ..
~ . .,
~
100.00
. ,I • •
e•••
, ..
<tI
. '. '
• .•• . . •
SO.OO
..
."
.,
O.DO 2 , . 5 , 7 8· 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
225
ELBOW EXTENSION
226
ELrWW EX'IP.NSIO"l ,( L1.5 DEG) (Kgf-cm)
(Males and Females)
300.00
250.00
•
<.:)
W
C
LI)
200.00
r-•
CD
• .,.
-
~
(f)
ffi
tSO.OO
•
.. •• •
~
• .
8 · .•
,
:E 100.00 . •. . ..• . . • .,
~
. • . ..
. .
,
rd . • • • • .• •
• •
•
50.00
• •
.
•
0.00 2
s 8 7 8 9 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
227
ELBOW ::XTENSION (91l 1)~",) (Kgf-cm)
(!"Iales an d Females)
~I'J ;> (yrs) N Mea r s.d. ~in 15th SOtl! 85th ~d>C
'loo.oo
350.00
C»
• 300.00
~
0
en 250.00
•
-
~
0')
ffi
200.00
i:5 . -, . ..
.• •. . .
1&0.00
~
CD
c1 100.00 ... .. .. .. ..
.
•
.. • . : I•
SO.OO .. ."
0.00
2 , 3 5 8 ., 8
• 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
228
EL130W FX'IENSION (112.5 DEG) (Kgf-cm)
('/''1 a l€s and Female~)
lIOO.OO
350.00
•
fB 300.00 ••
c
1I1
-
N
•
250.00
.. . .
~
-
f I')
ffi
200.00
.'
8 150.00 .
..... ....
::z
il • • ..
. ... .. .
~ 1DO.DO •
50.00
..
5 8
AGE n'EFlASl
.,
• I 10 11
229
E:LBOW EX'IENSION (135 lJ£'; I (Kgf-crn)
(''Iales and Females)
2. 5- 3.5 '"
7 QO.7 18.9 60.2 b1 .4 A5.:" 104. 1 ' 20. ,
1.5-4.5 r; 81.8 2Q.7 47.3 52. 1 6 R. 1 ':1 4. 1 , ~ 7 • ~
4. 5- :>. 5 15 125.9 46.1 67.2 75.'" 122.0 15'.0 247. 1
5.5-6.5 23 1 3'1. 7 54.0 S5.7 7B. (l 126.2 17S. b ? 72;, 1
6.5- 7.5 1 .3 160.3 60.0 28.8 100.0 lS 7.9 214. 1 2.1:'. S
7.5- U.. ~ 1S 193.7 68.2 110.1. 121. U 17 S.l 2il7.1 309.0
5.5-9.5 1 Lj 261.2 66.1 13 3.8 119.7 25 j . 7 332. :) 3l:Jl.7
9.5-10.5 I:l 276.9136.9 1 1 R. 8 128. 1 188.':1 41B. b 488. 1
500.00
• •00
UO.OO
~
•
1&.1
0 350.00
~
-
&I)
(I)
300.00
•
-
~
en 250.00
~
~
200.00
...
'.
~
:%
0 150.00 ... .. . •
CD
Ed ... . . •. . ,
100.00
.. . • . .' .. ...
..' . .'.
so. 00
0.00
2 3 . 5
• , 8 8 10 11
AGE (YEARS)
230
P,LBOW E X'IENSION (157.5 DEG) (Kgf-cm)
(l'Ia 1 es and Fe'lIIales)
500.00
'dO. 00
UO.OO
C)
•
W
Q
350.00
II)
,...•
-
II)
•
300.00
..
-
!
en
z
w
250.00
.... zoo. 00 .
i:j
~ 150.00
CD .• . ..
• ..... ... ,,'
~ ••
100.00
..• ..
•
• . .' . .'., . ••
231
250.0
--e-- 2.5 TO 5 YEARS
- - - 5 TO 8 YEA
~ 8 YEARS AN UP
210.0
L
b 170.0
ffi
a:::
I-
m
~
o
~ 130.0
90.0
so. 0 +---'f----t---~I__-~--__+--__+--_f
~.O 87.5 90.0 112.5 135.0 157.5 180.C 202.5
DEGREES Of fLEXION
232
250.0
........- 2.5 TO 5 YEARS
~ 5 TO 8 YEARS
~ 8 YEARS RND UP
230.0
210.0
190.0
z:
~
t!)
z
LLI 170.0
a:
~
tJ')
~ 150.0
CD
-'
LLI
130.0
110.0
80.0
70.0
~.O 87.5 80.0 112.5 135.0 157.5 180.0
DEGREES Of EXTENSION
233
~50.00
- TREND
z
-
~oo.oo
0
( f)
z
w 350.00
~
x
w
~
w SOD. 00
c
In
. 250.00
--
N
~
a: 200.00
x:
~
~
z lS0.00
w
CI:
~
en 100.00
:x
0
CD
-J
I.LJ SO.OO
O.OO+----+----+---+----+----+----+----f
80.00 100.00 110.00 120.00 130.00 11l0.00 150.00 160.00
HEIGHT (eM)
234
~.oo
---- TREND
z 1100.00
-
0
X
l£J
~
350.00
C)
w
c 300.00
11)
--
N
•
250.00
~
a: 200.00
::I:
~
C)
ffi
a::
150.00
~
en
% 100.00
0
m
ci so. 00
0.00 +----f----+----+--.....--+-------lI----+-----1
90.00 100.00 110.00 120.00 130.00 1110.00 150.00 180.00
HEIGHT (eM)
235
t&SO.oo
- TREND
1100.00
z
-
0
X
LU
-oJ
I.L.
350.00
(,:)
LU
c 300.00
.
--
In
N 250.00 ...
~ ;
a: 200.00
J:
~
(,:) I
z 150.00
LU
a:
~
en
:%
0
100.00 ......
m
IA1
so. 00
0.00
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 "0.00 1&5.00 50.00
WEIGHT (KG)
236
1&50.00
- TREND
-
z IAOO.OO
c
en
z
L&J 350.00
~
.J<
LLJ
C)
LLJ
300.00
C
-
l/)
N
• 250.00
~
a: 200.00
%:
~
C)
z 150.00
LLJ
a::
~
(f)
100.00
3
C
m
rd 50.00
0.00 +--__i~-_+--_+_--+_-__i~-_+--_+_-___t
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 SO.OO 35.00 ~O.OO 1£5.00 50.00
WEIGHT (KG)
237
1&50.00
- - lREND
z 1100.00
-...
o
X
~ 350.00
.-
<.:)
w· 300.00
o
L/)
•
-
~ 250.00
r-
CL:
200.00
..
:::I:
.....
~
zL&J 150.00 '"
a:
.....
en
100.00
~
~
50.00
0.00
15.00 17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 35.00
RADIAL+CARPAL LINKAGE (eM)
238
_ ....
~o.oo
-TREND
cz 1&00.00
-ffi
~
350.00
X
LLJ
Cl 300.00
LLJ
C
1.1)
. 250.00
.--
C\I
150.00
100.00
so. 00
0.00+-----4---+---+-----4---+---+-----+---4
15.00 17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00' 32.50 35.00
RADIAL+CARPAL LINKAGE (eM)
239
Elbow Strength Statistics
(2.5 - 3.5 years)
Pleasurement Descriptive Statistics
N Plean s. d. !'lin 15th 50th t;5th !'lax
Elbow Extension, 67.S deg 7 72.3 "35.8 42.1 42.8 59.7 19.7 145.6
Elbow Extension, 90 deg 7 77,.0 35.1 47. 1 47.2 64.0 93.2 lln.7 .
Elbow Extension, 112.5 deg 7 108.4 28.3 . 71.1 72.0 103.3 133. 1 146.8
Elbow Extensicn, 135 deg 7 SO.7 1S.Q 60.2 61.4 85.5 104. 1 120.7
£lboII', ExtensicD, 157.5 deg 6
nbow Flexion, 67.5 deg
Elbow Flexion, 90 deg
7
7
75.0 13.0
40.5 21.6
~4. 6 24.8
58.8
5.5
23.9
-- 66.4
10 ~ ] 34.8 52.1
24.5 47.1 66.6 --
90.5
76.2
98.3
Elbow Flexion, 112.5 deg 7 73.3 23.6 27.2 29.3 72.7 91.6 102.2
Elbow Flexion, 135 deg 7 69. 1 23.6 41.7 42.0 56.7 94.7 96.1
Elbow Flexion, 151.5 deg
Elbow Flexion, 180 deg
6
7
61.4 25.4
'10.0 27.7
26.3
14.5
•• 54.5
14.6 30.8 59.6
•• 95.7
92.6
240
Elbow Strength Statistics
(5.5 - 6.5 yea rs)
241
Elbow Strength Sta. tistics
(8.5 - 9.5 years)
Measurement DescriptivE Statistics
N Mean s.d. Min 15th 50th 85th Max
Elbow ExtensioD, 67.5 deg 14 140.5 /43.1 72.1 92.2 129.6 181.2 223.2
Elbow ExtensioD. 90 deg 14 169.1 50.6 q9.5 1 15. 1 158.1 215.3 271.9
Elbow Extension. 112.5 deg14 2:: 1. 1 55.6 144.6 163.2 209.2 295.3 318.2
Elbow Extension, 135 deg 111 263.2 66 .1 13].8 119.7 253.7 332.5 361.7
Elbow Extension, 157.5 deg14 206.8 85.5 77.2 90.7 201.1 291.7 335.9
Elbow Flexion. 67.5 deg 14 161.5 36.9 94.5 123.7 157.5 195.7 229.9
Elbow Flexion, 90 deq 14 189.8 39.2 118.5 149.6 184.8 215.8 275. 1
Elbow Flexion, 112.5 deg 14 220.9 57.5 116.7 166.3 216.5 234.3 338.5
Elbow FleXion, 135 deg 11f 218.6 52.7 16]. :2 164.9 199. 1 290.1 318.4
Elbow Flexion, 157.5 deg 14 187.9 50.1 123.2 130.7 182. 1 216.3 286.9
Elbow Flexicn, 180 deg llf 153.5 61.1 57.2 94.0 126.8 220.6 254.2
242
3.5 Discussion
was seen in the previous strength study and has been seen
deviation.
spans.
243
,
. "-
This reduction in numbers is caused by the inability
increase is modest.
The angle formed by the force vector with the center line
point pinch.
244
summarizes the results for five point pinch. The lines
than was found for three and five point pinch. The signif-
on the transducer.
245
There is a large decrease in strength for small objects
with height for three point pinch, five point pinch, and
in each age interval is much smaller than for the hand tests.
is less.
As with other strength tests, the measured values are
246
One of the more surprising findings in this study,
shown with the data. Notice that the trend lines are
247
3.6 Sample of Strength Calculations
at waist level for the child and the knob is large enough to allow
One can observe that the linkages used correspond to the sum
of the radial and carpal lengths and from the table for combined
sexes ---
L Linkage Length
L R + LC .
15.2 cm. + 5.1 em.
20.3 cm.
consider first the force which would be produced if the waist is
thus
sired force and one would conclude that the desired force on
NOTE: Refer to ~he limb and limb fixture shown in Figure 4.1.1.
The sum of the moments about any point on a body in static
equilibrium must equal zero. A free body diagram of the li~b can
be drawn showing all the forces acting on the limb (excluding
gravitational effects): -
Azt, MAZ
y
t- A,
1
1 ~Mz
IA
1 .......
J
X
-FAX 8
t-FAY ~-F8Y
~ Is ~
M
AZ
= FAX£l+ F By 2 B Equation #1
Similarly, a free body diagram of the limb fixture can be drawn:
249
Summing the moments about point AI:
EMA,Z FAX£l + FBY(£B'+ d2) + FAy d 2 - MA'Z o
MA,Z = FAX£l + FBY£B + (FAY + F By )d2 Equation #2
Solving Equations #1 and #2 simultaneously
MAZ = MA,Z - FAy d 2 - FBy d 2 Equation #3
1) 2
By design d «£B and the approxiamation may be made
Equation #4
FB~ay
2) b T measured by the gage set at B' where
Equation #5
£
B = known linkage measurement
d = known constant
2
250
Sampling the more distal joints allows for precise calculation
of the error terms.
251
4.2 Principle of Operation of Grip Strenoth Transducer
like the letter "G". The child forces the two handles together
A , A , B , B , and
l 2 l 2
e and respond to bending moments on the bar at
these locations.
Severing the bar at each gage set and writing static equations
At e : (5) Me = -F (L +D)
n 4
L3
L2
~Lli
--
B2 e
---
B1
1
L4
-F I
1,
s All
~
I
-F
n
I DISTAL/
HANDLE
I F
n
L5
\PROXH1AL
t
F
s
HANDLE A2
L-
252
.i
Subtracting equation (Z) from equation (It:
position is id~ntical:
Thus,
(10)
Therefore, utilizing a third gage set input Me' one can determine
F = LIM
s. B
L2
253
,,
-,
- :;
-- ...... _-
Additionally, a resultant force on the handle may be determined as
F == -:. V(F J 2 + (F ) 2
n s
-1 F
¢ tan s
Fn
Generally F »
n
F
s
("<20°).
254
r
ALDEkMAN, h.B., AND bANFIELD, T.J.: kELIAI:HUH ESTI:VJATI'J,\J
IN THE :vIEASUhEi"1ENT ~JF Snm\JGTrl. HES. blUAKT., 4iO:44~,1969.
3 ANDEKS,)N, T. w.: wEI GHTED STkE,\JGTrl TESTS Fl.JK TrlE I-'kEDI ClIOI'\)
:) F ATI"{ EL ETI C ABI Ll H }.\J HIGH SCHJ0L GI h.L S. kES. I>iLJAKT.,
7: 1 36, 19 36.
1~ BOI]K wAL TEk. K. w.: GKI ~ STKENGTri 1\10 hiM S FO k ''1AL ES. KES.
blUAkT., 21:249.19510.
255
13 BUk-{E. II..E.: A ~TU!JY)F TrlE kELATI),\JSrllt-' 'JF A("E TJ ~TKE,\JGTrl
AND E\JDUhANCE I~ Ghl~~I\JG. UN~UbLI~rlEO DJCT)KAL
[)1.s~EhTATI'l!\J. U,\JIVEr,SITt )F IJV-,A. 1';152.
ILi tJUho{r:; ~.. E.: TtiE hELATI)'J t)F Gkl~ .::,rKENGTti AND GKI~
.':>1t\E\J(,'[rl E,\JOUhA'\JCE T) AGE. J. AI-'t'L. I-'rll'':'IJL •• vlL. 5. 1953·
Itl CALD~,ELL. L.':'.: TrlE EFFECT 'JF Tr-iE ~r'ATIAL t-"JSlTILJ,\I 'IF A
C)NTk0L)~ TrlE ~TKE\lGTH 1F ::>1" LI'JEAk,HANO MOVEMENT':'.
USA'1hL. kE~. Lill. 1959.
256
27 CAhPENTEk. A.: STkENGTH TESTI.'JG I:'J TriE FI KST TriKEE
GkADES. kES. biUAfn •• 13: 328. 19ij2.
257
,
-~--
39 CLAHKE. H.H.: A ,'1AI\JUAL: CA8LE-TE,\J5IJI\J STKE\JGTH TE'::'TS.
5TUAhT E. MUhl-'l-{Y CO •• wEST St-'kINGFlELD. N.H •• 1953.
258
51 CLAkI<E, H.H., AND HAK,dSO'J, J.C.: DIFFEKENCES I,'J
I-'HYSICAL A:'IlD f"1JT,)k TKAlT::' BETwEEN BOYS ,)F ADVA,'JCED,
NOk:vJAL AND kETAKDED ,:vJATUKI TY. kES. bJUAKT., 33: 13,1962.
56 CLOSE, J.k., AND KI DD, C.C.: THE FU,'JCTIONS DF THE MUSCLES ,)F THE
T,HUMB, THE INDEX, A·'JD LO.'JG FINGEKS. J. HONE JOINT SUKG.,
5 1- A: 1 6 kl1 , 19 69 •
259
,"
64 DEMt-'STEk, w.T., AND GAUGrl,t<A,\j, G.: t-'KL)t-'EI~TlES 'JF 800Y
SEG''1Ei'JTS 8ASED ),'J SItE AND wEIGKT. M1Eh. J. A,'JAT.,
121:J: 33, 1967.
260
Reproduced \rom
best available coPY·
66 HAFFAJ EE.. D... 1"10RI Te, U ... AND SVANTESSQN.. G.: I SOl'1ETKI C
KNEE EX TENSI Ji'J STkENGTH AS A FUNCTION OF JOINT ANGLE..
MUSCL E L E"JGTH .. AND MOTOR UNI T ACT! \II T'r'. ACTA.
Ok1H,)I-'. SCANOINAV ... 43: 13~1 1972.
261
H9 HALL~ D."1.: SELECTIi)'II AND STANDAkDltATION OF STKEI\lGTH TEST~
FOk iI-H CL UB ME,\/)bEkS." kES. blUAkT. ~ 27: 28 5~ 1956.
262
....v-.
1161 HUNSI CKEk .. I-'.A ... AND DONNELLY .. k.L.: I NSTf,UMENTS TO ,'1EASUkE
STkENGTH. l-<ES. UUAkT ... 26: 41d8 .. 1955.
103 IKAI .. '1., AND STEINHOUS.. A.H.: SOI'>1E FACTOkS ,'10DIF'l'ING THE
EXPkESSION OF HUMAN STkENGTH. J. Ai-'l-'L. I-'rlYSIOL ... 16: 157.
1961 •
107 JACOB.. s.w ... AND FkANCONE .. C.A.: STkUCTUkE AND FUNCTION IN
MAN. SAUNDEkS.. 1970.
110 JENSEN. k.H ... SMIDT .. G.L ... AND JOHNSTON, k.C.: A TECHNIl>IUE
fOk OBTAINING MEASUkEMENTS OF FaRCE GENEkATED BY HI~
i"1USCLES. AkCH. PHYS. l'1ED., 52:21<:'1 .. 1971.
263
· ;
._-...:.-_-
115 JONES.. rl.E.: MOTOk PEKFOkMANCE AND GKOWTH.
UNl V EkSI TY 0 F CALI FIJ kNI A PkESS.. BEKI'< EL EY.. CALI FOkNI A..
19 Lj9 •
116 JONES.. k. E.: kELI ABILI TY ')F' i"1USCLE STKENGTH TESTI NG UNDEr;
VAkYING MATUkATIONAL CO,\jDITIONS. J. AMEk. PHYS. TrlEK ...
42: 2Lj~.. 1962.
117 I'<ELL']K .. ').T.k ... FkOST .. J ... SILl:lEi-<l:lEkG .. N ... IVE"SE,\j .. I ... AND
CUMMI NGS.. k.: HAND STkENGTrl AND DE'; TEkI TY.J. OCCUr'. TH Ek ...
25: 77 .. 1971.
118 KENDALL .. H.O ... KENDALL .. F.r' ... AND WAD'sWOkTH .. G.E.: MUSCLES..
TESTING AND FU\JCTI)N. WILLIAMS AND WILKINS .. 1971.
121<:1 KING .. B.G ... AND SHOv.'EkS .. i"1.J.: HU,"1Ai'J ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.
SAUNDEkS .. 1963.
264
128:'<k'][;,"1Ai'll, \0.'.,"1.: THE MANUAL AND ']kAL STkENGTH OF AMEkI CAN
WHITE AND NEGKr] CHILDKEI'Il. kEbJkT TO THE GLASS CONTAINEK'
,"1ANUFACTUkEkS I NSTI TUTE, SEPTE,"1BEK, 1971.
133 LONG, C ... OJNkAD, P.W., HALL, [.A., AND FUkLEK, S.L.:
INTkINSIC-E!'\TkINSIC MUSCLE CONTROL OF THE HAND IN
r'Q\o.'Ek GkIP AND PkECISIO:\l HANDLING. J. BJNE JOINT SUKG.,
52-A:653, 1970.
134 LU,\JDE .. B.K., BkEWER, W.D., AND GAkCIA.. I-'.A.: GRIP STkEI\lGTH 'JF
COLLEGE wOMEN. AkCH. I-'riYS. MED. kEriAB., 53: 491, 1972.
265
,
_~::IL.... _
1<:i1 MCCOMAS, A.J., SICA, k.E.P., AND rETITO, F.: MUSCLE
STkENGTK I N BOY 5 ~) F 01 FFEKENT AGES. J. NEUkOLOGY, NEUKO-
SUkGEkY, AND PSYCHIATkY" 36: 171, 1973.
l.1:i5 METH ENY, E.: BkEATHI NG CAPACI TY AND GkI I-' STkENGTH OF
I-'kESCrl'JOL CHILDkEI\I. Ui\Il VEkSI TY OF IOWA STUDI E::i
IN CriILD WELFARE, 18: 1-207, 19<:i~.
152 MONTOYE, rl.J., AND LAMt-'HIEAk. D.E.: GRIP AND AkM STKEt-lGTrl IN
MALES AND FEMALES, AGE 10 TO 69. ttE~.l,lUAkT., 4tl: 1\!l9. 1977.
266
Reproduced \rom
besl avaHabl e copy.
162 OwINGS, C.L., CHAFFIN, D.B., SNYDER, k.G., AND NORCUTT, R.H.:
STkENGTH CHAkACTERI STI CS OF U. S. CHILD"EN FOR PRODUCT
SAFETY DESIGN. FINAL t<EPOkT, kEt-'.NO. kl119kl3F, 240 P.,
ANN ARBOk" MI CHI GAN" 1975.
163 OWINGS" C.L., SCHNEIDER, L.W., SNYDEK.. k.G., AND SPENCEk.. M.:
COMPUTER, CONTkOLLED ANTHkOt-'OMETkY: A POkTABLE SY STEM FOk
USE wI TH INFANTS 'AND CHILDkEN. PkOC. ANN. CONI'. ENG. IN
MED. AND BIOL ... 16:385.. 1974.
165 PAGE, J.T ... AND kUBE .. R.P.: FURTHE" STUDIES OF THE
INSTRUMENTS AND TESTS FOR MEASURING THE STKENGTH
OF MUSCLES INVOLVED IN OkTrlOPEDIC DISABILITIES.
UNPUBLISHED MASTE!\'S THESIS .. SPRINGFIELD COLLEGE,
19 51 •
267
166 PAGi1wSKI, S., AND I-'IEKAkSKI, K.: BIOMECHANICSOF.\"1ETACAHPO-
PHALANGEAL JOINT. J. I:HOMECK., 10:205, 1917.
168 PISf,SON, W.k., AND O'CONNELL, E.H.: AGE, HEIGHT, v,EIGHT, AND
GRIP STRENGTH. kES. (,IUART., 33: 439, 1962.
268
~.
t
178 RASCH .. f'.J.: RELATIDNSrlII-' OF ARM STRENGTH .. \o.;EIGHT
AND LENGTH TO SI-'EED OF MOVEMENT. RES. ~UAHT.~
25: 328 .. 1954.
lSi! kOBERTS~ D.F ... J-'ROVINS.. K.A ... AND MORTON .. k.J.: ARM
STRENGTH AND BODY DIMENSIONS. HUIIllAN SIOL ...
31: 334.. 19 59 •
188 SAL TEf< .. N., AND DAkCUS, H. D.: THE EFFECT OF THE DEGREE
lF ELB')w FLEXION ON THE l'1AXI'MUM TOK(,JUES DEVELOPED
IN PRDNATION AND SUPINATION OF THE kIGHT HAND. J. ANAT.
LONDON .. VOL. 86. 1952.
269
~ ,
_.... -
.\
191 SCHMIDT, k.T., AND TOEwS, J.V.: GRIP STRENGTH AS
,"!EASUi<ED BY THE JAMAr< DYNO,"!'J,"!ETEr<. ARCH. t'HY::I. MED.,
VOL. 51, NO.6, 1970.
196 SINGH .. "1 ... AND BUCK .. T.M.: LEG-LI FT STl-<ENGTH TEST loll TH
ELECTI<OGONIOMETkiC ANALYSIS 'JF KNEE ANGLE. AkCri. J-iHYS. l"1ED.
REHAB... 56: 261.. 1975.
(
197 SINGH .. "1 ... AND KARJ-iQVITCH .. P.V.: STRENGTH OF
FOREARM FLEXORS AND EXTENSORS IN MEN AND wOME\J.
J. APJ-iL. J-iHYSIOL ... 25:177 .. 1968.
201 SNYDER .. R.G., CHAFFIN, D.B ... AND SCHUTl .. R.K.: LINK SYSTE:"1
OF THE HU,\1AN TORSO. FINAL REI-',)RT .. kEI-'. NO. AMkL-Tk-71-
Bfj .. 273 J-i ... ANN Al<BOk .. MI CHI GMIi .. 1972.
2~2 SNYDEk, R.G ... SI-'ENCE)·<, M.L ... IHHNGS.. C.L ... A,\JD SCHNEIDER..
L. w.: PHY SI CAL CHARACTEkl STI CS OF eril L m<E.NAS KELATED TO
DEATH AND INJURY FOr< CO':'JSUI'1Ek I-'r<ODUCT DESI GN AND USE.
FINAL REPQkT .. kEJ-i. NO. UM-HSkI-BI-75-5 .. 20411-'.,
ANN AkElQk .. MICHIGA,\) .. 1975.
270
2"13 SNYDER .. R.G ... CHAFFIN .. D.B ... ~CrlNEIDER.. L.w ... FOUST .. O.k ...
B')wMAN .. B.I"1 ... ABDELNQUk .. ·T.A ... AND BAUi"1 .. J.K.: BASIC
BIO:-lECHANI CAL PkOr-EkTI ES OF THE HUI'>1AN NECK kELATED TO
LATEkAL HYPEkFLEXION. FINAL kEI"ORT .. kEP. NO.
U,"1-HSkI-HI-75-~.. 3"17 t-' ... AN'\! AkBOk .. l"1ICHIGAN, 1975.
205 SNYDER, k.G ... SCrll\JEIDEk~ L.w., OloJPIlGS, C.L., REYNOLDS, H~M ...
GOLOMB, H.D ... A:'JD SCrlQkK, :"1.A.: A,\JTHROt-'OMETkY OF II\JFANTS..
CHILDkEN, AND YOUTHS TO AGE 18 FOR PRODUCT SAFETY
DESIGN. FINAL kEI"'JRT, REP. NO. U,'1-HSkI-77-17, 628 t-'.,
ANN ARBOR, 1'>11 CHI GAN, 1977.
209 THISTLE, H.G., HISLOP, H.J ... MOFFkOID, i"l ... £T AL:
I SDKI NETI C CONTkACTIOt-J: NE\o.' CONCEPT OF RESI STI VE EX Eto;CI SEe
A to; CH. PH Y S. MED. I-( EH A BI L ., 48: 279 .. 19 6 7 •
210 TINKLE, w.F ... AND MJNTOYE, H~J.: RELATIOI'J;>HIP BETWEEN GkIP
STRENGTH AND ACHI EVEMENT IN PHY SI CAL EDUCATION AMut-JG 'COLLEGE
MEN. RES. GUAkT., 32:238 .. 1961.
211 THO.'1AS .. D.H ... LONG .. C ... AND LANDS,VJEER.. J.':vJ.F.: BIOMECHMHCAL
CJNSIDEkATIONS OF LU,"1BRI CALI S BEHAVIOR IN THE HU'-'lAN FINGER.
J. B I I) ME CH • .. 1: 1 0 7 .. 19 68 •
t. 271
_ .....
'-' _-
217 TROUP, J.D., ANDCHAPMAN~ A.E.: THE STHENGTH OF THE
FLEl\.Ok AND EXTENSOR MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK. J. BIOMECH.~
2: 49~ 1969.
225 WASSERMAN~ D.E., GERMANN~ T., GOULDING~ D.V., AND PIl::Z:O~ F.:
AN INSTkUMENT FOR TESTING ISOMETRIC STRENGTH AND
ENDURANCE. NIO SH (ABSTRACT), CI NCI NNATI ~ OHI O~
MAY ~ 1974.
272
229 1i.'H I TL EY. J. D.. A'\j 0 ~,"1I TM. L. 1::.: VEL a C I TV C Uk VE S
AND STATlC-ACTlCJ'l 5Tf'.ENt:'Trl COI~kI::LATIO"\jS IN kELATlON
TO THE MASS MOVED BY THE AkM. RES. UUART •• 34: 379, 1963.
273
T,
~'