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31 Ott 97
Chapter 2
Cast-in-Place Conduits for Dams
2-1. General
m
consideration of all design factors and site conditions for MODIFIED CIRCUIAR SECTION
each application. For fills of moderate height, circular or I
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2-2. Materials
Conduits through dams are cast directly against the soil or H = soil height; d = dry, s = saturated soil, m (ft)
rock and, therefore, bedding is not a design consideration.
When overexcavation of the foundation materials is HW = water height above the point of interest, m (ft)
required, concrete fill should be used to maintain proper
conduit grade. All foundation materials for cast-in-place (2) Horizontal pressure. Horizontal pressure from
conduits should be reviewed by a geotechnical engineer. the lateral earth pressure is obtained by using soil weights
for the appropriate moisture conditions and full hydro-
2-4. Loadings static pressure.
Typical conduit loads are shown in Figure 2-2. The con- b. Internal water pressure. Internal water pressure
duit supports the weight of the soil and water above the should be considered but will seldom govern the design
crown. Internal and external fluid pressures and lateral for the usual type of outlet works. However, internal
soil pressures may be assumed as uniform loads along the pressures must be analyzed as indicated in Equation 2-2
horizontal axis of the conduit when the fluid head or fill for pressure conduits for interior drainage in local protec-
height above the crown is greater than twice the conduit tion projects.
diameter or span. Foundation pressures are assumed to
act uniformly across the full width of cast-in-place con- Wi = yW (HG & r) (2-2)
duits. Uplift pressures should be calculated as uniform
pressure at the base of the conduit when checking
flotation. where
a. Groundwater and surcharge water. Because of Wi = internal pressure at point of interest, N/m2
the ratio of vertical to horizontal pressure, the most severe (psf)
loading condition will generally occur when the reservoir
is empty and the soil is in a natural drained condition. YW = unit weight of water, 9.8 kN/m3 (62.4 pcf)
However, the following loads occur where there is
groundwater andJor surcharge water. HG = hydraulic gradient above point of interest, m
(ft)
(1) Vertical pressure. Use Equation 2-1 to determine
vertical pressure due to the weight of the natural drained r = inside radius of conduit, m (ft)
soil above the groundwater surface, the weight of the
submerged soil below the groundwater surface, and the
weight of the projected volume of water above the con-
duit, including any surcharge water above the fill surface.
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Trench
condltlon
~ ~I.._ .
X&%E=l
G=T
~ J–– ,, condition
A
~ [+/7“
,&
/
&
.,,,,.-
,- — —
/0
;,/ Lood pkme ,
~r-/----4
YIY! –4-I---–I–---J-+-J
“TERAL,z~w
‘
--- --- When theMght of fill
uplift ]
theaveragetwrizontal
pressurecomputed attk pipecenterline
where
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x x
/’
.’ LOAO PLANE PRESSURE
.—— ——
METHOD FORMULA AT POINT CENTER
Km (psf ) K/w (psf)
WC . 223
BOUSSINEO 103 (215) 25J (525)
2nzR5
Given: P=44.5 kN (/0,000 /bs.)
z=O.92 m (3 f t) SOUARE AREA FIGURE 2-5 105 (220) 18.4(384)
r=O.61 m (2 ft)
FIGURE 2-6 105 (220) 18.3 (383)
R= ~
CIRCULAR 17.8 (372)
b=O.52 m (1.7 ft) radius of a circular oreo
1
:.[LO-
~]
L-B=O.92 m (3 ft) dimension of o square ores
P
13J (275) 13J (275)
‘c - (B+ zXL+Z)
L=Long side of rectangular ores SIMPLIFIED ‘ 2
4 P
‘C - (B+ 2)2
MINIMUM LATERAL PRESSURES pyramid (2 ftJ
AASHTO ‘ 2 172 (359) 172 (359)
1.
d minimum cwer
Pe ‘ 0.4 Wc (AREA)
P~ = 0.5 or I.(Ivc (COE)
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Grwnd
/r
v
h /.-.
2 (mIn) h%lde Dlometer= 1200mm (4’-0’)
b~ = 2100mm (7’-0)
T+J%’11’
‘1
Y = 17.3kN/mJ(l10 ccf)
Ordlno Cloy ‘
~lass 2’ Bedding
~om = 28.9 kN/m (1384 plf)
TRENCH (CONDITION I)
..,.
.. D LOAD = 433 kN/m (2,970plf)
Q .
[ .,. —
... .
!
ZQ Natural Ground
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(1) Trench with no superimposed fill (Condition I). applied uniformly over the height of the conduit. When
Hc < 2Bd, the horizontal pressure in N/mz (psf) at any
(a) Loads from the trench backfill condition are d~pth sho~ld be computed &ing Equation 2-8,”-
applied to those structures that are completely buried in a
trench with no superimposed fill above the top of the
trench. To satisfy this condition, the width of the trench
measured at the top of the conduit should be no greater
than one and one-half times the overall width of the con-
[)
p~ = yH tan 245_~=Ka7H
2
(2-8)
duit, and the sides of the ditch above the top of the con- where
duit should have a slope no flatter than one horizontal to
two vertical. The total dead load of the earth at the top Pe = horizontal earth pressure, N/m2 (psf,)
of the conduit should be computed as the Iarger of the
two values obtained from Equations 2-5 through 2-7. ‘r = unit weight of fill, N/m3 (pcf)
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15 II > I I
14
13
12
11
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
VALUES OF COEFFICIENT-Cd
Load per unit of length. u = tk “coefficient of internal friction”
We =Cdyb~ [M,KN‘(ft. lb.)] in the fill materials, abstracf number.
Y= unit weight of fill materials. u’= tk “coefficient of sliding friction”
bd = breadth of ditch at top of structure between tk fill materials and tk
HC = Ix?ight of fill over top of structure sides of the ditch, abstract number.
K= m-u
[m +/l
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[1
Hj
conditions) with surcharge added to the hydrostatic
H , H (1.5 yb~h - Cd~bd2 )
c P pressure.
[1
Hf
(1.5 ybcHh - 7b#h ) cover a range of possible loading conditions from the
H= + Hp
initial condition to the long-time condition by satisfying
two extreme cases: Case 1, with pJWe = 0.33 (We =
where 150 percent vertical projected weight of fill material,
lateral earth pressure coefficient k = 0.50); and Case 2,
Y = unit weight of fill, N/m3 (pcf) pJwe = 1.00 (we = 100 percent vertical projected weight
of fill material, k = 1.00). The total vertical load in
bd = trench width, m (ft), bd S = 1.5 bC N/m (lbf/ft) for this condition should be computed as
shown in Equations 2-12 and 2-13:
Hf = height of superimposed fill above the top of the
trench, m (ft) For Case 1, We = 1.5 @#h (2-12)
Hc = height of fill above top of conduit, m (ft) For Case 2, We = @#h (2-13)
Hp = height of conduit above level adjacent or the unit vertical load N/m2 (psf), We, as given by
foundation, m (ft) Equations 2-14 and 2-15:
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blanket is applied to the face of the darn, the weight of element model. Both concrete thickness and reinforcing
water above the blanket must be included but the soil steel area should be varied to obtain the best overall
weight below the blanket and above the phreatic line (or economy.
the line of saturation where capillarity exists) is that for
the natural drained condition. The horizontal unit pres- a. Finite element analysis. Finite element analysis
sure is found by adding full hydrostatic pressure to the is a useful method to design sections with unique shape
value of p, obtained from Equation 2-16 or 2-17 using the for various field stresses. This method can be used to
submerged weight of the material. approximate the soil-structure interaction using spring
foundations and friction between elements. These models
2-5. Special Conditions calculate flexure and shear loads on the design section
directly from soil-structure interaction relationships. The
a. General. If conditions are encountered that war- design of reinforcement for flexure and shear should be in
rant deviation from the loading criteria discussed above, accordance with EM 1110-2-2104. When the inside face
justification for the change should be submitted with the steel is in tension, the area of steel needs to be limited to
analysis of design. However, the designer must first reduce the effects of radial tension. Therefore, limits on
select the most economical method of installation. Where the amount of inside face steel that can be developed are
the rock surface occurs above the elevation of the bottom necessary to prevent interior face concrete spans or “slab-
of the conduit, the designer should investigate the relative bing failures.” If more steel is required to develop the
costs of excavating away from the conduit and backfilling flexural capacity of the section, use radial ties. They
between the conduit and the excavation line, allowing should be designed in accordance with American Concrete
sufficient space between the conduit and the excavation Institute (ACI) 318 for shear reinforcement.
line for operation of compaction rollers, and placing the
conduit directly against rock as indicated for the following b. Curvilinear conduits and culverts (CURCON).
conditions. This Computer-Aided Structural Engineering (CASE)
program performs a structural analysis for conduit shapes
b. Walls cast against rock. Where the conduit walls including horseshoe, arch, modified oblong, and oblong
are placed directly against rock and the rock surface is at sections with constant thickness, base fillets, or a square
or above the top of the crown, the soil weight should be base. Loads that can be analyzed include groundwater
taken as 1.0 times the weight of material above, rather and surcharge water in embankment backfills.
than 1.5, and the lateral pressure should be hydrostatic
only, where applicable. Where the rock surface is at an 2-7. Reinforcement
intermediate level between crown and invert, use judg-
ment to select a value between 1.0 and 1.5 to multiply by a. Minimum longitudinal. Longitudinal reinforce-
the weight of material above to obtain the correct soil ment should be placed in both faces of the conduit as
design load. Lateral soil pressure should be applied only shown in Figure 2-6. The minimum required area of
above the rock level and hydrostatic pressure as applica- reinforcement should not be less than 0.0028 times the
ble over the full height of conduit. For either of these gross area of concrete, half in each face, with a maximum
cases, the condition with no hydrostatic pressure should of #30M at 300 mm (#9 at 12 in.) in each face. Gener-
also be considered. ally, the same reinforcement will be in each face.
Maximum spacing of bars should not exceed 450 mm
2-6. Methods of Analysis (18 in).
Cast-in-place conduits can be designed using simplified b. Minimum transverse. Minimum transverse rein-
elastic analysis or with finite element codes. Specialized forcement should be placed in both inside and outside
finite element codes are available that feature nonlinear faces. Minimum required area of transverse steel, even
soil elements. These specialized codes provide the most when not carrying computed stresses, should not be less
accurate analysis. If these codes are not available, general than 0.002 times the nominal area of concrete in each
finite element codes can be used, but they may need to be face, but not more than #25M at 300 mm (#8 at 12 in.) in
calibrated to the actual soil conditions. The finite element each face, unless required to carry the computed stresses.
approach lends itself to parametric studies for rapid Compression reinforcement in excess of this minimum
analysis of various foundation, bedding, and compaction should not be used.
conditions. Consult a geotechnical engineer for determi-
nation of soil spring constants to be used in the finite
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Notes:
1. Conduit strength stnuld vary rougNy In accordance with h?lght of overburden or oth!?r loading
conditions so tk werall structure wIII twve essentially a constant safety factor througbut Its length.
Prefabricated conduit can usually be varied for strength class commerclall available. For cast-in-place
conduit both wncrete thickness and reinforcing steel area stwuld be varie d“ to obtain the best overall
economy.
2. The “Corps EM 1110-2-210Z Waterstops and other Joint Materials’. illustrates various stqx?s of rubber
and polyvinylchlorlde commercially available.
--
-m
I
;&m”f
—- -—-- —.—-
4’. .
.-. A - “B(21T6M.
Ye ‘ ‘ ‘Monolith
WV z
)
100mm (4’) joint
clear. typ
Top form inner surface
above point of (1.75:1) slope‘\
1 Where severe erosion 1s anticipated
tk protective covering .shuld gradually
\
increase to about 150mm (6”) at h% ifwert
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