AB Calc Solutions Manual ch6

264 Section 6.
Chapter 6 11. y = e 2 x + sec x + C

Differential Equations and 5 = e 2( 0 ) + sec(0) + C
Mathematical Modeling C=3
12. y = tan −1x + ln(2 x − 1) + C

Section 6.1 Slope Fields and Euler’s Method π = tan −1 (1) + ln(2(1) − 1) + C
(pp. 321–330) 3π
C=
Exploration 1 Seeing the Slopes 4
dy Section 6.1 Exercises
1. Since = 0 represents a line with a slope of 0, we should
dx
∫ dy = ∫ (5x − sec 2 x ) dx
4
expect to see intervals with no change in y. We see this at 1.
odd multiples of π / 2.
y = x 5 − tan x + C
2. Since y is the dependent variable, I
∫ dy = ∫ (sec x tan x − e
x
dy 2. ) dx
t will have no effect on the value of = cos x.
dx
dy y = sec x − e x + C
3. The graph of will look the same at all values of y.
dx −x
dy
3. ∫ dy = ∫ (sin x − e + 8 x 3 ) dx
4. When x = 0, = cos x = 1 . This can be seen on the graph
dx y = − cos x + e − x + 2 x 4 + C
near the origin. At that point, the change in y and change in
⎛1 1⎞ 1
x are the same.
dy
4. ∫ dy = ∫ ⎜⎝ x − x 2 ⎟⎠ dx = ln x + x + C
5. When x = π , = cos x = − 1 . This can be seen in the
dx
⎛ 1 ⎞ −1
graph at x = π . At this point, the change in y is negative of 5. ∫ dy = ∫ ⎜⎝ 5
x
ln 5 + ⎟ dx = 5 + tan x + C
x
the change in x. x 2 + 1⎠
6. This is true because each point on the graph has a negative
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ −1
of itself. 6. ∫ dy = ∫ ⎜⎝ 1− x2
− ⎟ dx = sin x − 2 x + C
x⎠
Quick Review 6.1
d x
e = ex ∫ dy = ∫ (3t cos(t )) dt = sin(t 3 ) + C
1. Yes. 3
7.
dx
∫ dy = ∫ cos t e
sin t
d 4x 8. dt
2. Yes. e = 4e 4 x
dx
= esin t + C
d
3. No. ( x 2e x ) = 2 xe x + x 2e x
dx 9. ∫ dy = ∫ (sec 2 ( x 5 )(5 x 4 )) dx
4. Yes.
d x2
e = 2 xe x
2
= tan x 5 + C
dx
10. ∫ dy = ∫ 4 (sin u)3 cos u du
d 2 2
5. No. (e x + 5) = 2 xe x
dx = (sin u)4 + C
6. Yes.
d
2x =
1
(2) =
1 11. ∫ dy = ∫ 3sin x dx = −3 cos x + C
dx 2 2x 2x
2 = −3 cos(0) + C , C=5
d
7. Yes. sec x = sec x tan x y = −3 cos x + 5
dx
∫ dy = ∫ 2e − cos x dx = 2e x − sin x + C
d −1 x
12.
8. No. x = − x −2
dx
3 = 2e 0 − sin(0) + C , C =1
9. y = 3x + 4 x + C
2
y = 2e x − sin x + 1
2 = 3(1)2 + 4 (1) + C
C = −5 13. ∫ du = ∫ (7 x 6 − 3x 2 + 5) dx = x 7 − x 3 + 5 x + C
10. y = 2 sin x − 3 cos x + C
1 = 17 − 13 + 5 + C , C = −4
4 = 2 sin(0) − 3 cos(0) + C
u = x 7 − x 3 + 5x − 4
C = −7
Section 6.1 265
∫ dA = ∫ (10 x + 5 x 4 − 2 x + 4) dx = x10 + x 4 − x 2 + 4 x + C 25. Graph (b).

9
14.
(sin 0)2 = 0
6 = 110 + 14 − 12 + 4 (1) + C , C =1 (sin1)2 > 0
A = x10 + x 4 − x 2 + 4 x + 1 (sin ( − 1))2 > 0
⎛ 1 3 ⎞
15. ∫ dy = ∫ ⎜⎝ − x 2 − x 4 + 12⎟⎠ dx = x −1 + x −3 + 12 x + c 26. Graph (c).
(sin 0)3 = 0
−1 −3
3 = 1 + 1 + 12(1) + C , C = −11 (sin1)3 > 0
y = x −1 + x −3 + 12 x − 11 ( x > 0) (sin (−1))3 < 0
⎛ 3 ⎞ 27. Graph (a).

∫ dy = ∫ ⎜⎝ 5 sec x− x dx = 5 tan x − x 3/ 2 + c
2
16.
2 ⎟⎠ (cos 0)2 > 0
(cos1)2 > 0
7 = 5 tan(0) − (0)3/ 2 + C , C=7
(cos( − 1)2 > 0
y = 5 tan x − x 3/ 2 + 7
28. Graph (d).
⎛ 1 ⎞ −1
∫ dy = ∫ ⎜⎝ 1 + t 2 + 2 ln 2⎟⎠ dt = tan t + 2 + C (cos 0)3 > 0
t t
17.
(cos1)3 > 0
3 = tan −1 (0) + 20 + C , C=2 (cos( − 2))3 < 0
y = tan −1 t + 2t + C y
29.
⎛1 1 ⎞ −1
18. ∫ dx = ∫ ⎜⎝ t − t 2 + 6⎟⎠ dt = ln t + t + 6t + C 2
0 = ln(1) + 1−1 + 6(1) + C , C = −7 1
x = ln t + t −1 + 6t − 7 (t > 0) x
−1 0 1
19. ∫ dv = ∫ ( 4 sec t )
tan t + et + 6t dt = 4 sec t + et + 3t 2 + C
−1
5 = 4 sec(0) + e + 3(0) + C , 0 2
C=0 30. y
⎛ π π⎞
V = 4 sec t + et + 3t 2 ⎜⎝ − 2 < t < 2 ⎟⎠ 2
1
∫ ds = ∫ t (3t − 2) dt = t − t2 + C
3
20.
0 = (1)3 − (1)2 + C , C=0 x

−1 0 1
s = t3 − t2
−1
dy d x x
dx dx ∫a ∫1 sin(t
21. = f (t ) dt = 2
) dt 31. y
x 2
y = ∫ sin (t 2 ) dt + 5
1
1
du d x x
dx dx ∫a
22. = f (t ) dt = ∫ 2 + cos t dt
0
x
−1 0 1
x
u= ∫0 2 + cos t dt − 3
−1
d x x cos t
dx ∫a ∫
23. F1 ( x ) = f (t ) dt = e dt 32. y
2
x cos t 2
F(x) = ∫2 e dt + 9
1
d x x
dx ∫a
24. G ′ (s) = f (t ) dt = ∫ 3 tan t dt
0
x
x −1 0 1
G (s ) = ∫0 3 tan t dt + 4
−1
266 Section 6.1
33. y 42. dy dy
(x, y) =y–1 Δx Δy = Δx (x + Δx, y + Δy)
dx dx
2
(1, 3) 2.0 0.1 0.2 (1.1, 3.2)
1 (1.1, 3.2) 2.2 0.1 0.22 (1.2, 3.42)
(1.2,
x 2.42 0.1 0.242 (1.3, 3.662)
−1 0 1 3.42)
−1 y = 3.662
34. y
43. dy dy
2 (x, y) = 2x–y Δx Δy = Δx (x + Δx, y + Δy)
dx dx
(1, 2) 1.0 0.1 0.1 (1.1, 2.1)
1
(1.1, 2.1) 1.0 0.1 0.1 (1.2, 2.2)
x
−1 0 1 (1.2, 2.2) 1.0 0.1 0.1 (1.3, 2.3)
−1 y = 2.3
44. dy dy
35. (x, y) = 2x – y Δx Δy = Δx (x + Δx, y + Δy)
dx dx
(1, 0) 2.0 0.1 0.2 (1.1, 0.2)
(1.1, 0.2) 2.0 0.1 0.2 (1.2, 0.4)
(1.2, 0.4) 2.0 0.1 0.2 (1.3, 0.6)
36.
y = 0.6
45. dy dy
(x, y) =2–x Δx Δy = Δx (x + Δx, y + Δy)
dx dx
(2, 1) 0.0 –0.1 0.0 (1.9, 1)

37.
(1.9, 1) 0.1 –0.1 –0.01 (1.8, 0.99)
(1.8, 0.99) 0.2 –0.1 –0.02 (1.7, 0.97)
38. 46. dy dy
(x, y) =1+ y Δx Δy = Δx (x + Δx, y + Δy)
dx dx
(2, 0) 1.0 –0.1 –0.1 (1.9, –0.1)
(1.9, –0.1) 0.9 –0.1 –0.09 (1.8, –0.19)
39. (1.8, –0.19) 0.81 –0.1 –0.081 (1.7, –0.271)

y = –0.271
47. dy dy
(x, y) =x–y Δx Δy = Δx (x + Δx, y + Δy)
dx dx
40. (2, 2) –0.0 –0.1 0 (1.9, 2.0)
(1.9, 2) –0.1 –0.1 0.01 (1.8, 2.01)
(1.8, 2.01) –0.21 –0.1 0.021 (1.7, 2.031)
y = 2.031
41. dy dy 48.
(x, y) =x–1 Δx Δy = Δx (x + Δx, y + Δy) dy dy
dx dx (x, y) = x – 2y Δx Δy = Δx (x + Δ x, y + Δy)
dx dx
(1, 2) 0.0 0.1 0 (1.1, 2)
(2, 1) 0.0 –0.1 0.0 (1.9, 1.0)
(1.1, 2) 0.1 0.1 0.01 (1.2, 2.01)
(1.9, 1) –0.1 –0.1 0.01 (1.8, 1.01)
(1.2, 2.01) 0.2 0.1 0.02 (1.3, 2.03)
(1.8, 1.01) –0.22 –0.1 0.022 (1.7, 1.032)
y = 2.03
y = 1.032
Section 6.1 267
49. (a) Graph (b) 53. dy dy

(x, y) = 2x + 1 Δx Δy = Δx (x + Δx, y + Δy)
(b) The slope is always positive, so (a) and (c) can be ruled dx dx
out. (1, 3) 3.0 0.1 0.3 (1.1, 3.3)
y
(a) ␲ (1.1, 3.3) 3.2 0.1 0.32 (1.2, 3.62)
2
(1.2, 3.62) 3.4 0.1 0.34 (1.3, 3.96)
x (1.3, 3.96) 3.6 0.1 0.36 (1.4, 4.32)

–1 0 1
y = 4.32
y Euler’s Method gives an estimate f (1.4) ≈ 4.32.
(b) The solution to the initial value problem is
p
2 f (x) = x 2 + x + 1, from which we get f (1.4) = 4.36. The
4.36 − 4.32
x percentage error is thus = 0.9%.
–1 0 1 4.36
(c) y 54. dy dy
(x, y) = 2x – 1 Δx Δy = Δx (x + Δx, y + Δy)
dx dx
p (2, 3) 3.0 –0.1 –0.3 (1.9, 2.7)
2 x
–1 0 1 (1.9, 2.7) 2.8 –0.1 –0.28 (1.8, 2.42)
50. (a) Graph (b) (1.8, 2.42) 2.6 –0.1 –0.26 (1.7, 2.16)
(b) The solution should have positive slope when x is 1.7, 2.16) 2.4 –0.1 –0.24 (1.6, 1.92)
negative, zero slope when x is zero and negative slope y = 1.92
dy Euler’s Method gives an estimate f (1.6) ≈ 1.92. The
when x is positive since slope = = –x.
dx solution to the initial value problem is f (x) = x 2 – x + 1,
Graphs (a) and (c) don’t show this slope pattern. from which we get f (1.6) = 1.96. The percentage error is
y 1.96 − 1.92
thus = 2%.
1.96
(–1, 1)
55. At every (x, y), ( − e( x − y )/ 2 )(− e( y− x )/ 2 ) = − e 0 = −1, so the
x slopes are negative reciprocals. The slope lines are
0
therefore perpendicular.
(a)
56. Since the slopes must be negative reciprocals, g(x) = –cos x.
y
57. The perpendicular slope field would be produced by
(– 1, 1) dy
= –sin x, so y = cos x + C for any constant C.
dx
x
0 58. The perpendicular slope field would be produced by
dy
(b) = –x, so y = 0.5 x 2 + C for any constant C.
dx
y
59. True. They are all lines of the form y = 5x + C.
dy
60. False. For example, f (x) = x 2 is a solution of = 2x,
(–1, 1) dx
x
0 dy
but f −1 ( x ) = x is not a solution of = 2y.
(c) dx
51. There are positive slopes in the second quadrent of the 61. C. m = 42 – 42 = 0
slope field. The graph of y = x 2 has negative slopes in the dy
second quadrent. 62. E. y < 0, x 2 > 0, therefore < 0.
dx
52. The slope of y = sin x would be +1 at the origin, while the
2
63. B. y(0) = e 0 = 1
slope field shows a slope of zero at every point on the
dy 2
y-axis. = 2 xe x = 2 xy.
dx
64. A.
268 Section 6.1
dy 1 (e) y(2) = −1 y(−2) = 2

65. (a) =x− 2
dx x 1 2 2
1 (−2)2
−1= + + C2 2= + + C1
dy −2 2 2 (−2) 2
∫ dx dx = ∫ ( x − x ) dx 5 3
− 1 = + C2 2 = + C1
x2 x2 1 2 2
y = + x −1 + C = + + C 7 1
2 2 x − = C2 = C1
Initial condition: y(1) = 2 2 2
12 1 1 7
2= + +C Thus, C1 = and C2 = − .
2 1 2 2
3
2 = +C 66. (a)
d 1
(ln x + C ) = for x > 0
2 dx x
1
=C
2 d 1 d ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
(b) ⎡ ln (− x ) + C ⎤⎦ = (− x ) = ⎜ ⎟ (−1) =
2
x 1 1 dx ⎣ − x dx ⎝ −x ⎠ x
Solution: y = + + ,x>0
2 x 2 for x < 0
x
2
1 (c) For x > 0, ln x + C = ln x + C , which is a solution to the
(b) Again, y = + + C.
2 x differential equation, as we showed in part (a). For
Initial condition: y(–1) = 1 x < 0, ln x + C = ln (− x ) + C , which is a solution to the
(−1)2 1 differential equation, as we showed in part (b). Thus,
1= + +C
2 (−1) d 1
−1 ln x = for all x except 0.
1= +C dx x
2
3 (d) For x < 0, we have y = ln (–x) + C1 , which is a solution
=C
2 to the diferential equation, as we showed in part (a). For
2
x 1 3 x > 0, we have y = ln x + C2 , which is a solution to the
Solution: y = + + ,x<0
2 x 2 differential equation, as we showed part (b). Thus,
dy 1
dy d ⎛ 1 x 2 ⎞ = for all x except 0.
(c) For x < 0, = ⎜ + + C1 ⎟ dx x
dx dx ⎝ x 2 ⎠
67. (a) y′ = ∫ 12 x + 4 dx
1
=− 2
+x
x y′ = 6 x 2 + 4 x + C1
1
= x− . y = ∫ 6 x 2 + 4 x + C1 dx
x2
y = 2 x 3 + 2 x 2 + C1x + C2
dy d ⎛ 1 x 2 ⎞
For x > 0, = ⎜ + + C2 ⎟
dx dx ⎝ x 2 ⎠ (b) y′ = ∫ e x + sin x dx
=−
1
+x y′ = e x − cos x + C1
y = ∫ e x − cos x + C1 dx
2
x
1
= x− . y = e x − sin x + C1x + C2
x2
And for x = 0,
dy
is undefined. (c) y′ = ∫ x 3 + x −3 dx
dx
x4 1
(d) Let C1 be the value from part (b), and let C2 be the value y′ = − 2 + C1
4 2x
from part (a). Thus, C1 =
3 1
and C2 = . x4 1
y= ∫ − + C1 dx
2 2 4 2x 2
x5 1
y= + + C1x + C2
20 2 x
Section 6.2 269
68. (a) y′ = ∫ 24 x 2 − 10 dx (e) y′ = xy
y′ = 8 x 3 − 10 x + C
d
dx
( 2
) 2
Ce x / 2 = Cxe x / 2
3 = 8(1)3 − 10(1) + C 2
y = Ce x / 2
C=5
y = ∫ 8 x 3 − 10 x + 5 dx 70. (a) y′′ = x
y = 2 x 4 − 5x 2 + 5x + C x2
y′ = ∫ x dx = + C1
5 = 2(1)4 − 5(1)2 + 5(1) + C 2
C=3 x2 x3
y = ∫ + C1 dx = + C1x + C2
y = 2 x 4 − 5x 2 + 5x + 3 2 6
(b) y′ = ∫ cos x − sin x dx (b) y′′ = − x
y′ = sin x + cos x + C x2
y′ = ∫ − x dx = −
+ C1
2 = sin 0 + cos 0 + C 2
C =1 x2 x3
y = ∫ − + C1 dx = − + C1x + C2
y = ∫ sin x + cos x + 1dx 2 6
y = − cos x + sin x + x + C (c) y′′ = − sin x
0 = − cos 0 + sin 0 + 0 + C
y′ = ∫ − sin x dx = cos x + C1
C =1
y = − cos x + sin x + x + 1 y = ∫ cos x + C1 dx = sin x + C1x + C2
(c) y′ = ∫ e x − x dx (d) y′′ = y
x2
y′ = e x − +C
d
(
dx 1
)
C e x + C2e − x = C1e x − C2e − x = y′
( )
2 d
0 2 C e x − C2e − x = C1e x + C2e − x = y′′
0 = e0 − +C dx 1
2 y = C1e x + C2e − x
C = −1
x2 (e) y′′ = − y
y = ∫ ex − − 1dx
2 d
(C sin x + C2 cos x ) = C1 cos x − C2 sin x = y′
x3 dx 1
y = ex − − x + C
6
03
d
dx 1
(C cos x − C2 sin x ) = −C1 sin x − C2 cos x
1= e − − 0 +C
0
y = C1 sin x + C2 cos x
6
C=0
x3
Section 6.2 Antidifferentiation by
y = ex − − x Substitution (pp. 331–340)
6
Exploration 1 Are ∫ f (u ) du and ∫ f (u ) dx the
69. (a) y′ = x
Same Thing?
x2
y = ∫ x dx = +C
∫ f (u) du = ∫ u du
3
1.
2
u4
(b) y′ = − x = +C
4
x2
y = ∫ − x dx = − +C
2 u 4 ( x 2 )4 x 6
2. = =
(c) y′ = y 4 4 4
d 3. f (u) = u 3 = ( x 2 )3 = x 6
(Ce x ) = Ce x
dx x7
∫ =
6
y = Ce x x dx
7
(d) y′ = − y 4. No
d
(Ce − x ) = −Ce − x
dx
y = Ce − x
270 Section 6.2
Quick Review 6.2 dt −1

2 4 1 2 1 1 32
4. ∫ t 2 + 1 = tan t +C
1. ∫ x dx = x 5 ⎤⎦ = (2)5 − (0)5 =
0 5 0 5 5 5 3 5
5. ∫ (3x
4
− 2 x −3 + sec 2 x ) dx = x + x −2 + tan x + C
5 5 2 5 5
2. ∫1 x − 1 dx = ∫1 ( x − 1)
1/ 2
dx = ( x − 1) 3/ 2 ⎤⎦
3 1
2 3/ 2
∫ (2e + sec x tan x − x ) dx = 2e x + sec x − x +C
x
2 2 6.
= (4)3/ 2 − (0)3/ 2 3
3 3
2 16 7. (− cot u + C )1 = − (− csc 2 u) = csc 2 u
= (8) =
3 3
8. (− csc u + C )1 = − (− csc u cot u) = csc u cot u
dy
3. = 3x 1
dx ⎛1 ⎞ 1
9. ⎜ e 2 x + C ⎟ = e 2 x (2) = e 2 x
⎝2 ⎠ 2
dy
4. = 3x
dx 1
⎛ 1 x ⎞ 1
dy 10. ⎜ 5 + C⎟ = 5 x (ln 5) = 5 x
5. = 4( x 3 − 2 x 2 + 3)3 (3x 2 − 4 x ) ⎝ ln 5 ⎠ ln 5
dx
1
dy 11. (tan −1 u + C )1 =
6. = 2 sin (4 x − 5) cos (4 x − 5) i 4 1 + u2
dx
= 8 sin (4 x − 5) cos (4 x − 5) 1
12. (sin −1u + C )1 =
dy 1 1 − u2
7. = i − sin x = − tan x
dx cos x 2 2
13. ∫ f (u) du = ∫ u du = u 3/ 2 + C = x 3/ 2 + C
3 3
dy 1
8. = i cos x = cot x 1
dx sin x ∫ f (u) dx = ∫ u dx = ∫ x 2 dx = ∫ x dx = x 2 + C
2
dy 1
9. = i (sec x tan x + sec 2 x ) 1 3 1
∫ f (u) du = ∫ u du =
u + C = x15 + C
2
dx sec x + tan x 14.
3 3
sec x tan x + sec 2 x 1 11
∫ f (u) dx = ∫ u dx = ∫ x dx = x + C
2 10
=
sec x + tan x 11
sec x (tan x + sec x )
∫ f (u) du = ∫ e du = eu + C = e 7 x + C
u
= 15.
sec x + tan x
1
= sec x ∫ f (u) du = ∫ e dx = ∫ e dx = e 7 x + C
u 7x
7
dy 1
10. =
dx csc x + cot x
(− csc x cot x − csc 2 x ) 16. ∫ f (u) du = ∫ sin u du = − cos u + C = − cos 4 x + C
1
=−
csc x cot x + csc 2 x ∫ f (u) dx = ∫ sin u dx = ∫ sin 4 x dx = − 4 cos 4 x + C
csc x + cot x
17. u = 3x
csc x (cot x + csc x )
=− du = 3 dx
csc x + cot x
1
= − csc x du = dx
3
Section 6.2 Exercises 1
∫ sin 3x dx = 3 ∫ sin u du
∫ (cos x − 3x ) dx = sin x − x + C
2 3
1.
1
−2 −1
= − cos u + C
2. ∫ x dx = − x + C 3
1
= − cos 3x + C
⎛ 1⎞ t3 3
3. ∫ ⎜⎝ t
2
− 2⎟
dt = + t −1 + C
t ⎠ 3 d ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
Check: − cos 3x + C ⎟ = (− sin 3x )(3) = sin 3x
dx ⎜⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
Section 6.2 271
18. u = 2 x 2 1 ⎛ x⎞
= tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ + C
du = 4 x dx 3 ⎝ 3⎠
1 d ⎛ 1 −1 x ⎞ 1 1 1 1
x dx = du Check: tan + C⎟ = i =
4 dx ⎜⎝ 3 3 ⎠ 3 ⎛ x⎞
2 3 9 + x2
1 1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
∫ x cos(2 x 4∫
) dx =
2
cos u du
1 22. u = 1 − r 3
= sin u + C
4 du = −3r 2 dr
1
= sin(2 x 2 ) + C 1
4 − du = r 2 dr
3
d ⎛1 ⎞ 1
Check: sin(2 x 2 ) + C ⎟ = cos(2 x 2 )(4 x ) = x cos(2 x 2 )
dx ⎜⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 9r 2 dr ⎛ 1 ⎞ du
19. u = 2 x ∫ 1− r
= 9⎜ − ⎟ ∫
3 ⎝ 3⎠ u
du = 2 dx
= −3∫ u −1/ 2 du
1
du = dx
2 = −3(2)u1/ 2 + C
1
∫ sec 2 x tan 2 x dx = 2 ∫ sec u tan u du = −6 1 − r 3 + C
1
= secu + C
2
Check:
d
dx ( ⎛
−6 1 − r 3 + C = −6 ⎜ ) 1
⎝ 2 1− r ⎠
3
⎞
⎟ (−3r )
2
1 9r 2
= sec 2 x + C =
2 1− r3
d ⎛1 ⎞ 1
Check: sec 2 x + C ⎟ = sec 2 x tan 2 x i 2 = sec 2 x tan 2 x t
dx ⎜⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 23. u = 1 − cos
2
20. u = 7 x − 2 1 t
du = sin dt
du = 7dx 2 2
1 t
du = dx 2 du = sin dt
7 2
2
1 ⎛ t⎞ t
∫ 28(7 x − 2) dx = 7 ∫ 28u du = u + C = (7 x − 2)4 + C
3 3 4
∫ ⎜⎝ 1 − cos 2 ⎟⎠ sin 2 dt = 2 ∫ u du
2
d ⎡
Check: (7 x − 2)4 + C ⎤⎦ = 4(7 x − 2)3 (7) = 28(7 x − 2)3 2
dx ⎣ = u3 + C
3
x 3
21. u = 2⎛ t⎞
3 = ⎜ 1 − cos ⎟ + C
3⎝ 2⎠
1
du = dx
3
d ⎡2⎛ ⎤
3
3 du = dx t⎞
Check: ⎢ ⎜ 1 − cos ⎟ + C ⎥
dx 3du dx ⎢ 3 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥⎦
∫ x 2 + 9 = ∫ 9u 2 + 9 ⎣
2
⎛ t⎞ ⎛ t ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
3 du = 2 ⎜ 1 − cos ⎟ ⎜ sin ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
= ∫ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
9 u +1
2
1 du ⎛ t⎞ t
= ∫ 2 = ⎜ 1 − cos ⎟ sin
3 u +1 ⎝ 2⎠ 2
1
= tan −1 u + C 24. u = y 4 + 4 y 2 + 1
3
du = (4 y3 + 8 y) dy
du = 4( y3 + 2 y) dy
1
du = ( y3 + 2 y) dy
4
272 Section 6.2
24. Continued −2
⎛ 1⎞ 2
30. ∫ 3(sin x ) dx
∫ 8( y + 4 y + 1) ( y + 2 y)dy = 8 ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ∫ u du
4 2 2 3
u = sin x
du = cos x dx
2
= u3 + C du
3 = dx
2 4 cos x
= ( y + 4 y 2 + 1)3 + C −2
3 ∫3 u dx
d ⎡2 4 ⎤ = −3cot x + C
Check: ( y + 4 y 2 + 1)3 + C ⎥
dx ⎢⎣ 3 ⎦ 31. Let u = 3z + 4
= 2( y 4 + 4 y 2 + 1)2 (4 y3 + 8 y) du = 3 dz
1
= 8( y 4 + 4 y 2 + 1)2 ( y3 + 2 y) du = dz
3
25. Let u = 1 − x
1
du = − dx ∫ cos(3z + 4)dz = 3 ∫ cos u du
dx du
∫ (1 − x 2 ) = − ∫ u 2 1
= sin u + C
3
= u −1 + C
1
1 = sin(3z + 4) + C
= +C 3
1− x
32. Let u = cot x
26. Let u = x + 2 du = − csc 2 x dx
du = dx
∫ cot x csc 2 x dx = − ∫ u1/ 2 du
∫ sec( x + 2) dx = ∫ sec u du
2 2
2
= tan u + C = − u 3/ 2 + C
3
= tan( x + 2) + C
2
27. Let u = tan x = − (cot x )3/ 2 + C
3
du = sec 2 x dx
33. Let u = ln x
∫ tan x sec 2 x dx = ∫ u1/ 2 du
1
2 du = dx
= u 3/ 2 + C x
3
2 ln 6 x
= (tan x )3/ 2 + C
3
∫ x
dx = ∫ u 6 du
π 1
= u7 + C
28. Let u = θ +
2 7
du = dθ 1 7
= (ln x ) + C
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ 7
∫ sec ⎜⎝ θ + 2 ⎟⎠ tan ⎜⎝ θ + 2 ⎟⎠ dθ = ∫ sec u tan u du x
= sec u + C 34. Let u = tan
2
⎛ π⎞
= sec ⎜ θ + ⎟ + C 1 x
du = sec 2 dx
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
29. ∫ tan(4 x + 2) dx 7 x 2 x
∫ tan 2 sec 2 dx = 2 ∫ u du
7
u = 4x + 2
du = 4 dx 1
= 2 i u8 + C
1 8
du = dx 1 x
4 = tan8 + C
1 4 2
4∫
tan u du
35. Let u = s 4 / 3 − 8
1
= − ln cos(4 x + 2) + C or 4
4 du = s1/ 3ds
1 3
ln sec(4 x + 2) + C
4 3
du = s1/ 3ds
4
Section 6.2 273
35. Continued
∫ tan
2
40. x sec 2 x dx
3
∫s cos(s 4 / 3 − 8) ds =
4∫
u = tan x
1/ 3
cos u du
3 du = sec 2 x dx
= sin u + C du
4 = dx
3 sec 2 x
= sin(s 4 / 3 − 8) + C
4 1 3
∫ u du = 3 u + C
2
dx
∫ sin 2 3x = ∫ csc
2 1 3
36. 3x dx tan x + C
3
Let u = 3x
du = 3 dx x dx
41. ∫ x2 + 1
1
du = dx
3 u = x2 + 1
1 du = 2 x dx
∫ csc 3x dx =
3∫
2
csc 2u du du
= dx
1 2x
= − cot u + C 1 du 1
2 ∫ x2 + 1 2
3 = ln u + C
1
= − cot(3x ) + C 1
3 = ln( x 2 + 1) + C
2
37. Let u = cos(2t + 1)
40 dx
du = − sin(2t + 1)(2)dt 42. ∫ x 2 + 25
1 u=x
− du = sin(2t + 1)dt
2 a=5
sin(2t + 1) 1 −2 du = dx
∫ cos2 (2t + 1) dt = − 2 ∫ u du du 1 u
40 ∫ 2 = tan −1 + C
1 u +a 2 a a
= u −1 + C
2 40 −1 x −1 x
1 tan + C = 8 tan +C
= +C 5 5 5
2 cos(2t + 1) dx sin 3x
1
= sec(2t + 1) + C
43. ∫ cot 3x = ∫ cos 3x dx
2
Let u = cos3x
38. Let u = 2 + sin t
du = −3 sin 3x dx
du = cos t dt
6 cos t 1
−2 − du = sin 3x dx
∫ (2 + sin t )2 dt = 6 ∫ u du 3
dx 1 1
= − 6u −1 + C ∫ cot 3x = − 3 ∫ u du
6
=− +C 1
2 + sin t = − ln u + C
3
dx 1
= − ln cos3x + C
39. ∫ x ln x 3
u = ln x 1
(An equivalent expression is ln sec 3x + C.)
dx 3
du = 44. Let u = 5 x + 8
x
x du = dx du = 5 dx
du 1
du = dx
∫ u = ln u = ln(ln x ) + C 5
dx 1 −1/ 2
∫ 5x + 8
=
5∫
u du
1
= i 2u1/ 2 + C
5
2
= 5x + 8 + C
5
274 Section 6.2
⎛ sec x + tan x ⎞ ∫ 4 cos x dx = ∫ (−2(1 − 2 cos 2 x ) + 2) dx

2
50.
45. ∫ sec x dx = ∫ sec x i ⎜⎝ sec x + tan x ⎟⎠ dx
= ∫ (− 2 cos 2 x + 2) dx
=
u = 2x
sec 2 x + sec x tan x du = 2 dx
∫ sec x + tan x dx 1
= ∫ (− 2 cos u + 2) du
Let u = sec x + tan x 2
du = sec x tan x + sec 2 x dx 1
= (− 2 sin u + 2u) + C
1 2
∫ sec x dx = ∫ u du = ln u + C = ln sec x + tan x + C = 2 x − sin 2 x + C
⎛ csc x + cot x ⎞
∫ tan x = ∫ tan 3 x (sec 2 x − 1) dx
4
46. ∫ csc x dx = ∫ csc x ⎜ dx 51.
⎝ csc x + cot x ⎟⎠
= ∫ (tan 3 x sec 2 x − tan 2 x ) dx
csc 2 x + csc x cot x
=∫ dx u = tan x
csc x + cot x
du = sec 2 x dx
Let u = csc x + cot x
= ∫ (u 2 − u) du
du = − csc x cot x − csc 2 x dx
1 u3
= −u+C
∫ csc x dx = − ∫ u du 3
= − ln u + C tan 3 x
= − tan x + x + C
= − ln csc x + cot x + C 3
∫ (cos x − sin x ) dx
4 4
52.
∫ sin 2 x dx = ∫ (sin 2 2 x ) sin 2 x dx
3
47.
= ∫ (cos 2 x + sin 2 x )(cos 2 x − sin 2 x ) dx
= ∫ (1 − cos 2 2 x ) sin 2 x dx
= ∫ (1(cos 2 x )) dx
u = cos 2 x
du = − sin 2 x dx 1
= sin 2 x + C
2
= ∫ (1 − u 2 )du
53. Let u = y + 1
u3 du = dy
=u− +C
3 3 4
= cos 2 x −
cos3 2 x
+C
∫0 y + 1 dy = ∫ u1/ 2 du
1
3 2 4
= u 3/ 2 ⎤⎦
3 1
∫ sec x dx = ∫ (sec 2 x )sec 2 x dx
4
48. 2 2
= (4)3/ 2 − (1)3/ 2
= ∫ (1 + tan 2 x )sec 2 x dx 3 3
2 2 14
u = tan x = (8) − =
8 3 3
du = sec 2 x dx
= ∫ (1 + u 2 )du 54. Let u = 1 − r 2
du = 2r dr
u3
=u+ +C 1
3 − du = r dr
tan 3 x 2
= tan x + +C 1 1 0 1/ 2
3 ∫0 r 1 − r 2 dr = −
2 ∫1
u du
∫ 2 sin x dx = ∫ (1 + 2 sin 2 x − 1)dx

2 1 2 0
49. = − i u 3/ 2 ⎤⎦
2 3 1
= ∫ (1 + cos 2 x ) dx 1 1 1
= − (0) + (1) =
u=2x 3 3 3
du = 2 dx
1
= ∫ (1 + cos u) du
2
1
= (u + sin u) + C
2
sin 2 x
= x+ +C
2
Section 6.2 275
55. Let u = tan x 60. Let u = cos 2␪

du = sec x dx
2 du = − 2 sin 2θ dθ
0 0 1
∫−π /4 tan x sec
2
x dx = ∫−1u du − du = sin 2θ dθ
2
π /6 1 1/ 2 −3
∫0 cos −3 2θ sin 2θ dθ = −
2 ∫1
1 0
= u 2 ⎤⎦ u du
2 −1
1 1 1/ 2
= (0) − (−1)2 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ −2 ⎤
=− i − u ⎥
2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
2 2
1 ⎦1
=− ⎛ −2 ⎞
2 1 ⎛ 1⎞
= ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎟
4 ⎜⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎟⎠
56. Let u = 4 + r 2
1 3
du = 2r dr = (3) =
1 4 4
du = r dr 7 dx
2
1 5r 5 5 −2
61. ∫0 x + 2
∫−1 (4 + r 2 )2 dr = 2 ∫5 u du = 0 u= x+2
du = dx
57. Let u = 1 + ␪ 3/ 2 7 du 7 ⎛ 9⎞
∫0 u = ln u
7
= ln ( x + 2) = ln ⎜ ⎟ = 1.504
3 0 0 ⎝ 2⎠
du = ␪ 1/ 2 d␪
2 5 dx
2
du = ␪ 1/ 2 d␪
62. ∫2 2 x − 3
3 u = 2x − 3
1 10 ␪ 2 2 −2
du = 2 dx
∫0 (1 + ␪ 3/ 2 )2 d␪ = 3 (110) ∫1 u du 1 5 du 1 1 1
2 ∫2 u 2
5 5
= ln u = ln (2 x − 3) = ln (7) = 0.973
20 2 2 2 2 2
= − u −1 ⎤⎦
3 1 2 dt
20 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= − ⎜ − 1⎟
63. ∫1 t − 3
3 ⎝2 ⎠ u = t−3
20 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 10 du = dt
= − ⎜− ⎟ =
3 ⎝ 2⎠ 3 2 du 2 2 ⎛ 1⎞
∫1 u = ln u 1
= ln(t − 3)
1
= ln ⎜ ⎟ = −0.693
⎝ 2⎠
58. Let u = 4 + 3sin x
3π /4 3π /4 cos x dx
du = 3 cos x dx 64. ∫π cot x dx = ∫π sin x
1 4 4
du = cos x dx u = sin x
3
π cos x 1 4 −1/ 2 du = cos x dx
∫−π 4 + 3 sin x dx = 3 ∫4 u du = 0 3π / 4 du 3π / 4 3π / 4
∫π u
= ln u
π /4
= ln (sin x )
π /4
=0
4
59. Let u = t + 2t
5
3 x dx
du = (5t 4 + 2) dt 65. ∫−1 x2 + 1
1 3 1/ 2
∫0 t 5 + 2t (5t 4 + 2) dt = ∫0 u du u = x2 + 1
3 du = 2 x dx
2 ⎤
= u 3/ 2 ⎥ 1 3 du 1 3 1 3 1
2 ∫−1 u 2
3 ⎦0 = ln u = ln ( x 2 + 1) = ln (5) = 0.8
805
−1 2 −1 2
2 3/ 2
= (3)
3 2 e x dx
=
2
27 = 2 3
66. ∫0 3 + ex
3
u = 3 + ex
du = e x dx
2 du 2 2
∫0 u
= ln u
0
= ln (3 + e x )
0
= 0.954
276 Section 6.2
67. Let u = x 4 + 9, du = 4 x 3 dx. sin x

70. y = ln +6
10 sin 2
1 x 3dx 10 1 −1/ 2 1 ⎤
(a) ∫0 x4 + 9
= ∫9 4
u du = u1/ 2 ⎥
2 ⎦9
u = sin x v = sin 2
du = cos x dx
1 1 d ⎛ u ⎞
= 10 − 9 dy = ⎜ ln + 6⎟
2 2 dx ⎝ v ⎠
1 3
= 10 − ≈ 0.081 d
dy = (ln u − ln v + 6)
2 2 dx
x3 du cos x
1 −1/ 2 dy = = = cot x
(b) ∫ x 4 + 9 dx = ∫ 4 u du u sin x
f (2) = cot(2) = 6
1
= u1/ 2 + C
2 71. False. The interval of integration should change from
1 4 [0, π / 4] to [0,1], resulting in a different numerical answer.
= x +9 +C
2
1
72. True. Using the substitution u = f ( x ), du = f ′( x ) dx ,
1 x3 1 4 ⎤
∫0 x 4 + 9 dx = x +9⎥ b f ′( x )dx f (b) du f (b)
2 ⎦0 we have ∫a f (x)
= ∫ f (a) u
= ln u
f (a)
1 1
= 10 − 9 ⎛ f (b) ⎞
= ln ( f (b)) − ln ( f (a)) = ln ⎜ .
⎝ f (a) ⎟⎠
2 2
1 3
= 10 − ≈ 0.081
2 2 73. D.
68. Let u = 1 − cos 3x , du = 3 sin 3x dx. 2
2 2x e2 x e4 − 1
(a) ∫
π /3 21 1 ⎤
2 74. E. ∫ e dx = =
∫1 2 2
0
(1 − cos 3x )sin 3x dx = u du = u 2 ⎥ 0
π /6 3 6 ⎦1
5
1 1 1 75. B. ∫ F ( x − a) dx = F (5 − a) − F (3 − a) = 7
= (2)2 − (1)2 = 3
6 6 2 5− a
1
∫3−a F ( x ) dx = F (5 − a) − F (3 − a) = 7
(b) ∫ (1 − cos 3 x )sin 3 x dx = ∫ u du
3 d
76. A. sin x = cos x
1 dx
= u2 + C
6 ⎛ π⎞
1 cos ⎜ − ⎟ = 0
= (1 − cos 3x )2 + C ⎝ 2⎠
6 cos(0) = 1
π /3 ⎛π⎞
π /3 1 2⎤ cos ⎜ ⎟ = 0
∫π /6 (1 − cos 3x )sin 3x dx = 6 (1 − cos 3x ) ⎥
⎦π /6 ⎝ 2⎠
1 2 1 2 1 77. (a) Let u = x + 1
= (2) − (1) =
6 6 2 du = dx
69. We show that f ′( x ) = tan x and f (3) = 5, where ∫ x + 1 dx = ∫ u1/ 2 du
cos 3 2
f ( x ) = ln + 5. = u 3/ 2 + C
cos 3 3
d ⎛ cos 3
2
⎞ = ( x + 1)3/ 2 + C
f ′(x) = ⎜ ln + 5⎟ 3
dx ⎝ cos x ⎠
d d ⎛2 ⎞
= (ln cos 3 − ln co s x + 5) Alternatively, ( x + 1)3/ 2 + C ⎟ = x + 1.
dx dx ⎜⎝ 3 ⎠
d
=− ln cos x (b) By Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
dx
1 dy1 dy
=− (− sin x ) = tan x = x + 1 and 2 = x + 1 , so both are
cos x dx dx
cos 3 antiderivatives of x + 1.
f (3) = + 5 = (ln 1) + 5 = 5
cos 3
Section 6.2 277
77. Continued d)
(c) Using NINT to find the values of y1 and y2 , we have: x 0 1 2 3 4
x 0 1 2 3 4 y1 1.000 1.414 2.236 3.162 4.123
y1 0 1.219 2.797 4.667 6.787 y2 0.000 0.414 1.236 2.162 3.123
y2 –4.667 –3.448 –1.869 0 2.120 y1 – y2 1 1 1 1 1
y1 − y2 4.667 4.667 4.667 4.667 4.667
e)
2
C=4
3
(d) C = y1 − y2
x x
=∫0 x + 1 dx − ∫
3
x + 1 dx
x 3
=∫ x + 1 dx + ∫ x + 1 dx 79. (a) ∫ 2 sin x cos x dx = ∫ 2u du = u 2 + C = sin 2 x + C
0 x
3
=∫ x + 1 dx
0 (b) ∫ 2 sin x cos x dx = − ∫ 2u du = − u 2 + C = − cos 2 x + C
d
78. (a) [ F ( x ) + C ] should equal f ( x ). (c) Since sin 2 x − (− cos 2 x ) = 1, the two answers differ by a
dx
constant (accounted for in the constant of integration).
(b) The slope field should help you visualize the solution
curve y = F ( x ). 80. (a) ∫ 2 sec 2 x tan x dx = ∫ 2u du = u 2 + C = tan 2 x + C
x
(c) The graphs of y1 = F ( x ) and y2 = ∫0 f (t ) dt should differ (b) ∫ 2 sec 2 x tan x dx = ∫ 2u du = u 2 + C = sec 2 x + C
only by a vertical shift C.
(c) Since sec 2 x − tan 2 x = 1, the two answers differ by a
(d) A table of values for y1 − y2 should show that
constant (accounted for in the constant of integration).
y1 − y2 = C for any value of x in the appropriate
domain. dx cos u du cos u du
(e) The graph of f should be the same as the graph of NDER
81. (a) ∫ 1− x 2
= ∫ 1 − sin u 2
=
cos 2 u
= ∫ 1du.
of F(x).
( Note cos u > 0, so cos 2 u = cos u = cos u.)
(f) First, we need to find F (x ). Let u = x 2 + 1, du = 2 x dx.
dx
x 1 −1/ 2
∫ = ∫ 1du = u + C = sin −1 x + C
∫ x +1
2
dx = ∫ 2u du (b)
1− x 2
=u 1/ 2
dx sec 2 u du sec 2 u du
= x2 + 1 + C
82. (a) ∫ 1 + x 2 ∫ 1 + tan2 u ∫
= =
sec 2 u
= ∫ 1du
Therefore, we may let F ( x ) = x 2 + 1. dx −1

d 1
(b) ∫ 1 + x 2 = ∫ 1du = u + C = tan x +C
a) ( x 2 + 1 + C ) = (2 x )
dx 2 x2 + 1 1/ 2 xdx sin −1 1/ 2 sin y i 2 sin y cos y dy
x
83. (a) ∫0 1− x
= ∫sin −1
0
1 − sin 2 y
= = f (x)
x2 + 1
π / 4 2 sin 2 y cos y dy π /4
b) = ∫0 cos y
= ∫0 2 sin 2 y dy
1/ 2 xdx π /4
(b) ∫0 1− x
= ∫0 2 sin 2 y dy
π /4
= ∫0 (1 − cos 2 y)dy = [ y − (1 / 2)sin 2 y]π0 / 4
c)
= (π − 2) / 4
278 Section 6.3
3 dx tan −1 3 sec 2 u du 6. y = cos −1 ( x + 1)

84. (a) ∫0 1+ x2
= ∫tan −1
0
1 + tan 2 u
cos y = x + 1
x = cos y − 1
π / 3 sec 2 u du π / 3
= ∫0 sec u
= ∫ sec u du
0 1 1
1
⎤
π /3
7. ∫0 sin π x dx = −
π
cos π x ⎥
⎦0
3 dx π /3
(b) ∫0 1+ x2
= ∫0 sec u du = ⎡⎣ ln sec u + tan u ⎤⎦
0 1 1
=− cos π + cos 0
π π
( )
= ln 2 + 3 − ln (1 + 0) = ln 2 + 3 ( ) 1
= − (−1) + =
1 2
π π π
Section 6.3 Antidifferentiation by Parts
(pp. 341–349) dy
8. = e2 x
dx
Exploration 1 Choosing the Right u and dv
dy = e 2 x dx
1. u = 1 du = 0
Integrate both sides.
dv = x cos x v = ∫ x cos x dx
∫ dy = ∫ e dx
2x
Using 1 for u is never a good idea because it places us

1
back where we started. y = e2 x + C
2
2. u = x cos x du = cos x − x sin x
dy
dv = dx v = ∫ dx = 1 9. = x + sin x
dx
The selection of u = x cos x will place a more difficult dy = ( x + sin x )dx
integral into ∫ v du. Integrate both sides.
3. u = cos x du = − sin x ∫ dy = ∫ ( x + sin x )dx

dv = x dx v = ∫ x dx = x 2 1 2
y= x − cos x + C
2
The selection of dv = x dx will place a more difficult y( 0 ) = − 1 + C = 2
C=3
integral into ∫ v du.
1 2
y = x − cos x + 3
4. u = x and dv = cos x dx are good choices because the 2
integral is simplified. d ⎛1 x ⎞
10. e (sin x − cos x )⎟
Quick Review 6.3 dx ⎜⎝ 2 ⎠
dy 1 1
1. = ( x 3 )(cos 2 x )(2) + (sin 2 x )(3x 2 ) = e x (cos x + sin x ) + (sin x − cos x ) e x
dx 2 2
1 1 1 1
= 2 x 3 cos 2 x + 3x 2 sin 2 x = e x cos x + e x sin x + e x sin x − e x cos x
2 2 2 2
dy ⎛ 3 ⎞ = e x sin x
2. = (e 2 x ) ⎜ + ln (3x + 1)(2e 2 x )
dx ⎝ 3x + 1⎟⎠
Section 6.3 Exercises
3e 2 x
= + 2e 2 x ln (3x + 1) 1. ∫ x sin x dx
3x + 1
dv = sin x dx v = ∫ sin x dx = − cos x
dy 1
3. = i2 u=x du = dx
dx 1 + (2 x )2
− x cos x − ∫ − cos x dx = − x cos x + sin x + C
2
=
∫ xe dx
x
1+ 4x2 2.
4.
dy
=
1 dv = e x dx v = ∫ e x dx = e x
dx 1 − ( x + 3)2 u=x du = dx
xe x − ∫ e x dx = xe x − e x + C
5. y = tan −1 3x
tan y = 3x
1
x = tan y
3
Section 6.3 279
∫3t e ⎛ x⎞
2t
3. dt
∫x
2
8. cos ⎜ ⎟ dx
⎝ 2⎠
e 2t
dv = e 2t dt v = ∫ e 2t dt = ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
2 dv = cos ⎜ ⎟ dx v = ∫ cos ⎜ ⎟ dx = 2 sin ⎜ ⎟
u = 3t du = 3 dt ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
2t 2t
e e 3 3 u=x 2
du = 2 x dx
2 ∫ 2
3t − 3 dt = te 2t − e 2t + C
2 4 ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
2 x sin ⎜ ⎟ − ∫ 4 x sin ⎜ ⎟ d x
2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
4. ∫ 2 t cos (3t ) dt ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
dv = sin ⎜ ⎟ v = ∫ sin ⎜ ⎟ dx = − 2 cos ⎜ ⎟
sin 3t ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
dv = cos 3t dt v = ∫ cos (3t ) dt =
3 u = 4x du = 4 dx
u = 2t du = 2 dt ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
sin 3t cos (3t ) 2 2 2 x 2 sin ⎜ ⎟ + 8 x cos ⎜ ⎟
2t − ∫2 dt = t sin 3t − cos (3t ) + C ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
3 3 3 9 ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
− ∫ 8 cos ⎜ ⎟ dx = 2 x 2 sin ⎜ ⎟ + 8 x cos ⎜ ⎟ − 16 sin ⎜ ⎟ + C
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
∫x
2
5. cos x dx
dv = cos x dx v = ∫ cos x dx = sin x

u = x2 du = 2 x dx
9. ∫ y ln y dy
y2
x 2 sin x − ∫ 2 x sin x dx dv = y dy v = ∫ y dy =
2
dv = sin x dx v = ∫ sin x dx = − cos x 1
u = ln y du = dy
u = 2x du = 2dx y
x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x − ∫ 2 cos x dx 1 2 y2 1 1 y2
y ln y − ∫ dy = y 2 ln y − +C
= x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x − 2 sin x + C 2 2 y 2 4
∫t
2
2 −x
6. ∫x e dx 10. ln t dt
t3
dv = e − x dx v = ∫ e − x dx = −e − x dv = t 2 dt v = ∫ t 2 dt =
3
u = x2 du = 2 x dx 1
u = ln t du = dt
− x 2e − x − ∫ − 2 x e − x dx t
1 3 t3 1 1 t3
dv = e − x v = ∫ e − x dx = − e x t lnn t − ∫ dt = t 3 ln t − + C
3 3t 3 9
u = 2x du = 2 dx
− x 2e − x − 2 xe − x − ∫ − 2e − x dx = − x 2e − x − 2 xe − x − 2e − x + C 11. ∫ dy = ∫ (( x + 2)sin x ) dx
dv = sin x dx v = ∫ sin x dx = − cos x
∫ 3x
2
7. e 2 x dx
u= x+2 du = dx
e2 x
dv = e dx v = ∫ e dx =
2x 2x − ( x + 2) cos x − ∫ − cos x dx = − ( x + 2) cos x + sin x + C
2
2 = − (0 + 2) cos(0) + sin(0) + C
u = 3x 2 du = 6 x
2 = −2 + C
e2 x e2 x 3 C=4
3x 2 − ∫ 6x dx = x 2e 2 x − ∫ 3x e 2 x dx
2 2 2 y = − ( x + 2) cos x + sin x + 4
e2 x
dv = e 2 x v = ∫ e 2 x dx =
2
u = 3x du = 3dx
3 2 2x 3 2x e2 x 3 3 3
x e − xe − ∫ 3 dx = x 2e 2 x − xe 2 x + e 2 x + C
2 2 2 2 2 4
[–4, 4] by [0, 10]
280 Section 6.3
−x
12. ∫ dy = ∫ 2xe dx 15. ∫ dy = ∫ x x − 1 dx
dv = e − x v = ∫ e − x dx = − e − x dv = ( x − 1)1/ 2
2
v = ∫ ( x − 1)1/ 2 dx = ( x − 1)3/ 2
u = 2 x du = 2 dx 3
u=x du = dx
−2 xe − x − ∫ −2e − x dx = −2 xe − x − 2e − x + C
2 2
3 = −2(0) e( −0 ) − 2e( −0 ) + C x ( x − 1)3/ 2 − ∫ ( x − 1)3/ 2 dx
3 3
5=C 2 4
= x ( x − 1) − ( x − 1)5/ 2 + C
3/ 2
y = −2 xe − x − 2e − x + 5 3 15
2 4
2 = (1) (1 − 1)3/ 2 − (1 − 1)5/ 2 + C
3 15
C=2
2 4
y = x ( x − 1)3/ 2 − ( x − 1)5/ 2 + 2
3 15
[–2, 4] by [0, 10]
∫ du = ∫ x sec x dx
2
13.
dv = ∫ sec 2 x dx v = ∫ sec 2 x dx = tan x

w=x dw = dx [1, 5] by [0, 20]
x tan x − ∫ tan x dx = x tan x + ln | cos x | + C
1 = 0 tan (0) + ln | cos (0) | + C
16. ∫ dy = ∫ 2 x x + 2 dx
C =1 2
dv = ( x + 2)1/ 2 v = ∫ ( x + 2)1/ 2 dx = ( x + 2)3/ 2
u = x tan ( x ) + ln | cos( x ) | + 1 3
u = 2x du = 2dx
4 4
x ( x + 2)3/ 2 − ∫ ( x + 2)3/ 2 dx
3 3
4 8
= x ( x + 2)3/ 2 − ( x + 2)5/ 2 + C
3 15
4 8
[–1.2, 1.2] by [0, 3] 0 = (−1) (−1 + 2)3/ 2 − (1 + 2)5/ 2 + C
3 15
∫ dz = ∫ x
3
14. ln x dx 28
C=
15
x4
dv = x 3 v = ∫ x 3dx = 4 8
y = x ( x + 2)3/ 2 − ( x + 2)5/ 2 +
28
4 3 15 15
1
u = ln x du = dx
x
x4 x4 1 x4 x4
ln x − ∫ dx = ln x − +C
4 4 x 4 16
(1)4 (1)4
5= ln (1) − +C
4 16 [–2, 4] by [–3, 25]
81
C=
∫e
x
16 17. sin x dx
x4 x 4 81
z= ln x − + dv = e x dx v = ∫ e x dx = e x
4 16 16
u = sin x du = cos x dx
e x sin x − ∫ e x co
os x d
dv = e x dx v = ∫ e x dx = e x
u = cos x du = − sin x dx
∫ = sin x − (e x cos x − ∫ − e x sin x dx )
x x
e si n x dx e
[0, 5] by [0, 100]
ex
∫e sin x dx = (sin x − cos x ) + C
x
2
Section 6.3 281
−x 4 −x
18. ∫e cos x dx ∫x e dx
dv = cos x dx v = ∫ cos x dx = sin x = − x 4e − x − 4 x 3e − x − 12 x 2e − x − 24 xe − x − 24e − x + C

−x = − ( x 4 + 4 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 24 x + 24)e − x + C
u=e du = − e − x dx
−x −x
e sin x − ∫ − e sin x dx 22. Let u = x 2 − 5 x dv = e x dx
dv = sin x dx v = ∫ sin x dx = − cos x du = (2 x − 5) dx v = ex
−x −x
u=e d u = − e dx ∫ ( x − 5x ) e dx = ( x − 5x ) e − ∫ e (2 x − 5) dx
2 x 2 x x
−x
∫ e cos x dx = e − x sin x − (e − x cos x − ∫ − e − x coo s x dx )
Let u = 2 x − 5 dv = e x dx
−x e− x
∫e cos x dx =
2
(sin x − cos x ) + C du = 2 dx v = ex
( x 2 − 5 x ) e x − ∫ e x (2 x − 5) dx
19. ∫ e cos 2 x dx
x
= ( x 2 − 5 x ) e x − (2 x − 5) e x + ∫ 2e x dx
dv = cos 2x dx v = ∫ cos 2x dx = 2 sin 2x = ( x 2 − 5 x ) e x − (2 x − 5) e x + 2e x + C
u = ex du = e x dx = ( x 2 − 7 x + 7) e x + C
2e sin 2 x − ∫ 2 sin 2 x e x dx
x
23. Use tabular integration with f (x ) = x 3 and g( x ) = e −2 x .
dv = 2 sin 2 x v = ∫ 2 sin 2 x dx = −4 cos 2 x
u=e x
du = e x dx
∫ e cos 2 x dx
x
= 2e x sin 2 x − (−4e x cos 2 x − ∫ − e x dx 4 cos 2 x dx )

ex
∫e os 2 x dx = (2 sin 2 x + cos 2 x ) + C
x
co
5
−x
20. ∫e sin 2 x dx
dv = sin 2 x dx v = ∫ sin 2 x dx = − 2 cos 2 x

−x
u=e du = − e − x d x
3 −2 x
− 2e cos 2 x − ∫ 2e − x cos 2 x dx
−x
∫x e dx
dv = cos 2 x dx v = ∫ cos 2 x dx = 2 sin x 1 3 −2 x 3 2 −2 x 3 −2 x 3 −2 x
= − x e − x e − xe − e + C
2 4 4 8
u = e− x du = − e − x dx ⎛ x 3 3x 2 3x 3 ⎞ −2 x
−x −x = −⎜ + + + e +C
∫ e sin 2 x dx = −2e cos 2 x ⎝ 2 4 4 8 ⎟⎠
− (2e − x sin x − ∫ − 2e − x sin x dx )
e− x 24. Use tabular integration with f (x ) = x 3 and g( x ) = cos 2 x.
−x
∫ e sin 2 x dx = − 5
(2 cos 2 x + sin
n 2x ) + C
21. Use tabular integration with f (x ) = x 4 and g( x ) = e − x .
x3 3x 2 3x 3
sin 2 x + cos 2 x − sin 2 x − cos 2 x + C
2 2 4 8
282 Section 6.3
π /2
25. Use tabular integration with f (x ) = x 2 and g( x ) = sin 2 x. π /2 3 ⎡ ⎛ x 3 3x ⎞ ⎛ 3x 2 3 ⎞ ⎤
∫0 x cos 2 x dx = ⎢⎜ − ⎟ sin 2 x + ⎜
⎢⎣⎝ 2 4⎠ ⎝ 4 8⎠
− ⎟ cos 2 x ⎥
⎥⎦ 0
⎛ 3π 2 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
= 0+⎜ − ⎟ (−1) − 0 − ⎜ − ⎟ (1)
⎝ 16 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8⎠
3 3π 2
= − ≈ − 1 . 101
4 16
⎛ π⎞
Check: NINT ⎜ x 3 cos 2 x , x , 0, ⎟ ≈ −1.101
⎝ 2⎠
27. Let u = e 2 x dv = cos 3x dx

1 2 1 1
∫ x sin 2 x dx = − 2 x cos 2 x + 2 x sin 2 x + 4 cos 2 x + C
2
1
du = 2e dx
2x
v = sin 3 x
⎛ 1− 2x 2 ⎞ x 3
=⎜ ⎟ cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x + C 2x ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
∫ e cos 3x dx = (e ) ⎜⎝ 3 sin 3x ⎟⎠ − ∫ ⎜⎝ 3 sin 3x ⎟⎠ (2e dx )
2x 2x
⎝ 4 ⎠
π /2
π /2 2 ⎡⎛ 1 − 2 x 2 ⎞ x ⎤ 1 2
∫0 x sin 2 x dx = ⎢⎜ ⎟ cos 2 x + sin 2 x ⎥ = e 2 x sin 3 x − ∫ e 2 x sin 3 x d x
⎢⎣⎝ 4 ⎠ 2 ⎥⎦ 0 3 3
⎛ Let u = e 2 x dv = sin 3x dx
⎛π⎞ ⎞
2
⎜ 1− 2⎜ ⎟ ⎟ 1
⎝ 2⎠ ⎟ ⎛ 1⎞
=⎜ (− 1) + 0 − ⎜ ⎟ (1) − 0 du = 2e 2 x dx v = − cos 3x
⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎝ 4⎠ 3
⎜ ⎟ 1
∫e cos 3x dx = e 2 x sin 3x
2x
⎝ ⎠ 3
π2 1 2 ⎡ 2x ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
= − ≈ 0 . 734 − ⎢(e ) ⎜ − cos 3x ⎟ − ∫ ⎜ − cos 3x ⎟ (2 e 2x dx ) ⎥
8 2 3⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦
⎛ π⎞ 1 2x 4 2x
= e (3 sin 3x + 2 cos 3x ) − ∫ e cos 3x dx
Check: NINT ⎜ x 2 sin 2 x , x , 0, ⎟ ≈ 0 . 734
⎝ 2⎠ 9 9
13 2 x 1 2x
9 ∫
26. Use tabular integration with f (x ) = x 3 and g( x ) = cos 2 x. e cos 3x dx = e (3 sin 3x + 2 cos 3x )
9
1 2x
∫ = e (3 sin 3x + 2 cos 3x )
2x
e c o s 3 x dx
13
3
3 2x ⎡ 1 2x ⎤
∫−2 e cos 3x dx = ⎢⎣13 e (3 sin 3x + 2 cos 3x ) ⎥⎦
−2
1 6
= [e (3 sin 9 + 2 cos 9)
13
− e −4 (3 sin(− 6) + 2 cos (− 6)]
1
= [e6 (2 cos 9 + 3 sin 9)
13
− e −4 (2 co s 6 − 3 sin 6)]
≈ − 18 . 186
∫x
3
cos 2 x dx =
1 3 3 3
x sin 2 x + x 2 cos 2 x − x ( )
Check: NINT e 2 x cos 3x , x , − 2, 3 ≈ −18.186
2 4 4
3 28. Let u = e −2 x dv = sin 2 x dx
sin 2 x − cos 2 x
8
⎛ x 3 3x ⎞ ⎛ 3x 2 3 ⎞ 1
du = − 2e −2 x dx v = − cos 2 x
= ⎜ − ⎟ sin 2 x + ⎜ − ⎟ cos 2 x + C 2
⎝ 2 4⎠ ⎝ 4 8⎠
−2 x −2 x ⎛ 1 ⎞
∫ e sin 2x dx = (e ) ⎜⎝ − 2 cos 2x ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
− ∫ ⎜ − cos 2 x ⎟ ( − 2 e −2x dx )
⎝ 2 ⎠
1 −2 x
= − e cos 2 x − ∫ e −2 x cos 2 x dx
2
Section 6.3 283
28. Continued 30. y = ∫ x 2 ln x dx

Let u = e −2 x dv = cos 2x dx Let u = ln x dv = x 2 dx
1 1
1 du = dx v = x3
du = − 2e −2 x v = sin 2 x x 3
2
1 ⎡ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞⎛1 ⎞
∫e
−2 x
sin 2 x dx = − e −2 x cos 2 x − ⎢(e −2 x ) ⎜ sin 2 x ⎟ y = (ln x ) ⎜ x 3 ⎟ − ∫ ⎜ x 3 ⎟ ⎜ dx ⎟
2 ⎣ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠⎝ x ⎠
⎛1 ⎞ ⎤ 1 3 1 2
− ∫ ⎜ sin 2 x ⎟ (− 2 e −2x dx ) ⎥ y = x ln x − ∫ x dx
⎝2 ⎠ 3 3
⎦ 1 3 1
1 −2 x −2 x y = x ln x − x 3 + C
= − e (cos 2 x + sin 2 x ) − ∫ e sin 2 x dx 3 9
2
1 31. y = ∫ θ sec −1 θ dθ
2 ∫ e sin 2 x dx = − e −2 x (cos 2 x + sin 2 x ) + C
−2 x
2
−2 x e −2 x Let u = sec −1 ␪ dv = ␪ d␪
∫ e sin 2x dx = − 4 (cos 2x + sin 2x ) + C 1 1
2 du = du v = ␪ 2
2 −2 x ⎡ e −2 x ⎤ ␪ ␪ −1 2 2
∫− 3 e sin 2 x dx = ⎢ −
⎢⎣ 4
(cos 2 x + sin 2 x ) ⎥
⎥⎦ −3 Note that we are told ␪ >1, so no absolute value is needed
e −4 in the expression for du.
=− (cos 4 + sin 4)
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
4 y = (sec −1θ ) ⎜ θ 2 ⎟ − ∫ ⎜ θ 2 ⎟ ⎜ dθ ⎟
e6 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ θ θ −1 ⎠
2
+ [cos((− 6) + sin (− 6)]
4 θ 2
1 2 θ dθ
e −4 y = sec −1 θ − ∫
=− (cos 4 + sin 4) 2 4 θ −1
2
4
e 6 Let w = θ 2 − 1, dw = 2 θ dθ
+ (cos 6 − sin 6) θ2 1
4 y = sec −1 θ − ∫ w −1 2 dw
≈ 125 . 028 2 4
θ2
( )
Check: NINT e −2 x sin 2 x , x , − 3, 2 ≈ 125 . 028
−1
y = sec θ − w + C
2
1 12
2
θ2 −1 1 2
29. y = ∫ x 2e 4x dx y = sec θ − θ −1 + C
2 2
Let u = x 2 dv = e 4x dx 32. y = ∫ ␪ sec␪ tan ␪ d␪
1
du = 2x dx v = e4 x Let u = ␪ dv = sec␪ tan ␪ d␪
4
du = d␪ v = sec␪
2 ⎛ 1 4x ⎞ ⎛ 1 4x ⎞
y = (x ) ⎜ e ⎟ − ∫ ⎜ e ⎟ (2x dx )
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ y = θ secθ − ∫ sec θ dθ
1 2 4x 1
= x e − ∫ xe 4x dx y = θ secθ − ln secθ + tan θ + C
4 2 Note : In the last step, we used the result of Exercise 29 in
Let u = x dv = e 4x dx Section 6.2.
1
du = dx v = e 4x 33. Let u = x dv = sin x dx
4
du = dx v = − cos x
1 2 4x 1 ⎡ ⎛ 1 4x ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎤
y= x e − ⎢(x ) ⎜ e ⎟ − ∫ ⎜ e 4x ⎟ dx ⎥
4 2⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎦ ∫ x sin x dx = − x cos x + ∫ cos x dx
1 2 4x 1 4x 1 4x = − x cos x + sin x + C
y = x e − xe + e + C
4 8 32 π π
⎛ x 2 x 1 ⎞ 4x
y = ⎜ − + ⎟ e +C
(a) ∫0 x sin x dx = ∫0 x sin x dx
⎝ 4 8 32 ⎠ π
= ⎡⎣ − x cos x + sin x ⎤⎦ 0
= −π (− 1) + 0 + 0(1) − 0
=π
284 Section 6.3
33. Continued 1 2π − t
2π ∫0
Average value = 2e cos t dt
2π 2π
(b) ∫π x sin x dx = − ∫
π
x sin x dx 1 2π
= ∫ e − t cos t dt
2π π 0
= ⎡⎣ x cos x − sin x ⎤⎦π 2π
1 −t ⎤
= 2 π (1) − 0 − π ( − 1) + 0 = e (sin t − cos t ) ⎥
= 3π 2π ⎦0
1 ⎡ −2π
2π π 2π = e ( − 1) − e ( − 1) ⎤⎦
0
(c) ∫π x sin x dx = ∫0 x sin x dx + ∫ x sin x dx 2π ⎣
π
1 − e −2π
= π + 3π = 4π = ≈ 0.159
2π
34. We begin by evaluating ∫ (x 2 + x + 1) e − x dx. 36. True. Use parts, letting u = x, dv = g(x)dx, and v = f ( x).
Let u = x 2 + x + 1 dv = e − x dx 37. True. Use parts, letting u = x 2 , dv = g(x)dx, and v = f ( x).

du = (2x + 1) dx v = −e− x
∫x cos x dx = x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x − 2 sin x + C
2
38. B.
−x
∫ + x + 1)e dx
2
(x
See problem 5.
= − (x 2 + x + 1)e − x + ∫ (2x + 1)e − x dx
∫ 2 x sin x dx = −2 x cos x + 2 sin x + C
Let u = 2x + 1 dv = e − x dx See problem 1.
du = 2 dx v = −e− x h( x ) = x 2 sin x + C
−x
∫ + x + 1)e dx
2
(x
= − (x 2 + x + 1)e − x − (2x + 1)e − x + ∫ 2e − x dx
39. B. ∫ x sin (5x ) dx
1
= − (x 2 + x + 1)e − x − (2x + 1)e − x − 2e − x + C dv = sin (5 x ) dx v = ∫ sin (5 x ) dx = − cos 5 x
5
= − (x 2 + 3x + 4)e − x + C u=x du = dx
1 1 1
− x cos(5 x ) − ∫ − cos(5 x ) dx = − x cos x
5 5 5
1
+ sin (5 x )
25
40. C. ∫x csc 2 x dx
The graph shows that the two curves intersect at x = k, dv = csc 2 x dx v = ∫ csc 2 x dx = − cot x
where k ≈ 1.050. The area we seek is u=x du = dx
k k
∫0 (x
2
+ x + 1)e − x − ∫ x 2 dx − x cot x − ∫ − cot x dx = − x cot x + ln ⏐sin x⏐+ C
0
k
k ⎡1 ⎤ 41. C. ∫ dy = ∫ 4 x ln x dx
= ⎡⎣ − (x 2 + 3x + 4)e − x ⎤⎦ − ⎢ x 3 ⎥
0 ⎣3 ⎦0
≈ ( − 2.888 + 4) − (0.386 − 0) dv = 4 x dx v = ∫ 4 x dx = 2 x 2
≈ 0.726 u = ln x
1
du = dx
−t
x
35. First, we evaluate ∫ e cos t dt. 1
2 x 2 ln x − ∫ 2 x 2 dx = 2 x 2 ln x − x 2 + C
−t x
Let u=e dv = cos t dt
−t
du = − e dt v = sin t 42. (a) Let u = x dv = e x dx
−t −t −t
∫ cos t dt = e sin t + ∫ sin t e dt
e du = dx v = ex
Let u = e − t d v = sin t dt ∫ xe dx = xe − ∫ e dx
x x x
du = − e − t dt v = − cos t = xe x − e x + C
−t −t −t
∫ e cos t dt = e sin t − e cos t − ∫ e − t cos t dt = ( x − 1) e x + C
2 ∫ e − t cos t dt = e − t (sin t − cos t ) + C
(b) Using the result from part (a):
−t 1 −t
∫ e cos t dt = 2 e (sin t − cos t ) + C Let u = x 2 dv = e x dx
du = 2 x dx v = ex
Now we find the average value of y = 2e − t cos t for
∫ x e dx = x e − ∫ 2 xe dx
2 x 2 x x
0 ≤ t ≤ 2π .
= x 2e x − 2( x − 1) e x + C
= ( x 2 − 2 x + 2) e x + C
Section 6.3 285
42. Continued Let u = w dv = e w dw

(c) Using the result from part (b):
du = dw v = e w
Let u = x 3 dv = e x dx
∫ w e dw = w e − ∫ e dw
w w w
du = 3 x dx
2
v = ex
= w ew − ew
∫ x e dx = x e − ∫ 3x e dx
3 x 3 x 2 x
= (w − 1)e w
= x 3e x − 3(x 2 − 2 x + 2) e x + C 3x +9 2
∫ e dx = 3 ∫ w e dw
w
= (x 3 − 3 x 2 + 6 x − 6) e x + C
⎡ ⎤ 2
d n d dn = (w − 1)e w
(d) ⎢ x n − x + 2 x n − + (−1)n n x n ⎥ e x + C 3
⎢⎣ dx dx dx ⎦⎥ 2 3x +9
= ( 3x + 9 − 1)e +C
or ⎡⎣ x − nx + n(n − 1) x −
n n −1 n − 2 3
45. Let w = x 2 . Then dw = 2 x dx.
+ ( − 1)n−1 (n)!x + ( − 1)n (n!) ⎤⎦ e x + C
1
∫ x e dx = ∫ (x ) e x dx = 2 ∫ w e dw.
7 x2 2 3 x2 3 w
(e) Use mathematical induction or argue based on tabulat
integration.
Use tabular integration with f (x ) = w 3 and g(w) = e w .
Alternately, show that the derivative of the answer to
part (d) is x ne x :
dx ⎣
(
d ⎡ n
x − nx n−1 + n(n − 1) x n− 2 −
)
+ ( − 1)n−1 (n !) x + ( − 1 )n n ! e x + C ⎤
⎦
= [ x n − nx n−1 + n(n − 1) x n− 2 −
+ ( − 1)n−1 (n !) x + ( − 1)n n !]e x +
d ⎡ n
ex x − nx n−1 + n(n − 1) n n−2 −
dx ⎣
+ ( − 1)n−1 (n !) x + ( − 1)n n !]
= [ x − nx n−1 + n(n − 1 ) x n− 2 −
n
+ ( − 1)n−1 + (n !) x + ( − 1)n n !]e x ∫w e dw = w 3 e w − 3w 2e w + 6w e w − 6e w + C

3 w
+ ⎡⎣ nx n−1 − n(n − 1) x n− 2 = (w 3 − 3w 2 + 6w − 6) e w + C
+ n(n − 1)(n − 2) x n−3 − 1
∫x e dx = ∫ w 3 e w dw
2
7 x
+ ( − 1)n−1n !]e x 2
1 3
= x ne x = (w − 3w 2 + 6w − 6)e w + C
2 2
dx (x 6 − 3x 4 + 6x 2 − 6)e x
43. Let w = x. Then dw = , so dx = 2 x dw = 2 w dw. = +C
2 x 2
∫ sin x dx = ∫ (sin w)(2w dw) = 2 ∫ w sin w dw 1
46. Let y = ln r. Then dy = dr , and so dr = r dy = e y dy.
Let u = w dv = sin w dw r
du = dw v = − cos w Using the result of Exercise 13, we have:
∫ w sin w dw = − w cos w + ∫ cos w dw
∫ sin (ln r ) dr = ∫ (sin y)e
y
dy
= − w cos w + sin w + C 1 y
= e (sin y − cos y) + C
∫ sin x dx = 2 ∫ w sin w dw 2
= − 2 w cos w + 2 sin w + C 1 ln r
= e [sin (ln r ) − cos (ln r )] + C
= − 2 x cos x + 2 sin x + C 2
r
1 = [sin (ln r ) − cos (ln r )] + C
44. Let w = 3 x + 9. Then dw = (3) dx , so 2
2 3x + 9
2 2 47. Let u = x n dv = cos x dx
dx = 3 x + 9 dw = w dw.
3 3 n −1
du = nx dx v = sin x
3x +9 w ⎛2 ⎞ 2
∫e dw = ∫ (e ) ⎜ w dw ⎟ = ∫ w e w dw
⎝3 ⎠ 3 ∫x
n
cos x dx = x n sin x − ∫ (sin x )(nx n−1dx )
= x n sin x − n ∫ x n−1 sin x dx
286 Section 6.3
48. Let u = xn dv = sin x dx −1 ⎛ d ⎞

(b) ∫ sin x dx = x sin −1 x − ∫ x ⎜ sin −1 x ⎟ dx
⎝ dx ⎠
du = nx n−1dx v = − cos x
1
∫n
x
sin x dx = (x )(− cos x ) − ∫ ( − cos x )(nx n−1 ) dx
n
= x sin −1 x − ∫ x dx
n −1 1− x2
= − x cos x + n ∫ x
n
cos x dx
u = 1 − x 2 , du = −2 x dx
49. Let u = x n
dv = e ax
dx
1 −1 2
= x sin −1 x +
2∫
n −1 1 u du
du = nx dx v = e ax
−1
a = x sin x + u + C
12
n ⎛ 1 ax ⎞ ⎛ 1 ax ⎞ n−1 = x sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 + C
∫ x e dx = (x ) ⎜⎝ a e ⎟⎠ − ∫ ⎜⎝ a e ⎟⎠ (nx dx )
n ax
x ne ax n n−1 ax (c) cos (sin −1 x ) = 1 − x 2

= − ∫ x e dx , a ≠ 0
a a 54. (a) Using y = f −1 ( x ) = tan −1 x and f ( y) = tan y,
50. Let u = (ln x ) n
dv = dx π π
n −1
− < y < , we have:
n(ln x ) 2 2
du = v=x −1
= x tan −1 x − ∫ tan y dy
x
dx
∫ tan x dx
⎡ n(ln x )n−1 ⎤ = x tan −1 x − ln sec y + C
∫ (ln x ) dx = (ln x ) (x ) − ∫ x ⎢⎢ x ⎥⎥ dx
n n
(Section 6.2, Example 5))
⎣ ⎦
= x tan −1 x + ln cos y + C
= x (ln x )n − n ∫ (ln x )n−1 dx
= x tan −1 x + ln cos (tan −1 x ) + C
−1
51. (a) Let y = f ( x ). Then x = f ( y), so dx = f ′( y) dy.
−1 ⎛ d ⎞
−1
∫ tan x dx = x tan −1 x − ∫ x ⎜ tan −1 x ⎟ dx
Hence, ∫f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( y) ⎡⎣ f ′( y) dy ⎤⎦ = ∫ y f ′( y) dy (b)
⎝ dx ⎠
(b) Let u= y dv = f ′( y)dy ⎛ 1 ⎞
= x tan −1 x − ∫ x ⎜ dx
du = dy v = f ( y) ⎝ 1 + x 2 ⎟⎠
u = 1 + x 2 , du = 2 x dx
∫ y f ′( y) dy = y f ( y) − ∫ f ( y) dy 1
= f −1 ( x )( x ) − ∫ f ( y) d y = x tan −1 x − ∫ u −1 du
2
Hence, ∫ f −1 ( x ) dx = ∫ y f ′( y) dy −1 1
= x tan x − ln u + C
= x f −1 ( x ) − ∫ f ( y) dy. 2
−1 1
= x tan x − ln (1 + x 2 ) + C
52. Let u = f −1 ( x ) dv = dx 2
⎛ d −1 ⎞ (c) ln cos (tan −1x ) = ln

1 1
= − ln (1 + x 2 )
du = ⎜ f ( x )⎟ dx v=x
⎝ dx ⎠ 1+ x 2 2
−1 ⎛ d −1 ⎞ 55. (a) Using y = f ( x ) = cos −1 x and

−1
∫f ( x ) dx = xf −1 ( x ) − ∫ x ⎜ f ( x )⎟ dx
⎝ dx ⎠ f ( y) = cos x , 0 ≤ x ≤ π , we have:
−1 −1
53. (a) Using y = f −1 ( x ) = sin −1 x and f (y) = sin y,
∫ cos x dx = cos x − ∫ cos y dy
= x cos −1 x − sin y + C
π π
− ≤ y ≤ , we have: = x cos −1 x − sin (cos −1x ) + C
2 2
−1 ⎛ d ⎞
∫ sin x dx = x sin −1 x − ∫ sin y dy (b) ∫ cos
−1
x dx = x cos −1 x − ∫ x ⎜ cos −1 x ⎟ dx
−1
⎝ dx ⎠
= x sin x + cos y + C
= x sin −1 x + cos (sin −1x ) + C ⎛ 1 ⎞
= x cos −1 x − ∫ x ⎜ − ⎟ dx
⎝ 1− x2 ⎠
u = 1 − x 2 , du = − 2 x dx
1
= x cos −1 x − ∫ u −1 2 du
2
= x cos −1 x − u1 2 + C
= x cos −1 x − 1−
− x2 + C
(c) sin (cos −1x ) = 1 − x 2

Section 6.4 287
56. (a) Using y = f −1 ( x ) = log2 x and f ( y) = 2 y , we have Section 6.4 Exponential Growth and Decay
(pp.350–361)
∫ log2 x dx = x log2 x − ∫ 2
y
dy
2 Exploration 1 Choosing a Convenient Base
= x log2 x − +C
ln 2 1 1
1 log 2 x 1. h = = . h is the reciprocal to the doubling period.
= x log2 x − 2 t 5
ln 2
2. 3 = 2ht
⎛ d ⎞
(b) ∫ log2 x dx = x log2 x − ∫ x ⎜ log2 x ⎟ dx 5 log 3
⎝ dx ⎠ = ht
log 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 5 log 3
= x log2 x − ∫ x ⎜ dx = t = 7 . 925 years.
⎝ x ln 2 ⎟⎠ log 2
d
= x log2 x − ∫ 1 1
3. h = = . h is the reciprocal to the tripling period.
ln 2 t 10
⎛ 1 ⎞
= x log2 x − ⎜ +C
⎝ ln 2 ⎟⎠ 4. 2 = 3ht
log 2
= ht
(c) 2log2 x = x log 3
10 log 2
Quick Quiz Section 6.1–6.3 = t = 6 . 3093 years.
log 3
1. E.
1 1
2. C. 5. h = = . h is the reciprocal to the half life.
t 15
∫ xe
2x ht
3. A. dx ⎛ 1⎞
6. . 10 = ⎜ ⎟
e 2x ⎝ 2⎠
dv = e 2x dx v = ∫ e 2x dx = log(. 10)
2 = ht
u=x du = dx ⎛ 1⎞
log ⎜ ⎟
xe 2x e 2x ⎝ 2⎠
−∫ dx
2 2 15 log(. 1 0)
= t = 49 . 83 years.
xe 2x
e 2x
⎛ 1⎞
= − +C log ⎜ ⎟
2 4 ⎝ 2⎠
4. (a) y Quick Review 6.4
1. a = e b
x
2. c = ln d
3. ln( x + 3) = 2
x + 3 = e2
x = e2 − 3
dy
(b) Let = 2 and y = 2 x + b in the differential eq u ation:
dx 4. 100e 2 x = 600
2 = 2(2x + b) − 4x e2 x = 6
2 = 2b 2 x = ln 6
b =1 1
x = ln 6
2
dy
(c) First, note that = 2(0) − 4(0) = 0 at the point (0, 0). 5. 0 . 85 x = 2 . 5
dx
ln 0 . 85 x = ln 2 . 5
d2y
d dy x ln 0 . 85 = ln 2 . 5
Also, = (2y − 4x ) = 2 − 4, which is –4 at the
dx 2 dx dx ln 2 . 5
x= ≈ − 5 . 638
point (0, 0). ln 0 . 85
By the Second Dervative test, g has a local maximum at
6. 2k +1 = 3k
(0, 0).
ln 2k +1 = ln 3k
(k + 1) ln 2 = k ln 3
ln 2 = k (ln 3 − ln 2)
ln 2
k= ≈ 1 . 710
ln 3 − ln 2
288 Section 6.4
7. 1 . 1t = 10 dy
ln 1 . 1t = ln 10
5. ∫ y+5 = ∫ ( x + 2) dx
t ln 1 . 1 = ln 10 x2
ln 10 1 ln (y + 5) = + 2x + C
t= = ≈ 24 . 159 22
ln 1 . 1 lo g 1 . 1 y=e x /2 + 2 x +C
−5
c x2 /2 + 2 x
− 5 = Ae x / 2+ 2 x − 5
2
−2 t 1 y=e e
8. e =
4 2
/ 2+ 2 x
y = 6 ex − 5, valid for all real numbers
⎛ 1⎞
− 2t = ln ⎜ ⎟ dy
⎝ 4⎠ 6. ∫ cos2 y = ∫ dx
1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1
t = − ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln 4 = ln 2
2 ⎝ 4⎠ 2 tan y = x + C
tan (0) = 0 + C
9. ln ( y + 1) = 2 x + 3 C=0
y + 1 = e 2 x +3
y = tan −1 x , valid for all real numbers.
y = −1 + e 2 x +3
dy
7. = cos x e yesin x
10. ln y + 2 = 3t − 1 dx
y + 2 = e3t −1 ∫e
−y
dy = ∫ cos x esin x dx
y + 2 = ± e3t −1
− e − y = esin x + C
y = −2 ± e3t −1
− e 0 = esin 0 + C
Section 6.4 Exercises C = −2
y = − ln (2 − esin x ), valid for all real numbers.
1. ∫ y dy = ∫ x dx
dy
y2 x 2 8. = e ye x
= +C dx
2 2 −y
(2)2 = (1)2 + C ∫e dy = ∫ e x dx
C=3 −e− y = e x + C
y = x 2 + 3, valid for all real numbers C = e2 − e0 = e2 − 1
y = ln (e x + e 2 − 1), valid for all real numbers.
2. ∫ y dy = − ∫ x dx 1
y2 x2
9. ∫ y2 dy = ∫ −2x dx
= − +C
2 2 − y −1 = − x 2 + C
(3)2 = − (4)2 + C 1
= 1+ C
C = 25 .25
C=3
y = 25 − x 2 , valid on the interval (–5, 5)
1
y= 2 , valid for all real numbers.
1 1 x +3
3. ∫y dy = ∫x dx
dy 4 y ln x
ln y = ln x + C 10. =
y = x +C dx x
2 = 2+C dy 4 ln x
C=0
∫ y = ∫ x dx
y = x, valid on the interval (0, ∞) u = ln x
1
1 du = dx
4. ∫y dy = ∫ 2x dx x
2 y = ∫ 4u du
ln y = x 2 + C 2 y = 2u 2 + C
y = e x +C = e C e x
2 2
y = (ln x )4 + C
2 2 1 = (ln e) + C
y = ± Ae x = 3e x , valid for all real numbers
C=0
y = (ln x )4 , valid on the interval (0, ∞).
Section 6.4 289
11. y(t ) = y0e kt Doubling time:

y(t ) = 100e 1.5t A(t ) = A0ert
1200 = 600e 0.0525t
12. y(t ) = y0e kt
2 = e 0.0525t
y(t ) = 200e −0.5t ln 2 = 0 . 0 525t
13. y(t ) = y0e kt ln 2
t= ≈ 13 . 2 years
y(t ) = 50e kt 0.0525
y(5) = 100 = 50e5k 18. Annual rate:
2 = e 5k A(t ) = A0ert
ln 2 = 5k 10, 405 . 37 = 1200e(r )(30 )
k = 0.2 ln 2 104 . 0537
Solution : y(t ) = 50e( 0.2 ln 2)t or y(t ) = 50 i 20.2t = e30 r
12
14. y(t ) = y0e kt 104 . 0537
ln = 30r
y(t ) = 60e kt 12
1 104 . 0537
y(10) = 30 = 60e10 k r= ln ≈ 0.072 = 7.2%
30 12
1
= e10 k Doubling time:
2
1 A(t ) = A0ert
n = 10 k
ln
2 2400 = 1200e 0.072t
1
k = 0.1 ln = −0.1 ln 2 2 = e 0.072t
2 ln 2 = 0 . 0 7 2t
Solution: y(t ) = 60e − ( 0.1 ln 2)t or y(t ) = 60 i 2− t /10 ln 2
t= ≈ 9 . 63 years
15. Doubling time: 0.072
A(t ) = A0ert 19. (a) Annually:
2000 = 1000e 0.086t 2 = 1 . 0475t
2 = e 0.086t ln 2 = t ln 1.0475
ln 2 = 0 . 0 8 6t ln 2
t= ≈ 14 . 94 yeears
ln 2 ln 1.0475
t= ≈ 8 . 06 yr
0.086
(b) Monthly:
Amount in 30 years:
12 t
A = 1000e( 0.086)(30 ) ≈ $13,197.14 ⎛ 0 . 0475 ⎞
2 = ⎜1+
⎝ 12 ⎠⎟
16. Annual rate: ⎛ 0 . 0475 ⎞
ln 2 = 12t ln ⎜ 1 +
A(t ) = A0ert ⎝ 12 ⎟⎠
4000 = 2000e(r )(15) ln 2
t= ≈ 14 . 62 years
2 = e15r ⎛ 0 . 0475 ⎞
12 ln ⎜ 1 +
ln 2 = 15r ⎝ 12 ⎟⎠
ln 2
r= ≈ 0.0462 = 4.62% (c) Quarterly:
15 4t
Amount in 30 years: ⎛ 0 . 0475 ⎞
2 = ⎜1+
⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
A(t ) = A0ert
ln 2 = 4t ln 1.011875
A = 2000e[( ln 2)/15](30 ) ln 2
= 2000e 2 ln 2 t= ≈ 14 . 68 years
4 ln 1 .011875
= 2000 i 22
(d) Continuously:
= $8000
2 = e 0.0475t
17. Initial deposit:
ln 2 = 0 . 0475t
A(t ) = A0ert ln 2
t= ≈ 14 . 59 yearss
2898.44 = A0e( 0.0525)(30 ) 0 . 0475
2898.44
A0 = 1.575 ≈ $600.00
e
290 Section 6.4
20. (a) Annually: increased by a factor of 4, i.e. doubled twice, in 2 hrs, so the
2 = 1 . 0825t doubling time is 1 hr. Thus in 3 hrs the population would
ln 2 = t ln 1 . 0825 have doubled 3 times, so the initial population was
ln 2 10, 000
t= ≈ 8 . 7 4 years = 1250.
ln 1 . 0825 23
(b) Monthly: 25. 0.9 = e −0.18t
⎛ 0 . 0825 ⎞
12 t ln 0 . 9 = − 0 . 18t
2 = ⎜1+
⎝ 12 ⎟⎠ t=−
ln 0 . 9
≈ 0 . 585 days
0 . 18
⎛ 0 . 0825 ⎞
ln 2 = 12t ln ⎜ 1 + ln 2 ln 2
⎝ 12 ⎟⎠ 26. (a) Half-life = = ≈ 138 . 6 days
k 0 . 005
ln 2
t= ≈ 8 . 43 years (b) 0.05 = e −0.005t
⎛ 0 . 0825 ⎞
12 ln ⎜ 1 + ⎟ ln 0.05 = − 0 . 005t
⎝ 12 ⎠
ln 0.05
(c) Quarterly: t=− ≈ 599 . 15 days
0 . 005
4t
⎛ 0 . 0825 ⎞ The sample will be useful for about 599 days.
2 = ⎜1+
⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ 27. Since y0 = y(0) = 2, we have:
ln 2 = 4t ln 1.020625
y = 2e kt
ln 2
t= ≈ 8 . 49 years 5 = 2e( k )( 2)
4 ln 1 .020625
ln 5 = ln 2 + 2k
(d) Continuously: ln 5 − ln 2
k= = 0.5 ln 2.5
2 = e 0.0825t 2
ln 2 = 0 . 0825t
Function: y = 2e(0.5 ln 2.5)t or y ≈ 2e 0.4581t
ln 2
t= ≈ 8 . 40 years 28. Since y0 = y(0) = 1.1, we have:
0 . 0825
dy y = 1.1e kt
21. = −0.0077 y 3 = 1.1e( k )( −3)
dt
1 ln 3 = ln 1.1− 3k
∫ y dy = ∫ −0.0077 dt 1
k = (ln 1.1 − ln 3)
ln y = − 0 . 0077t 3
ln (1 / 2) Function: y = 1 . 1e(ln 1.1 − ln 3)t /3 or y ≈ 1 . 1e −0.3344 t
t= = 90 years
− 0 . 0077 3
29. At time t = , the amount remaining is
dy k
22. = ky
dt y0e − kt = y0e − k (3/ k ) = y0e −3 ≈ 0.0499 y0 . This is less than 5%
1 of the original amount, which means that over 95% has
∫ y dy = ∫ k dt decayed already.
ln y = kt 30. T − Ts = (T0 − Ts ) e − kt
ln (1 / 2)
=k 35 − 65 = (T0 − 65)e − ( k )(10 )
65
k = 0 . 01067 50 − 65 = (T0 − 65)e − ( k )( 20 )
23. (a) Since there are 48 half-hour doubling times in 24 hours, Dividing the first equation by the second, we have:
there will be 248 ≈ 2.8 × 1014 bacteria.
2 = e10 k
(b) The bacteria reproduce fast enough that even if many 1
are destroyed there are still enough left to make the k= ln 2
10
person sick.
Substituting back into the first equation, we have:
24. Using y = y0e kt , we have 10, 000 = y0e3k and −30 = (T0 − 65)e −[(ln 2 )/10 ](10 )
40, 000 y0e

5k ⎛ 1⎞
40, 000 = y0e5k . Hence = , which gives −30 = (T0 − 65) ⎜ ⎟
10, 000 y0e3k ⎝ 2⎠
−60 = T0 − 65
e 2 k = 4, or k = ln 2 . Solving 10, 000 = y0e3 ln 2 , we have 5 = T0
y0 = 1250. There were 1250 bacteria initially. We could The beam’s initial temperature is 5°F.
solve this more quickly by noticing that the population
Section 6.4 291
31. (a) First, we find the value of k. 33. (a) T − Ts = 79.47(0.932)t

− kt
T − Ts = (T0 − Ts ) e
(b) T = 10 + 79.47(0.932)t
60 − 20 = (90 − 20) e − ( k )(10 )
4
= e −10 k
7
1 4
k=− ln
10 7
When the soup cools to 35°, we have:
35 − 20 = (90 − 20) e[(1/10 ) ln (4/7)]t (c) Solving T = 12 and using the exact values from the
15 = 70e[(1/10 ) ln (4/7)]t regression equation, we obtain t ≈ 52 . 5 sec.
3 ⎛ 1 4⎞
ln = ln ⎟ t (d) Substituting t = 0 into the equation we found in part
14 ⎜⎝ 10 7⎠
(b), the temperature was approximately 89.47°C.
⎛ 3⎞
10 ln ⎜ ⎟ 34. (a) Newton’s Law of Cooling predicts that the difference
⎝ 14 ⎠
t= ≈ 27.53 min between the probe temperature (T ) and the surrounding
⎛ 4⎞ temperature (Ts ) is an exponential function of time,
ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7⎠ but in this case Ts = 0, so T is an exponential function of
It takes a total of about 27.53 minutes, which is an time.
additional 17.53 minutes after the first 10 minutes.
(b) T = 79.96 × 0.9273t
(b) Using the same value of k as in part (a), we have:
T − Ts = (T0 − Ts )e − kt
35 − (− 15) = [90 − (− 15)] e[(1/10 ) ln (4/7 )]t
50 = 105e[(1/10 ) ln (4/7)]t
10 ⎛ 1 4⎞
ln = ln t [–0, 40] by [0, 86]
21 ⎜⎝ 10 7 ⎟⎠
(c) At about 37 seconds.
⎛ 10 ⎞
10 ln ⎜ ⎟ (d) 76.96°C
⎝ 21⎠
t= ≈ 13 . 26
⎛ 4⎞ ln 2
ln ⎜ ⎟ 35. Use k = (see Example 3).
⎝ 7⎠ 5700
It takes about 13.26 minutes e − kt = 0 . 445
32. First, we find the value of k. − kt = ln 0 . 445
Taking “right now” as t = 0, 60° above room temperature ln 0.445 5700 ln 0 . 4 4 5
t=− =− ≈ 6658 years
means T0 − Ts = 60. Thus, we have k ln 2
Crater Lake is about 6658 years old.
T − Ts = (T0 − Ts ) e − kt
70 = 60e( − k )( −20 ) 36. Use k =
ln 2
(see Example 3).
7 5700
= e 20 k
6 (a) e − kt = 0.17
1 7 − kt = ln 0 . 17
k= ln
20 6 ln 0.17 5700 ln 0 . 17
t=− =− ≈ 14, 571
1 years
(a) T − Ts = (T0 − Ts ) e − kt = 60e( − (1/ 20 )ln( 7/ 6))(15) ≈ 53
3.45 k ln 2
The animal died about 14,571 years before A.D. 2000, in
It will be about 53.45°C above room temperature.
12,571 B.C.
(b) T − Ts = (T0 − Ts ) e − kt = 60e( − (1/ 20 )ln( 7/ 6))(120 ) ≈ 23.79
(b) e − kt = 0.18
It will be about 23.79° above room temperature. − kt = ln 0 . 18
ln 0.18 5700 ln 0 . 18
(c) T − Ts = (T0 − Ts ) e − kt t=− =− ≈ 14,101
1 years
k ln 2
10 = 60e( − (1/ 20 )ln (7/6))t
The animal died about 14,101 years before A.D. 2000, in
1 ⎛ 1 7⎞
ln = ⎜ − ln t 12,101 B.C.
6 ⎝ 20 6 ⎟⎠
20 ln (1/6)
t=− ≈ 232 . 47 min
ln (7 / 6)
It will take about 232.47 min or 3.9 hr.
292 Section 6.4
36. Continued Using the given altitude-pressure data, we

− kt have p0 = 1013 millibars, so:
(c) e = 0.16
− kt = ln 0.16 p = 1013e kh
ln 0.16 5700 ln 0.16 90 = 1013e( k )( 20 )
t=− =− ≈ 15, 070 years
k ln 2 90
= e 20 k
The animal died about 15,070 years before A.D. 2000, in 1013
13,070 B.C. 1 90
k= ln ≈ −0.121 km −1
1 20 1013
37. = e − kt
3 Thus, we have p ≈ 1013e −0.121h
ln(1/ 3)
k= = 0 . 22 (b) At 50 km, the pressure is
1013e(
5 (1/ 20 ) ln (90 /1013))(50 )
1 ≈ 2 . 383 millibarss.
= e − kt
2
ln(1/ 2) (c) 900 = 1013e kh
t= = 3 . 15 yeears 900
− 0 . 22 = e kh
1013
38. 3 = ert 1 900 20 ln (900 / 1013)
ln (3) h = ln = ≈ 0.977 km
r= = 0 . 11 k 1013 ln (90 / 1013)
10
The pressure is 900 millibars at an altitude of about
4=e rt
0.977 km.
ln (4)
t= = 12 . 62 years
0 . 11 42. By the Law of Exponential Change, y = 100e −0.6t . At t = 1
hour, the amount remaining will be
39. y = y0e − kt
100e −0.6(1) ≈ 54 . 88 grams.
− ( k )(10 )
800 = 1000e
43. (a) By the Law of Exponential Change, the solution is
0.8 = e −10 k
ln 0.8 V = V0e − (1/ 40 )t .
k=−
10 (b) 0.1 = e − (1/ 40 )t
At t = 10 + 14 = 24 h:
t
y = 1000e − ( − ln 0.8/10 ) 24 ln 0.1 = −
40
= 1000e 2.4 ln 0.8 ≈ 585.4 kg t = −40 ln 0.1 ≈ 92.1 sec
About 585.4 kg will remain. It will take about 92.1 seconds.
40. 0.2 = e −0.1t 44. (a) A(t ) = A0et
ln 0.2 = −0.1t
It grows by a factor of e each year.
t = −10 ln 0.2 ≈ 16.09 yr
It will take about 16.09 years. (b) 3 = et
ln 3 = t
dp
41. (a) = kp It will take ln 3 ≈ 1.1 yr.
dh
dp (c) In one year your account grows from A0 to A0e, so you
= k dh
p can earn A0e − A0, or (e − 1) times your initial amount.
dp This represents an increase of about 172%.
∫ p = ∫ k dh
45. (a) 90 = e(r )(100 )
ln p = kh + C
ln 90 = 100r
e = e kh+C
ln p
ln 90
r= ≈ 0.045 or 4.5%
p = eC e kh 100
p = Ae kh
(b) 131 = e(r )(100 )
Initial condition: p = p0 when h = 0 ln 131 = 100r
p0 = Ae 0 r=
ln 131
≈ 0.049 or 4.9%
A = p0 100
Solution: p = p0e kh
Section 6.4 293
46. (a) 2y0 = y0ert 52. E. T − 68 = (425 − 68)e − kt

2 = ert 195 = 68 + 357e −30 k
ln 2 = rt 127
e −30 k = = 0.356
ln 2 357
t= 0.356
r k= = .0344
−30
(b)
100 = 68 + 357e( −0.0344 )t
⎛ 100 − 68 ⎞
ln ⎜
⎝ 357 ⎟⎠
t= = 70 min
− 0 .0 0 344
70 − 30 = 40
dv dv
0.69 53. (a) Since acceleration is , we have Force = m = − kv.
(c) ln 2 ≈ 0.69, so the doubling time is which is almost dt dt
r
dv dv k
the same as the rules. (b) From m = − kv we get = − v, which is the
dt dt m
70 72 differential equation for exponential growth modeled by
(d) = 14 years or = 14 . 4 years
5 5 v = Ce −( k / m)t . Since v = v0 at t = 0, it follows
that C = v0 .
(e) 3 y0 = y0ert
3 = ert (c) In each case, we would solve 2 = e − ( k / m)t . If k is
ln 3 = rt constant, an increase in m would require an increase in t.
ln 3 The object of larger mass takes longer to slow down.
t= Alternatively, one can consider the equation
r
dv k
108 108 = − v to see that v changes more slowly for larger
Since ln 3 ≈ 1.099, a suitable rule is or . dt m
100r i values of m.
(We choose 108 instead of 110 because 108 has more
factors.) v0 m − ( k / m)t
54. (a) s(t ) = ∫ v0e − ( k / m)t dt = −
e +C
47. False. The correct solution is y = e kx +C , which can be k
Initial condition: s(0) = 0
written (with a new C ) as y = Ce kx .
v0 m
48. True. The differential equation is solved by an exponential 0=− +C
equation that can be written in any base. Note that
k
v0 m
( )
Ce 2t = C 3kt when k = 2 / (ln 3). k
=C
v0 m − ( k / m)t v0 m
s(t ) = − e +
49. D. A(t ) = A 0ert k k
2 = 1e 75 =
v0 m
k
( 1− e )
− ( k / m)t
ln (2)
r=
7
ln (3)
= 0.099 vm
(
(b) lim s(t ) = lim 0 1 − e − ( k / m)t = 0
t →∞ t →∞ k
) vm
k
t= = 11.1 v0 m
0.099 55. = coasting distance
t /r k
⎛ 1⎞
50. C. A = A0 ⎜ ⎟ (0.80)(49.90)
⎝ 2⎠ = 1.32
k
⎛ 1⎞
199 /r 998
1 = 100 ⎜ ⎟ k=
⎝ 2⎠ 33
v0 m k 998 20
199 We know that = 1 . 32 and = = .
ln (.01) = ln (.5) k m 33(49 . 9) 33
5
199 ln (.5) Using Equation 3, we have:
r= = 30
51. D.
ln (.01) vm
(
s(t ) = 0 1 − e − ( k / m)t
k
)
(
= 1.32 1 − e −20 t / 33 )
≈ 1.32 (1 − e −0.606 t
)
294 Section 6.4
55. Continued Graphical support:

A graph of the model is shown superimposed on a graph x
⎛ 2⎞
of the data. y1 = ⎜ 1 + ⎟ , y2 = e 2
⎝ x⎠
v0 m
56. = coasting distance r = 0.5
k
(0 . 86)(30 . 84) x
= 0 . 97 ⎛ 0.5 ⎞
k
x ⎜⎝ 1 + x ⎟⎠
k ≈ 27 . 343
vm 10 1.6289
s(t ) = 0 (1 − e − ( k / m)t ) 100 1.6467
k
1000 1.6485
s(t ) = 0 . 97(1 − e − ( 27.343/ 30.84 )t )
10,000 1.6487
s(t ) = 0 . 9 7(1 − e −0.8866t )
100,000 1.6487
A graph of the model is shown superimposed on a graph
e 0.5 ≈ 1.6487
of the data.
Graphical support:
x
⎛ 0.5 ⎞
y1 = ⎜ 1 + , y2 = e 0.5
⎝ x ⎟⎠
[0, 3] by [0, 1]
57. (a) x x
⎛ 1⎞
⎜⎝ 1 + x ⎟⎠
10 2.5937
100 2.7048 (c) As we compound more times, the increment of time
1000 2.7169 between compounding approaches 0. Continuous
10,000 2.7181 compounding is based on an instantaneous rate of
100,000 2.7183 change which is a limit of average rates as the increment
e ≈ 2.7183 in time approaches 0.
Graphical support: 58. (a) To simplify calculations somewhat, we may write:

x mg e at − e − at e at
⎛ 1⎞ v(t ) =
y1 = ⎜ 1 + ⎟ , y2 = e k e at + e − at e at
⎝ x⎠
mg e 2 at − 1
=
k e 2 at + 1
mg (e 2 at + 1) − 2
=
k e 2 at + 1
mg ⎛ 2 ⎞
= 1−
k ⎜⎝ e 2 at + 1⎟⎠
(b) r = 2 The left side of the differential equation is:
x dv mg
⎛ 2⎞ m =m (2)(e 2 at + 1)−2 (2ae 2 at )
x ⎜⎝ 1 + x ⎟⎠ dt k
mg 2 at
= 4 ma (e + 1)−2 (e 2 at )
10 6.1917 k
100 7.2446 gk mg 2 at
1000 7.3743 = 4m (e + 1)−2 (e 2 at )
m k
10,000 7.3876
4 mge 2 at
100,000 7.3889 = 2 at
(e + 1)2
e 2 ≈ 7.389
Section 6.5 295
58. Continued 3. The graph begins a downward trend at half the carrying
The right side of the differential equation is: capacity, causing a decline in growth rates.
2 4. When the initial population is less than M, the initial growth
⎛ mg ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
mg − kv 2 = mg − k ⎜ 1− rate is positive.
⎝ k ⎠⎟ ⎝⎜ e 2 at + 1⎠⎟
⎡ ⎛ 5. When the initial population is more than M, the initial
2 ⎞ ⎤
2
= mg ⎢1 − ⎜ 1 − 2 at ⎟ ⎥ growth rate is negative.
⎢⎣ ⎝ e + 1⎠ ⎥⎦
6. When the initial population is equal to M, the growth rate is
⎛ 4 4 ⎞ at a maximum.
= mg ⎜ 1 − 1 + 2 at − 2 at 2⎟
⎝ e + 1 (e + 1) ⎠ 7. lim P (t ) = M . lim P (t ) depends only on M.
4(e 2 at + 1) − 4 t →∞ t →∞
= mg
(e 2 at + 1)2 Quick Review 6.5
4 mg e 2 at x +1
= 2 at
(e + 1)2
Since the left and right sides are equal, the differential
1. x − 1 ) x2
x2 − x
equation is satisfied.
x
mg e 0 − e 0 x −1
And v(0) = = 0, so the initial condition is
k e0 + e0 1
also satisfied. 1
x + 1+
x −1
⎛ mg e at − e − at e − at ⎞
(b) lim v(t ) = lim ⎜ i ⎟ 1
t →∞ t →∞ ⎝ k e at + e − at e − at ⎠
2. x 2 − 4 x 2 )
⎛ mg 1 − e −2 at ⎞ x2 − 4
= lim ⎜ ⎟
t →∞ ⎝ k 1 + e −2 at ⎠ 4
mg ⎛ 1 − 0 ⎞ 4
= =
mg 1+
k ⎜⎝ 1 + 0 ⎟⎠ x −4
2
k
1
The limiting velocity is
mg
k
. )
3. x 2 + x − 2 x 2 + x + 1
x2 + x − 2
mg 160 3
(c) = ≈ 179 ft / sec
k 0 . 005 3
1+
The limiting velocity is about 179 ft/sec, x2 + x − 2
or about 122 mi/hr. x
Section 6.5 Logistic Growth (pp. 362–376) 2
)
4. x − 1 x 3 − 5
Exploration 1 Exponential Growth Revisited x3 − x

1. 100(2)12 = 409600 x−5
x−5
x+
2. 100(2)(12.24 ) = 4.97 × 10 90 x3 − 5
5. (−∞, ∞)
3. No. This number is much larger than the estimated number
of atoms. 60
6. lim f ( x ) = = 60
1 + 5 e(
x →∞ −0 . 1∞ )
4. 500, 000 = 100(2) x
log 5000 60
= x = 12 . 29 hours 7. lim f ( x ) = =0
log 2 x →∞ 1 + 5 e( −0.1( −∞ ))
Exploration 2 Learning From the 60

8. y(0) = = 10
Differential Equation 1 + 5 e( −0.1( 0 ))
dp 9. From problems 6 and 7, the two horizontal asymptotes are
1. will be close to zero when P is close to M. y = 0 and y = 60.
dt
2. P is half the value of M at its vertex.
296 Section 6.5
10. y
2x
60
)
7. x 2 − 4 2 x 3
2x3 − 8x
8x
10
⎛ 8x ⎞
0
x
∫ ⎜⎝ 2 x + x 2 − 4 ⎟⎠ dx
Section 6.5 Exercises u = x2 − 4
1. A( x − 4) + B( x ) = x − 12 du = 2 x dx
x = 4, 4 B = −8 du
x + 4∫
2
= x 2 + 4 ln u + C
B = −2 u
x = 1, A(1 − 4) + (−2)(1) = 1 − 12 = x 2 + ln( x 2 − 4)4 + C
A=3 1
2. A( x − 2) + B( x + 3) = 2 x + 16 )
8. x 2 − 9 x 2 − 6
x = 2, B(2 + 3) = 2(2) + 16 x2 − 9
5 B = 20 3
B=4 3
x = −3, A(−3 − 2) = 2(−3) + 16 ∫ 1 + x 2 − 9 dx
− 5 A = 10 A B
= x+∫ + dx
A = −2 x+3 x−3
A( x − 3) + B( x + 3) = 3
3. A( x + 5) + B( x − 2) = 16 − x
x = 3, B(3 + 3) = 3
x = −5, B(−5 − 2) = 16 − (−5) B = 1/ 2
− 7 B = 21 x = −3, A(−3 − 3) = 3
B = −3 A = −1 / 2
x = 2, A(2 + 5) = 16 − 2 −1 / 2 1 / 2
7 A = 14 x+∫ + dx
x+3 x−3
A=2
x−3
= x + ln +C
4. A( x + 3) + B( x − 3) = 3 x+3
x = −3, B(−3 − 3) = 3 dx
− 6B = 3 9. 2 ∫ = 2 tan −1 x + C
x +1
2
B = −1 / 2
x = 3, A(3 + 3) = 3 dx ⎛ x⎞
10. 2 ∫ = 2 tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ + C
6A = 3 x2 + 9 ⎝ 3⎠
A = 1/ 2 7
5. See problem 1.
11. ∫ 2 x 2 − 5x − 3 dx
x − 12 ⎛3 −2 ⎞ A B
+ =7
∫ x 2 − 4 dx = ∫ ⎜⎝ x + x − 4 ⎟⎠ dx 2x + 1 x − 3
= 3 ln x − 2 ln (xx − 4) + C A( x − 3) + B(2 x + 1) = 7
x = 3, B(2(3) + 1) = 7
⎛ x3 ⎞ B =1
= ln ⎜ ⎟ +C x = −1 / 2, A(−1 / 2 − 3) = 7
⎜⎝ ( x − 4)2 ⎟⎠
A = −2
6. See problem 2. ⎛ −2 1 ⎞
2 x + 16 ⎛ −2 4 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ 2 x + 1 + x − 3 ⎟⎠ dx
∫ x 2 + x − 6 dx = ∫ ⎜⎝ x + 3 + x − 2 ⎟⎠ dx ⎛ x−3 ⎞
= ln ⎜ +C
= − 2 ln ( x + 3) + 4 ln ( x − 2) + C ⎝ 2 x + 1⎟⎠
⎛ ( x − 2)4 ⎞
= ln ⎜ ⎟ +C
⎝ ( x + 3)2 ⎠
Section 6.5 297
1 − 3x 2x − 6
12. ∫ 3x 2 − 5x − 3 dx 15. ∫ dy = ∫ x 2 − 2 x dx
A B A B
+ = 1 − 3x + = 2x − 6
3x − 2 x − 1 x x−2
A (x − 1) + B (3x − 2) = 1 − 3x A( x − 2) + Bx = 2 x − 6
x = 1, B (3(1) − 2) = 1 − 3(1) x = 2, 2 B = 2(2) − 6
B = −2 2 B = −2
2 ⎛2 ⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ B = −1
x= , A ⎜ − 1⎟ = 1 − 3 ⎜ ⎟ x = 0, A (0 − 2) = 2(0) − 6
3 ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
1 − 2 A = −6
− A = −1 A=3
3
A=3 ⎛3 −1 ⎞
⎛ 3 −2 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ x + x − 2 ⎟⎠ dx
∫ ⎜⎝ 3x − 2 + x − 1⎟⎠ dx y = 3 ln x − ln x − 2 + C
= ln(3x − 2) − 2 ln( x − 1) + C x3
⎛ 3x − 2 ⎞ y = ln +C
= ln ⎜ +C x−2
⎝ ( x − 1)2 ⎟⎠
2
8x − 7 16. ∫ du = ∫ x 2 − 1 dx
13. ∫ 2x 2 − x − 3
A B
A B + =2
+ = 8x − 7 x +1 x −1
x + 1 2x − 3 A( x − 1) + B( x + 1) = 2
A (2 x − 3) + B ( x + 1) = 8 x − 7 x = 1, B(1 + 1) = 2
3 ⎛3 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ 2B=2
x = , B ⎜ + 1⎟ = 8 ⎜ ⎟ − 7
2 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ B =1
5 x = − 1, A(− 1 − 1) = 2
B=5
2 −2 A=2
B=2 A = −1
x = −1, A (2 x − 3) = 8 x − 7 ⎛ −1 1 ⎞
u = ∫⎜ + dx
A (−2 − 3) = 8 − 7 ⎝ x + 1 x − 1⎠⎟
− 5 A = −15
u = − ln x + 1 + ln x − 1 + C
A=3
⎛ 3 2 ⎞ x −1
u = ln +C
∫ ⎜⎝ x + 1 + 2 x − 3 ⎟⎠ dx x +1
= 3 ln x + 1 + ln 2 x − 3 + C 2
17. ∫ F ′( x ) dx = ∫ x 3 − x dx
( 3
= ln x + 1 2 x − 3 + C ) A
+
B
+
C
=2
5 x + 14 x x +1 x −1
14. ∫ x 2 + 7 x dx A( x + 1)( x − 1) + Bx ( x − 1) + Cx ( x + 1) = 2
x = 1, 2C = 2
A B C =1
+ = 5 x + 14
x x+7 x = −1, 2 B = 2
A( x + 7) + Bx = 5 x + 14 B =1
x = −7, − 7 B = 5(−7) + 14 x = 0, − A=2
− 7 B = −21 A = −2
B=3 ⎛ −2 1 1 ⎞
x = 0, A (0 + 7) = 5(0) + 14 ∫ ⎜⎝ x + x + 1 + x − 1⎟⎠ dx
7 A = 14
F ( x ) = −2 ln x + ln x + 1 + ln x − 1 + C
A=2
⎛ x2 − 1 ⎞
⎛2 3 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ x + x + 7 ⎟⎠ dx F ( x ) = ln ⎜
⎜⎝ x 2 ⎟⎠
⎟ +C
= 2 ln x + 3 ln ( x + 7) + C
(
= ln x 2 x + 7
3
)+C
298 Section 6.5
2t 3 2x3
18. ∫ G ′(t ) dt = ∫ t 3 − t dt 22. ∫ x 2 − 1 dx
2 2x
)
t 3 − t 2t 3 )
x 2 − 1 2x3
2t 3 − 2t 2x3 − 2x
2t 2x
2t ⎛ 2x ⎞
= ∫ 2 + 3 dt
t −t ∫ ⎝⎜ 2 x + x 2 − 1⎠⎟ dx
2
= 2t + ∫ 2 dt u = x2 − 1
t −1 du = 2 x dx
A(t + 1) + B(t − 1) = 2
du
t = −1, B(−1 − 1) = 2 x2 + ∫
− 2B = 2 u
B = −1 = x 2 + ln u + C
t = 1, A(1 + 1) = 2 = x 2 + ln x 2 − 1 + C
2A = 2 23. (a) 200 individuals.
A=1
(b) 100 individuals.
⎛ −1 1 ⎞
G (t ) = 2t + ∫ ⎜ + dt
⎝ (t − 1) (t + 1) ⎟⎠
dP (100)
(c) = 0 . 006(100)(200 − 100)
dt
= 2t − ln t − 1 + ln t + 1 + C = 60 individuals per year.
t +1
= 2t + ln +C 24. (a) 700 individuals.
t −1 (b) 350 individuals.
2x dP (350)
= 0 . 0008(350)(700 − 350)
19. ∫ x 2 − 4 dx (c)
dt
= 98 individualss per year.
u = x2 − 4
25. (a) 1200 individuals.
du = 2 x dx
du (b) 600 individuals.
∫ u = ln u + C = ln x − 4 + C
2
dP (600)
(c) = 0 . 0002(600)(1200 − 600)
4x − 3 dt
20. ∫ 2 x 2 − 3x + 1 dx = 72 individualls per year.
26. (a) 5000 individuals.
u = 2 x 2 − 3x + 1
du = (4 x − 3) dx (b) 2500 individuals.
du dP (2500)
∫ u = ln u + C (c)
dt
= 10 −5 (2500)(5000 − 2500)
= ln 2 x 2 − 3x + 1 + C = 62 . 5 individ
d uals per year.
dP
x2 + x − 1 27. = .006 P (200 − P )
21. ∫ x2 − x
dx dt
dP
1 ∫ P(200 − P) = ∫ .006 dt
)
x2 − x x2 + x − 1 A
+
B
=1
x2 − x P 200 − P
2x − 1 A(200 − P ) + BP = 1
P = 200, 200 B = 1
⎛ 2x − 1 ⎞
∫ ⎝⎜ 1 + x 2 − x ⎠⎟ dx B = 0 . 005
P = 0, A(200 − 0) = 1
u = x2 − x 200 A = 1
du = (2 x − 1) dx A = 0 . 005
du ⎛ 0 . 005 0 . 005 ⎞
x+∫ = x + ln u + C
u ∫ ⎜⎝ P + 200 − P ⎟⎠ dP = 0.006t
= x ln x 2 − x + C
⎛1 1 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ P + 200 − P ⎟⎠ dP = 1.2t
ln P − ln (200 − P ) = 1 . 2t + C
Section 6.5 299
27. Continued dP
29. = 0.0002 P (1200 − P )
⎛ 200 − P ⎞ dt
ln ⎜ = − 1 . 2t − C
⎝ P ⎟⎠ dP
200
∫ P (1200 − P ) = ∫ 0.0002 dt
− 1 = e −1 . 2 t e − c
P A B
200 + =1
= 1 + e −1 . 2 t e − c P 1200 − P
P A (1200 − P ) + BP = 1
200 P = 1200, 1200 B = 1
= 1 + e −1 . 2 ( 0 ) e − c
8 B = 0.00083
e − c = 24 P = 0, A (1200 − 0 ) = 1
200 1200 A = 1
P=
1 + 2 4 e −1 . 2 t A = 0.00083
⎛ 0.00083 0.00083 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ P
+
700 − P ⎟⎠
dP = 0.0002t
⎛1 1 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ P + 1200 − P ⎟⎠ dP = 0.24t
[–1, 7] by [0, 200] ln P − ln (1200 − P ) = 0.24t + C
dP
= 0.0008 P (700 − P ) ⎛ 1200 − P ⎞
⎟⎠ = −0.24 t − C
28. ln ⎜
dt ⎝ P
dP
∫ P(700 − P) = ∫ 0.0008 dt 1200
− 1 = e −0.24 t e − c
A B P
+ =1 1200
P 700 − P = 1 + e −0.24 t e − c
P
A(700 − P ) + BP = 1 1200
P = 700, 700 B = 1 = 1 + e −0.24 ( 0 ) e − c
20
B = 0.0014 e − c = 59
P = 0, A(700 − 0) = 1 1200
A = 0.0014 P=
1 + 59 e −0.24 t
⎛ 0.0014 0.0014 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ P + 700 − P ⎟⎠ dP = 0.0008t
⎛1 1 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ P + 700 − P ⎟⎠ dP = 0.56t
ln P − ln (700 − P ) = 0.56t + C
⎛ 700 − P ⎞ [–1, 30] by [0, 1200]
ln ⎜ = −0.56t − C
⎝ P ⎟⎠ dP
700 30. = 10 −5 P ( 5000 − P )
− 1 = e −0.56 t e − c dt
P
dP −5
700
= 1 + e −0.56 t e − c ∫ P (5000 − P ) = ∫ 10 dt
P
700 A B
= 1 + e −0.56 ( 0 ) e − c + =1
10 P 5000 − P
e − c = 69 A ( 5000 − P ) + BP = 1
700 P = 5000, 5000 B = 1
P=
1 + 69 e −0.56 t B = 0.0002
P = 0, A ( 5000 − 0 ) = 1
5000 A = 1
A = 0.0002
⎛ 0.0002 0.0002 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ + dP = 10 −5 t
P 5000 − P ⎟⎠
[–1, 15] by [0, 700]
⎛1 1 ⎞
∫ ⎝⎜ P + 5000 − P ⎠⎟ dP = 0.5 t
300 Section 6.5
30. Continued Initial condition: P (0) = 6

ln P − ln ( 5000 − P ) = 0.5 t + C 6=
150
⎛ 5000 − P ⎞ 1 + Ae 0
ln ⎜
⎝ P ⎟⎠ = −0.5 t − C 1 + A = 25
A = 24
5000
− 1 = e −0.5 t e − c 150
P Formula: P =
5000 1 + 24e −0.225 t
= 1 + e −0.5 t e − c 150
P (b) 100 =
5000
= 1 + e −0.5 ( 0 ) e − c 1 + 24e −0.225 t
50 3
1 + 24e −0.225 t =
e − c = 99 2
5000 1
P= 24e −0.225 t =
1 + 99 e −0.5 t 2
−0.225 t 1
e =
48
− 0.225 t = − ln 48
ln 48
t= ≈ 17.21 weeks
0.225
150
[–1, 200] by [0, 5000] 125 =
1 + 24e −0.225 t
1000 6
31. (a) P (t ) = 1 + 24e −0.225 t =
1 + e 4.8− 0.7 t 5
1
=
1000 24e −0.225 t =
1 + e 4.8− 0.7 t 5
M −0.225 t 1
= e =
1 + Ae − kt 120
− 0.225 t = − ln 120
This is a logistic growth model with k = 0.7 and ln 120
M = 1000. t= ≈ 21.28
0.225
1000 It will take about 17.21 weeks to reach 100 guppies, and
(b) P (0) = ≈8
1 + e 4.8 about 21.28 weeks to reach 125 guppies.
Initially there are 8 rabbits. dP
34. (a) = 0.0004 P (250 − P )
200 dt
32. (a) P (t ) =
1 + e5.3− t 0.1
= P (250 − P )
200 250
=
1 + e5.3e − t k
= P( M − P)
M M
=
1 + Ae − kt Thus, k = 0 . 1 and M = 250 .
This is a logistic growth model with k = 1 and M = 200. M
P=
200 1 + Ae − kt
(b) P (0) = ≈1 250
1 + e5.3 =
1 + Ae −0.1t
Initially 1 student has the measles.
Initial condition: P (0) = 28, where t = 0 represen ts
dP
33. (a) = 0.0015P (150 − P ) the year 1970.
dt
250
=
0 . 225
P (150 − P ) 28 =
150 1 + Ae 0
k 28(1 + A) = 250
= P( M − P) 250 111
M A= −1= ≈ 7.9286
Thus, k = 0 . 225 and M = 150. 28 14
M 250
P= Formula:P (t ) = , or approximately
1 + Ae − kt 1 + 111e −0.1t /14
150 250
= P (t ) =
1 + Ae −0.225 t 1 + 7 . 9286e −0.1t
Section 6.5 301
34. Continued (c) When t = 0.

(b) The population P(t) will round to 250 when (d) This curve has no inflection point. If the initial
P (t ) ≥ 249.5. population is greater than M, the curve is always
250 concave up and approaches y = M asymptotically from
249.5 =
1 + 111e −0.1t /14 above. If the initial population is smaller than M, the
⎛ 111e −0.1t ⎞ curve is always concave down and approaches y = M
249.5 ⎜ 1 + = 250
⎝ 14 ⎟⎠ asymptotically from below.
37. (a) The regression equation is
(249.5)(111e −0.1t )
= 0.5
5 232739.9
14 P=
14 1 + 14.582e −0.101t
e −0.1t =
55, 389
14
−0.1t = ln
55, 389
t = 10(ln 55,3389 − ln 14) ≈ 82.8
It will take about 83 years.
[–5, 70] by [–24000, 260000]
dP
35. = kP ( M − P ) 232739 . 9
dt (b) P (∞) = ≈ 232, 740 peoplle.
dP 1 + 14 . 582e −0.101( ∞ )
∫ P( M − P) = ∫ k dt 232739.9
(c) P =
Q
+
R
=1 1 + 14.582e −0.101t
P M−P 232739.9
RP + Q( M − P ) = 1 14.582e −0.101t = −1
225, 000
P = 0, MQ = 1 e −0.101t = .0024
1 −6.05
Q= t= ≈ 60 or 2010.
M −0.101
P = M , MR = 1
1 dP
R= (d) = kP ( M − P ) = (4.352 × 10 −7 ) P (232739.9 − P ).
M dt
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 38. (a) The regression equation is
⎜M ⎟
∫ ⎜ P + ( M − P) ⎟ dP = kt + C
M
P=
458791.8
⎜ ⎟ 1 + 18.771e −0.113t
⎝ ⎠
⎛1 1 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ P + ( M − P) ⎠⎟ dP = Mkt + C
⎛ M − P⎞
ln ⎜ = − Mkt − C
⎝ P ⎟⎠
M 458791.8
− 1 = e − Mkt e − C (b) P (∞) = ≈ 458, 792
P 1 + 18.771e −0.113( ∞ )
M
= 1 + e − Mkt A 458791.8
P (c) P =
P=
M 1 + 18.771e −0.113t
1 + Ae − Mkt 458791.8
18.771e −0.113t = −1
450, 000
dP
36. (a) = k ( M − P) e −0.113t = 0.001
dt
−6.87
dP t= ≈ 60 or 2010.
∫ M − P = ∫ k dt −0.113
− ln( M − P ) = kt + C dP
(d) = kP ( M − P ) = (2.4626 × 10 −7 ) P (458791.8 − P )
M − P = e − kt e − c dt
e−c = A 39. False. It does look exponential, but it resembles the solution
P = M − Ae − kt dP
to = kP (100 − 10) = (90 k ) P.
dt
(b) lim P (t ) = M − Ae − k∞ = M
t →∞
302 Section 6.5
40. True. The graph will be a logistic curve with P − 100 = 1200 Ae11kt /12 − APe11kt /12
lim P (t ) = 100 and lim P (t ) = 0 . P (1 + Ae11kt /12 ) = 1200 Ae11kt /12 + 100
t →∞ t→−∞
1200 Ae11kt /12 + 100
600 P=
41. D. = 300. 1 + Ae11kt /12
2
1200 Ae 0 + 100
dy (∞) 0.9 (c) 300 =
42. B. = = 0.9 1 + Ae 0
dt 1 + 45e −0.15( ∞ ) 300(1 + A) = 1200 A + 100
(1.0 − 0.9) 100 = 10% 300 − 100 = 1200 A − 300 A
3 3 200 = 900 A
43. D. ∫2 ( x − 1)( x + 2) dx A=
2
9
A B 1200(2 / 9)e11kt /12 + 100
+ =3 P (t ) =
x −1 x + 2
1 + (2 / 9)e11kt /12
A( x + 2) + B( x − 1) = 3
1200(2)e11kt /12 + 100(9)
x = −2, B(−2 − 1) = 3 P (t ) =
− 3B = 3 9 + 2e11kt /12
B = −1 300(8e11kt /12 + 3)
P (t ) =
x = 1, A(1 + 2) = 3 9 + 2e11kt /12
3A = 3 (d)
A=1
⎛ 1 −1 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ x − 1 + x + 2 ⎟⎠ dx
3
⎛ x −1⎞ ⎛ 8⎞
= ln ⎜ = ln ⎜ ⎟ [0, 75] by [0, 1500]
⎝ x + 2 ⎠⎟ 2 ⎝ 5⎠ Note that the slope field is given by
dP 0.1
44. B. = (1200 − P )( P − 100).
dt 1200
dP
45. (a) Note that k > 0 and M > 0, so the sign of is the dP k
dt (e) = ( M − P )( P − m)
dt M
sameas the sign of ( M − P )( P − m). For m < P < M, both
M dP
M − P and P − m are positive, so the product is positive. =k
For P < m or P > M, the expressions M – P and P – m ( M − P )( P − m) dt
M M−m dP
have opposite signs, so the product is negative. =k
M − m ( M − P )( P − m) dt
dP k
= ( M − P )( P − m) ( P − m) + ( M − P ) dP M − m
(b) = k
dt M ( M − P )( P − m) dt M
dP
=
k
(1200 − P )( P − 100) ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ dP M − m
dt 1200 ⎜⎝ M − P + P − m ⎠⎟ dt = M k
1200 dP ⎛ 1 ⎞ M−m
=k 1
(1200 − P )( P − 100) dt ∫ ⎜⎝ M − P + P − m ⎟⎠ dP = ∫ M
k dt
1100 dP 11 M−m
= k − ln M − P + ln P − m = kt + C
(1200 − P )( P − 100) dt 12 M
( P − 100) + (1200 − P ) dP 11 P−m M−m
= k ln = kt + C
(1200 − P )( P − 100) dt 12 M−P M
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ dP 11 P−m
⎜⎝ 1200 − P + P − 100 ⎟⎠ dt = 12 k = ± eC e( M − m) kt /M
M−P
⎛ 1 ⎞ P−m
1 11 = Ae( M − m) kt /M
∫ ⎜⎝ 12200 − P + P − 100 ⎟⎠ dP = ∫ 12 k dt M−P
11 P − m = ( M − P ) Ae( M − m) kt /M
− ln 1200 − P + ln P − 100 = kt + C ( M − m ) kt /M
12 P (1 + Ae ) = AMe( M − m) kt /M + m
P − 100 11 AMe( M − m) kt /M + m
ln = kt + C P=
1200 − P 12 1 + Ae( M − m) kt /M
P − 100 AMe 0 + m AM + m
= ± eC e11kt /12 P (0) = =
1200 − P 1 + Ae 0 1+ A
P − 100
= Ae11kt /12
1200 − P
Chapter 6 Review 303
45. Continued dP P ⎛ 10 − P ⎞
4. =
(e) P (0)(1 + A) = AM + m dt 5 ⎜⎝ 10 ⎟⎠
A( P (0) − M ) = m − P (0) dp 1
A=
m − P (0) P (0) − m
=
∫ P(10 − P) = ∫ 50 dt
P (0) − M M − P (0) A B
+ =1
Therefore, the solution to the differential equation is P 10 − P
AMe( M − m) kt /M + m P (0) − m A(10 − P ) + BP = 1
P= where A = . P = 10, 10 B = 1
1 + Ae( M − m) kt /M M − P (0)
B = 0.1
1 ⎛ x⎞ P = 0, 10 A = 1
46. (a) tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ + C A = 0.1
a ⎝ a⎠
⎛ 0.1 0.1 ⎞ 1
(b)
1
ln
x+a
+C
∫ ⎜⎝ + ⎟
P 10 − P ⎠
dP =
50
t +C
2a x − a
10 − P
ln = − 1 / 5t − C
1 P
(c) − +C
x+a 10
P= −1/ 5t − C
15 1+ e e
47. (a) 5 ln x + 3 + +C 10
x+3 P (0) = 3 =
1 + Ae −1/ 5( 0 )
5 15 A = 2 . 33
(b) − + +C 10
x + 3 2( x + 3)2 liim P (t ) = = 10
t →∞ 1 + 2 . 33e −1/ 5( ∞ )
48. (a) This is true since
10
A B C A( x − 1)2 + B( x − 1) + C (b) P (0) = 20 =
+ + = 1 + Ae −1/ 5( 0 )
x − 1 ( x − 1)2 ( x − 1)3 ( x − 1)3 A = 5 . 66
10
(b) A( x − 1)2 + B( x − 1) + C = x 2 + 3x + 5 lim P (t ) = = 10
t →∞ 1 + 5 . 66e −1/ 5( ∞ )
x = 0, A − B + C = 5
x = 1, C=9 (c) Separate the variables.
x = 2, − 2 A + B = 3 dY 1 ⎛ t ⎞
= ⎜ 1 − ⎟ dt
A=1 Y 5 ⎝ 10 ⎠
1− B + 9 = 5 t t2
B=5 ln Y = − + C1
5 100
2
5 9 Y = Cet / 5−t /100 where C = e
C1
(c) ln x − 1 − − +C
x − 1 2( x − 1)2 3 = Ce 0 ⇒ C = 3
Quick Quiz 2 /100
Y = 3et / 5−t
1. C.
2 100 3et / 5 3et / 5
2. C. (d) lim 3et / 5−t = lim = lim =0
t →∞ t 2 /100
(e )
t →∞ t →∞ t / 20
t /5
dx e
3. A. ∫
( x − 1)( x + 3)
Chapter 6 Review Exercises
A B
+ =1 π /3 π /3 π
x −1 x + 3 1. ∫0 sec 2 θ dθ = tan θ ⎤⎦ 0 = tan
3
− tan 0 = 3
A( x + 3) + B( x − 1) = 1
x = −3, − 4 B = 1 2
2⎛ 1⎞ ⎡1 2 −1 ⎤
B = −1 / 4 2. ∫1 ⎜⎝ x + 2 ⎟⎠ dx = ⎢ 2 x − x ⎥
x ⎣ ⎦1
x = 1, 4A = 1
A = 1/ 4 ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ (4) − ⎟ − ⎜ − 1⎟
⎛ 1 / 4 −1 / 4 ⎞ ⎝2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
∫ ⎜⎝ x − 1 + x + 3 ⎟⎠ dx 3 1
= +
1 x −1 2 2
= ln +C 4
4 x+3 = =2
2
304 Chapter 6 Review
3. Let u = 2 x + 1 8. Let u = ln r
du = 2 dx 1
du = dr
1 r
du = dx
2 e ln r 1 1/ 2
1 36 3 1 ∫1 dr = ∫0 u du
∫0 (2 x + 1)3 dx = 18 ∫1 u3 du r
1
2 ⎤
3 = u 3/ 2 ⎥
⎛ 1⎞ ⎤ 3 ⎦0
= 18 ⎜ − ⎟ u −2 ⎥
⎝ 2⎠ ⎦1
2
= (1 − 0)
⎛1 ⎞ 3
= −9 ⎜ − 1⎟ 2
⎝9 ⎠ =
3
⎛ 8⎞
= −9 ⎜ − ⎟ 1 x
⎝ 9⎠ 9. ∫0 x 2 + 5x + 6 dx
=8
x
4. Let u = 1 − x 2 ( x + 3)( x + 2)
du = −2 x dx A B
+ =x
− du = 2 x dx x+3 x+2
1 0 A( x + 2) + B( x + 3) = x
∫−1 2 x sin(1 − x ) dx = − ∫ sin u du = 0
2
0 x = −2, B(−2 + 3) = −2
5. Let u = sin x B = −2
x = −3, A( − 3 + 2) = −3
du = cos x dx − A = −3
π /2 1 A=3
∫0 5 sin 3/ 2 x cos x dx = ∫0 5u
3/ 2
du
3 −2
2 ⎤
1 ∫ x + 3 + x + 2 dx
= 5 i u 5/ 2 ⎥ 1 ⎛ 256 ⎞
5 ⎦0 = ln( x + 3)3 − ln( x + 2)2 = ln ⎜
= 2(1 − 0)
0 ⎝ 243 ⎟⎠
=2 2 2x + 6
4 x 2 + 3x 4
10. ∫1 x 2 − 3x dx
6. ∫ dx = ∫ ( x + 3) dx ( x ≠ 0)
1/ 2 x 1/ 2
2x + 6
4
⎛1 ⎞⎤ x ( x − 3)
= ⎜ x 2 + 3x ⎟ ⎥
⎝2 ⎠ ⎦1/ 2 A B
+ = 2x + 6
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 3⎞ x x−3
= ⎜ (16) + 3(4)⎟ − ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ + ⎟ A(x − 3) + Bx = 2 x + 6
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎝ 4⎠ 2⎠
x = 3, 3B = 2(3) + 6
⎛ 1 12 ⎞ B=4
= 20 − ⎜ + ⎟
⎝8 8 ⎠ x = 0, A(0 − 3) = 2(0) + 6
= 20 −
13 − 3A = 6
8 A = −2
147 2 −2 4
=
8 ∫1 x + x − 3 dx
7. Let u = tan x 2
= −2 ln x + 4 ln( x − 3) 1 = −6 ln 2
du = sec 2 x dx
11. Let u = 2 − sin x
π / 4 tan x 1 u
∫ 0
e sec 2 x dx = ∫ 0
e du du = − cos x dx
1 − du = cos x dx
u⎤
=e ⎦
cos x 1
∫ 2 − sin x dx = − ∫ u du
0
= e1 − e 0
= e −1 = − ln u + C
= − ln 2 − sin x + C
12. Let u = 3x + 4 16. Let u = e x

du = 3 dx
du = e x dx
1
du = dx
∫e sec(e x ) dx = ∫ sec u du
x
3
dx 1 = ln sec u + tan u + C
∫ = ∫ u −1/ 3 du
3
3x + 4 3 = ln sec(e x ) + tan (e x ) + C
1 3
= i u 2/ 3 + C
3 2 17. Let u = ln x
1
= (3x + 4)2/ 3 + C 1
2 du =
dx
x
dx 1
13. Let u = t 2 + 5 ∫ x ln x = ∫ u du
du = 2t dt = ln u + C
1
du = t dt = ln ln x + C
2
dt dt
t dt 1 1 1
∫ t 2 + 5 = 2 ∫ u du = 2 ln u + C 18. ∫t t
= ∫ t 3/ 2
1
= ln t 2 + 5 + C = ∫ t −3/ 2 dt
2
1 = −2t −1/ 2 + C
= ln(t 2 + 5) + C 2
2 =− +C
t
1
14. Let u = 19. Use tabular integration with f (x ) = x 3and g(x ) = cos x.
θ
1
du = − dθ
θ2
1 1 1
∫ θ 2 sec θ tan θ dθ = − ∫ sec u tan u du
= − sec u + C
1
= − sec + C
θ
15. Let u = ln y
1
du = dy
y
tan (ln y)
∫ y
dy = ∫ tan u du
∫x
3
cos x dx
sin u
=∫ du = x 3 sin x + 3x 2 cos x − 6 x sin x − 6 cos x + C
cos u
Let w = cos u 20. Let u = ln x dv = x 4 dx
dw = − sin u du 1 1 5
1 du = dx v= x
= − ∫ dw x 5
w
= − ln w + C 1 5 1 ⎛ 1⎞
∫x ln x dx = x ln x − ∫ x 5 ⎜ ⎟ dx
4
5 5 ⎝ x⎠
= − ln cos u + C
1 5 1 4
= − ln cos(ln y) + C = x ln x − ∫ x dx
5 5
1 1 5
= x 5 ln x − x +C
5 25
21. Let u = e3 x dv = sin x dx ⎛ −5 / 2 5/ 2 ⎞

∫ ⎜⎝ x + 5 + x − 5 ⎟⎠ dx
du = 3e3 x dx v = − cos x
5 x−5
∫ e sin x dx = −e cos x + ∫ 3 cos x e dx = +C
3x 3x 3x
ln
2 x+5
Integrate by parts again
5x + 2
Let u = 3e3 x dv = cos x dx 24. ∫ 2 x 2 + x − 1 dx
du = 9e3 x dx v = sin x 5x + 2
(2 x − 1)( x + 1)
∫ e sin x dx = −e cos x + 3e sin x − ∫ 9e
3x 3x 3x 3x
sin x dx
A B
+ = 5x + 2
10 ∫ e3 x sin x dx = − e3 x cos x + 3e3 x sin x + C 2x − 1 x + 1
A( x + 1) + B(2x − 1) = 5x + 2
1
∫e sin x dx = [− e3 x cos x + 3e3 x sin x ] + C x = −1, B(2(−1) − 1) = 5(−1) + 2
3x
10 − 3B = −3
⎛ 3 sin x cos x ⎞ 3 x B =1
=⎜ − e +C
⎝ 10 10 ⎟⎠ 1 ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
x= , A ⎜ + 1⎟ = S ⎜ ⎟ + 2
22. Let u = x 2 dv = e −3 x dx 2 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
3 9
1 A=
du = 2 x dx v = − e −3 x 2 2
3 A=3
2 −3 x 1 2 −3 x 2 −3 x ⎛ 3 1 ⎞
∫ x e dx = − 3 x e + 3 ∫ e x dx ∫ ⎜⎝ 2x − 1 + x + 1⎟⎠ dx
Let u = x dv = e −3 x dx 1
= ln (2 x − 1)3 ( x + 1)3 + C
2
1
du = dx v = − e −3 x dy x2
3 25. = 1+ x +
1 2 −3 x 2 ⎡ 1 −3 x 1 −3 x ⎤ dx 2
= − x e + ⎢ − xe + ∫ e dx ⎥
3 3⎣ 3 3 ⎦ ⎛ x2 ⎞
1 2 −3 x 2 −3 x 2 −3 x dy = ⎜ 1 + x + ⎟ dx
= − x e − xe + ∫ e dx ⎝ 2⎠
3 9 9 ⎛ x2 ⎞
1 2 2
= − x 2e −3 x − xe −3 x − e −3 x + C
3 9 27
∫ dy = ∫ ⎜⎝ 1 + x + 2 ⎟⎠ dx
⎛ x 2 2 x 2 ⎞ −3x 1 1
= ⎜− − − e +C y = x + x2 + x3 + C
⎝ 3 9 27 ⎟⎠ 2 6
y( 0 ) = C = 1
25 x3 x2
23. ∫ x 2 − 25 dx y=
6
+
2
+ x +1
25 Graphical support:
( x + 5)( x − 5)
A B
+ = 25
x+5 x−5
A(x − 5) + B(x + 5) = 25
x = 5, B (5 + 5) = 25
10 B = 25
B = 5/ 2
x = −5, A (−5 − 5) = 25
− 10 A = 25
A = −5 / 2
2 1
dy ⎛ 1⎞ y = − csc 2θ + C
26. = x+ ⎟
dx ⎜⎝ x⎠ 2
⎛π⎞ 1
⎛ 1⎞
2 y⎜ ⎟ = − + C = 1
dy = ⎜ x + ⎟ dx ⎝ 4⎠ 2
⎝ x⎠ 3
C=
2 2
⎛ 1⎞
∫ dy = ∫ ⎜⎝ x + x ⎟⎠ dx 1
y = − csc 2θ +
3
2 2
⎛ 1⎞
y = ∫ ⎜ x 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ dx
⎝ x ⎠
1
y = x 3 + 2 x − x −1 + C
3
1
y(1) = + 2 − 1 + C = 1
3
4
+C =1 d ( y′ ) 1
3 29. = 2x − 2
1 dx x
C=− ⎛ 1⎞
3 d ( y′) = ⎜ 2 x − 2 ⎟ dx
x3 1 1 ⎝ x ⎠
y= + 2x − −
3 x 3 ⎛ 1⎞
Graphical support: ∫ d ( y′) = ∫ ⎜⎝ 2 x − x 2 ⎟⎠ dx
y′ = x 2 + x −1 + C
y′(1) = 2 + C = 1
C = −1
y′ = x 2 + x −1 − 1
−1
∫ dy = ∫ ( x + x − 1) dx
2
1
y = x 3 + ln x − x + C
dy 1 3
27. = 1
dt t + 4 y(1) = + 0 − 1 + C = 0
1 3
dy = dt
t+4 2
1 − +C = 0
∫ dy = ∫ t + 4 dt 3
2
y = ln t + 4 + C C=
3
y(−3) = ln (1) + C = 2 x3 2
C=2 y= + ln x − x +
3 3
y = ln (t + 4) + 2
Graphical Support: Graphical support:
x3 2
Let f ( x ) = + ln x − x + .
3 3
We first show thegraph of y = f ′( x ) = x 2 + x −1 − 1, x > 0,
1
along with theslope field d for y′ = f ″ ( x ) = 2 x − 2 .
x
dy
28. = csc 2θ cot 2θ
dθ
dy = csc 2θ cot 2θ dθ
∫ dy = ∫ csc 2θ cot 2θ dθ
29. Continued dy
We now show the graph of y = f ( x ) along with the slope field 31. = y+2
dx
for y′ = f ′( x ) = x 2 + x −1 − 1. dy
= dx
y+2
dy
∫ y + 2 = ∫ dx
ln y + 2 = x + C
y + 2 = Ce x
y = Ce x − 2
d (r ″ ) y(00) = C − 2 = 2
30. = − cos t
dt C=4
d (r ″ ) = − cos t dt y = 4e x − 2
∫ d (r ″) = ∫ − cos t dt Graphical support:
r ″ = − sin t + C
r ″ (0) = C = − 1
r ″ = − sin t − 1
∫ d (r ′) = ∫ (− sin t − 1) dt
r ′ = cos t − t + C
r ′(0) = 1 + C = − 1
C = −2 dy
r ′ = cos t − t − 2 32. = (2 x + 1)( y + 1)
dx
∫ = ∫ (cos t − t − 2) dt
dr dy
= (2 x + 1) dx
t2 y +1
r = sin t − − 2t + C
2 dy
r (0) = C = − 1 ∫ y + 1 = ∫ (2 x + 1) dx
t2 ln y + 1 = x 2 + x + C
r = sin t − − 2t − 1
2 2+x
Graphical support: y + 1 = Ce x
2
We first show the graph of y = r ″ = − sin t − 1 y = Ce x + x − 1
y(−1) = C − 1 = 1
along with the slope field for y′ = r ′″ = − cos t.
C=2
2+x
y = 2e x −1
Graphical support:
Next, we show the graph of y = r ′ = cos t − t − 2

alo n g with the slope field for y′ = r ″ = − sin t − 1 .
dy
33. = y(1 − y)
dt
dy
= dt
y(1 − y)
A B
t2 + =1
Finally we show the graph of y = r = sin t − − 2t − 1 y 1− y
2 A(1 − y) + By = 1
along with the slope field for y′ = r ′ = cos t − t − 2.
y = 1, B =1
y = 0, A=1
33. Continued 37. y
1 1
+ =1 2
y 1− y
1 1
∫ y + 1 − y dy = ∫ dt 1
ln y − ln 1 − y = t + C x
−1 0 1
1− y
ln = −t − C −1
y
y
1− y 38.
= e−te−c
y 2
1
− 1 = e−te−c
y
1
1
y= x
1 + Ae − t −1 0 1
1
1=
y(0) = 0.1 −1
1 + Ae −0.1
A=9 39. Graph (b).
1
y= 40. Graph (d).
1 + 9 e-0.1
41. Graph (c).
dy
34. = 0.001y (100 − y) 42. Graph (a).
dx
dy 43.
= dx
0.001y (100 − y) dy dy ( x + Δx , y + Δy)
(x,y) = x + y −1 Δx Δy = Δx
A B dx dx
+ =1
0.001 y 100 − y (1,1) 1.0 0.1 0.1 (1.1, 1.1)
A(100 − y) + B(0.001y) = 1 (1.1, 1.1) 1.2 0.1 0.12 (1.2, 1.22)
y = 100, B(.1) = 1
B = 10 (1.2, 1.22) 1.42 0.1 0.142 (1.3, 1.362)
y = 0, 100 A = 1 y = 1.362
A = 0.01
44.
⎛ 0.01 10 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ 0.001 y + 100 − y ⎟⎠ dy = x + C dy dy ( x + Δx , y + Δy)
(x,y) = x−y Δx Δy = Δx
dx dx
⎛ 0.001 1 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ 0.001 y + 100 − y ⎟⎠ dy = 0.1x + C (1,2) –1.0 –0.1 0.1 (0.9, 2.1)
(0.9, 2.1) –1.2 –0.1 0.12 (0.8, 2.22)
ln y − ln 100 − y = 0.1x + C
(0.8, 2.22) –1.42 –0.1 0.142 (0.7, 2.362)
100 − y
ln = −0.1x − C
y y = 2.362
100
− 1 = e −0.1x e − c 45. We seek the graph of a function whose derivative is
sin x
.
y x
100
y= Graph (b) is increasing on [−π ,π ], where
sin x
1 + Ae −0.1 x x
is positive,
100
y( 0 ) = 5 = and oscillates slightly outside of this interval. This is the
1 + Ae −0.1( 0 ) correct choice, and this can be verified by graphing NINT
A = 19
100 ⎛ sin x ⎞
, x , 0, x ⎟ .
y= ⎝⎜ x ⎠
1 + 19e −0.1x
x 46. We seek the graph of a function whose derivative is e − x 2 .
35. y = ∫4 sin t dt + 5
3
x
Since e − x 2 > 0 for all x, the desired graph is increasing for
36. y = ∫1 1 + t dt + 2
4
all x. Thus, the only possibility is graph (d), and we may
verify that this is correct by graphing NINT (e − x 2 , x , 0, x ).
47. (iv) The given graph looks the graph of y = x 2, which It took a total of about 107 minutes to cool from 220°F to
70°F. Therefore, the time to cool from 180°F to 70°F was
dy
satisfies = 2 x and y(1) = 1. about 92 minutes.
dx
48. Yes, y = x is a solution. 53. T − Ts = (T0 − Ts )e − kt
We have the system:
dv
49. (a) = 2 + 6t ⎪⎧39 − Ts = (46 − Ts )e
−10 k
dt ⎨ −20 k
⎩⎪33 − Ts = (46 − Ts )e
∫ dv = ∫ (2 + 6t ) dt
v = 2t + 3t 2 + C 39 − Ts 33 − Ts
Thus, = 10 −10 k and = e −20 k
Initial condition: v = 4 when t = 0 46 − Ts 46 − Ts
4 = 0+C Sin ce (e −10 k )2 = e −20 k , this means:
4=C 2
⎛ 39 − Ts ⎞ 33 − Ts
v = 2t + 3t 2 + 4 ⎜ 46 − T ⎟ = 46 − T
⎝ s ⎠ s
1 1
∫0 v(t ) dt = ∫0 (2t + 3t + 4) dt
2
(b) (39 − Ts )2 = (33 − Ts )(46 − Ts )
1 1521 − 7 8Ts + Ts2 = 1518 − 79Ts + Ts2
= ⎡⎣t 2 + t 3 + 4t ⎤⎦
0 Ts = − 3
= 6−0 The refrigerator temperature was − 3 °C.
=6
The particle moves 6 m. 54. Use the method of Example 3 in Section 6.4.
e − kt = 0.995
50.
− kt = ln 0.995
1 5700
t = − ln 0.995 = − lnn 0.995 ≈ 41.2
k ln 2
The painting is about 41.2 years old.
[–10, 10] by [–10, 10] 55. Use the method of Example 3 in Section 6.4.
Since 90% of the carbon-14 has decayed, 10% remains.
ln 2
51. (a) Half-life = e − kt = 0.1
k
− kt = ln 0.1
ln 2
2 . 645 = 1 5700
k t = − ln 0.1 = − ln 0.1 ≈ 18, 935
ln 2 k ln 2
k= ≈ 0 . 262059 The charcoal sample is about 18.935 years old.
2 . 645
56. Use t = 1988 − 1924 = 64 years.
1
(b) Mean life = ≈ 3 . 81593 years
k 250 ert = 7500
ert = 30
52. T − Ts = (T0 − Ts )e − kt rt = ln 30
T − 40 = (220 − 40)e − kt ln 30 ln 30
r= = ≈ 0 . 05 3
Use the fact that T = 180 and t = 15 to find k. t 64
The rate of appreciation is about 0.053, or 5.3%.
180 − 40 = (220 − 40)e − ( k )(15)
180 9 57. Using the Law of Exponential Change in Section 6.4 with
e15k = =
140 7 appropriate changes of variables, the solution to the
k=
1
ln
9 differential equation is L( x ) = L0e − kx , where L 0 = L (0) is
15 7 the surface intensity. We know 0.5 = e −18 k , so
T − 40 = (220 − 40)e − ((1/15) ln (9/ 7))t ln 0.5
k= and our equation becomes
70 − 40 = (2 20 − 40)e − ((1/15) ln (9/ 7))t −18
180 x /18
e((1/15) ln (9/ 7))t = =6 ⎛ 1⎞
30 L ( x ) = L0e(ln 0.5)( x /18 )
= L0 ⎜ ⎟ . We now find the depth
⎛ 1 9⎞ ⎝ 2⎠
⎜⎝ 15 ln 7 ⎟⎠ t = ln 6 where the intensity is one-tenth of the surface value.
15 ln 6
t= ≈ 1 0 7 min
ln (9 / 7)
57. Continued 60. Use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

d ⎛ x 2 ⎞
( )
x /18 d 3
⎛ 1⎞
dx ⎝ ∫0
0.1 = ⎜ ⎟ y′ = ⎜ sin t dt ⎟⎠ + x +x+2
⎝ 2⎠ dx
x ⎛ 1⎞ = (sin x 2 ) + (3x 2 + 1)
ln 0.1 = ln ⎜ ⎟ d
18 ⎝ 2 ⎠ y″ = (sin x 2 + 3x 2 + 1)
18 ln 0.1 dx
x= ≈ 59.8 ft = (cos x 2 )(2 x ) + 6 x
ln 0.5
= 2 x cos( x 2 ) + 6 x
You can work without artificial light to a depth of about
Thus, the differential equation is satisfied. Verify the initial
59.8 feet.
conditions:
dy kA y′(0) = (sin 0 2 ) + 3(0)2 + 1 = 1
58. (a) = (c − y)
dt V 0
y( 0 ) = ∫0 sin(t ) dt + 0 3 + 0 + 2 = 2
2
dy kA
∫ c − y = ∫ V dt dP ⎛ P ⎞
61. = 0.002 P ⎜ 1 −
− ln c − y =
kA
t +C dt ⎝ 800 ⎟⎠
V
kA dP ⎛ 800 − P ⎞
ln c − y = − t − C = 0.002 P ⎜
V dt ⎝ 800 ⎟⎠
c − y = e − ( kA/V )t −C 800
dP = 0.002dt
c − y = ±e − ( kA /V )−C P (800 − P )
(800 − P ) + P
y = c ± e − ( kA/V )t −C dP = 0.002dt
P (800 − P )
y = c + De − ( kA/V )t
Initial condition y = y0 when t = 0 ⎛1 1 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ p + 800 − P ⎟⎠ dP = ∫ 0.002 dt
y0 = c + D
y0 − c = D ln P − ln 800 − P = 0.002t + C
P
Solution: y = c + ( y0 − c)e − ( kA/V )t ln = 0.002t + C
800 − P
(b) lim y(t ) = lim [c + ( y0 − c)e − ( kA/V )t ] = c 800 − P
t →∞ t →∞
ln = −0.002t − C
P
150 150 800 − P
59. (a) p(t ) = = = e −0.002t −C
1 + e 4.3−t 1 + e 4.3e − t P
800 − P
This is p =
M
where M = 150, A = e 4.3 , and k = 1 . = ± e − C e −0.002t
P
1 + Ae − kt 800
Therefore, it is a solution of the logistic differential − 1 = Ae −0.002t
P
equation. 800
dp k dp 1 P=
= P ( M − P ), or = P (150 − P ). The 1 + Ae −0.002t
dt M dt 150 Initial condition: P(0) = 50
carrying capacity is 150.
800
150 50 =
(b) P (0) = ≈2 1 + Ae 0
1 + e 4.3 1 + A = 16
Initially there were 2 infected students. A = 15
800
(c)
150
= 125 Solution: P =
1+ e 4.3−t 1 + 15e −0.002t
6 62. Method 1–Compare graph of y1 = x 2 ln x with
= 1 + e 4.3−t
5 ⎛ x 3 ln x x 3 ⎞
1 y2 = NDER ⎜ − ⎟ . The graphs should be the same.
= e 4.3−t ⎝ 3 9⎠
5
− ln 5 = 4.3 − t Method 2–Compare graph of y1 = NINT( x 2 ln x )
t = 4.3 + ln 5 ≈ 5.9 days.
It took about 6 days. x 3 ln x x 3
with y2 = − . The graphs should be the same or
3 9
differ only by a vertical translation.
63. (a) 20, 000 = 10, 000(1.063)t (b) Solving T (t ) = 40 graphically, we obtain t ≈ 9 . 2 sec.
The temperature will reach 40° after about 9.2 seconds.
2 = 1.063t
(c) When the probe was removed, the temperature was
ln 2 = t ln 1.063
about T (0) ≈ 79.76°C.
ln 2
t= ≈ 11.345
ln 1.063 1
It will take about 11.3 years. 67. (a) of the town has heard the rumor when it is spreading
2
(b) 20, 000 = 10, 000e 0.063t the fastest.
2 = e 0.063t dy
ln 2 = 0.063t
(b) ∫ 1.2 y(1 − y) = dt
ln 2 A B
t= ≈ 11.002 + =1
0.063 1.2 y 1 − y
It will take about 11.0 years. A(1 − y) + 1.2 y B = 1
d x y = 1, B = 0.83
dx ∫0
64. (a) f ′( x ) = u(t ) dt = u( x ) y = 0, A = 1
⎛ 1 0.83 ⎞
d x
∫ ⎜⎝ 1.2 y + 1 − y ⎟⎠ dy = t + C
dx ∫3
g′( x ) = u(t ) dt = u( x )
1− y
(b) C = f ( x ) − g( x ) ln = −1.2t − C
1.2 y
x x
= ∫0 u(t ) dt − ∫3 u(t ) dt 1− y
x 3 = e −1.2t e −C
= ∫ u(t ) dt + ∫ u(t ) dt 1.2 y
0 x
3 1
= ∫ u(t ) dt y=
0 1 + Ae −1.2t
1
272286.4 y( 0 ) =
65. (a) The regression equation is y = . 1 + Ae −1.2( 0 )
1 + 302.69e −0.2095t A=9
The graph is shown below. 1
y=
1 + 9e −1.2t
1 1
(c) =
2 1 + 9e −1.2t
Solve for t to obtain
5 ln 3
272286 . 4 t= ≈ 1 . 83 days.
(b) y(∞) = = 272, 286 peo
o ple. 3
1 + 302 . 69e −0.2095( ∞ )
dp
dp 68. (a) = k (600 − P ). Separate the variables to obtain
(c) = 7.694 × 10 −7 P (272286.4 − P ) dt
dt dP
= kdt
(d) The carrying capacity drops to 267,312.6, which is 600 − P
below the actual 2003 population. The logistic dP
= − kdt
regression is strongly affected by points at the extremes P − 600
of the data, especially when there are so few data points ln P − 600 = − kt + C1
being used. While the fit may be more dramatic for a P − 600 = Ce − kt
small data set, the equation is not as reliable. 200 − 600 = Ce 0 ⇒ C = −400
66. (a) T = 79.961(0.9273)t P − 600 = −400e − kt
P (t ) = 600 − 400e − kt
(b) 500 = 600 − 400e − k i 2

1 / 4 = e −2 k
k = ln 2 ≈ 0.693
[–1, 33] by [–5, 90]
(c) lim(600 − 400e −0.693t ) = 600
t →∞
Section 7.1 313
69. (a) Separate the variables to obtain 2. x 2 – 3x + 2 = (x – 1)(x – 2) = 0 when x = 1 or 2. Test one
dv
= −2dt point on each subinterval: for x = 0, x 2 – 3x + 2 = 2; for
v + 17
3 1
ln v + 17 = −2t + C1 x = , x 2 − 3x + 2 = − ; and for x = 3, x 2 – 3x + 2 = 2.
2 4
v + 17 = Ce −2t
−47 + 17 = Ce 0 ⇒ C = −30 The function changes sign at 1 and 2. The graph is
f(x)
v + 17 = −30e −2t + – +
x
v = −30e −2t − 17 –2 1 2 4
(b) lim(− 30e −2t − 17) = − 17 feet per second 3. x 2 – 2x + 3 = 0 has no real solutions, since b 2 – 4ac =
t →∞
(−2)2 – 4(1)(3) = –8 < 0. The function is always positive.
−2 t
(c) −20 = −30e − 17 The graph is
ln 10 f(x)
t= ≈ 1 . 151 seconds +
x
2 –4 2
Chapter 7 1
4. 2 x 3 – 3x 2 + 1 = ( x − 1)2 (2x + 1) = 0 when x = − or 1.
2
Applications of Definite Integrals Test one point on each subinterval: for x = –1,
2 x 3 – 3x 2 + 1 = –4; for x = 0, 2 x 3 – 3 x 2 + 1 = 1; and
Section 7.1 Integral as Net Change
3
(pp. 378–389) x = − , 2 x 3 − 3x 2 + 1 = 1. The function changes sign at
2
Exploration 1 Revisiting Example 2
1
− . The graph is
⎛ 2
8 ⎞ t3 8
1. s(t ) = ∫ ⎜ t 2 − 2⎟
dt = + +C – + +
f(x)
⎝ (t + 1) ⎠ 3 t +1 x
–2 –1 1 2
03 8 2
s (0) = + +C = 9⇒C =1
3 0 +1 π 3π 5π
5. On the interval, x cos 2x = 0 when x = 0, , , or .
t3 8 4 4 4
Thus, s(t ) = + + 1.
3 t +1 π
Test one point on each subinterval: for x = ,
8
13 8 16
2. s(1) = + + 1 = . This is the same as the answer we π 2 π π
3 1+ 1 3 x cos 2 x = , for x = , x cos 2 x = − for x = π , 2
16 2 2
found in Example 2a.
x cos 2 x = π ; and for x = 4, x cos 2 x ≈ − 0.58. The function
53 8 π 3π 5π
3. s(5) = + + 1 = 44. This is the same answer we found changes sign at , , and . The graph is
3 5 +1 4 4 4
in Example 2b. f(x)
+ – + –
x
Quick Review 7.1 0 ␲ 3␲ 5␲ 4
4 4 4
π π 6. xe − x = 0 when x = 0. On the rest of the interval, xe − x is
1. On the interval, sin 2x = 0 when x = − , 0, or . Test one
2 2 always positive.
3π
point on each subinterval: for x = − , sin 2 x = 1; for x
2 7. = 0 when x = 0. Test one point on each subinterval:
π π x 2 +1
x = − , sin 2 x = −1; for x = , sin 2 x = 1; and for
4 4 x 1 x 1
for x = −1, = − ; for x = 1, 2 = . The function
3π x2 + 1 2 x +1 2
x = − , sin 2 x = −1. The function changes sign at
4 changes sign at 0. The graph is
π π f(x)
− , 0, and . The graph is – +
x
2 2
–5 0 30
f(x)
+ – + –
x
–3 –␲ 0 ␲ 2
2 2

AB Calc Solutions Manual ch6

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

AB Calc Solutions Manual ch6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

264 Section 6.

Chapter 6 11. y = e 2 x + sec x + C

12. y = tan −1x + ln(2 x − 1) + C

∫ dA = ∫ (10 x + 5 x 4 − 2 x + 4) dx = x10 + x 4 − x 2 + 4 x + C 25. Graph (b).

⎛ 3 ⎞ 27. Graph (a).

0 = ln(1) + 1−1 + 6(1) + C , C = −7 1

0 = (1)3 − (1)2 + C , C=0 x

(2, 1) 0.0 –0.1 0.0 (1.9, 1)

(1.8, 0.99) 0.2 –0.1 –0.02 (1.7, 0.97)

39. (1.8, –0.19) 0.81 –0.1 –0.081 (1.7, –0.271)

49. (a) Graph (b) 53. dy dy

x (1.3, 3.96) 3.6 0.1 0.36 (1.4, 4.32)

dy 1 (e) y(2) = −1 y(−2) = 2

68. (a) y′ = ∫ 24 x 2 − 10 dx (e) y′ = xy

(b) y′ = ∫ cos x − sin x dx (b) y′′ = − x

(c) y′ = ∫ e x − x dx (d) y′′ = y

Quick Review 6.2 dt −1

⎛ sec x + tan x ⎞ ∫ 4 cos x dx = ∫ (−2(1 − 2 cos 2 x ) + 2) dx

∫ 2 sin x dx = ∫ (1 + 2 sin 2 x − 1)dx

55. Let u = tan x 60. Let u = cos 2␪

67. Let u = x 4 + 9, du = 4 x 3 dx. sin x

Therefore, we may let F ( x ) = x 2 + 1. dx −1

3 dx tan −1 3 sec 2 u du 6. y = cos −1 ( x + 1)

Using 1 for u is never a good idea because it places us

3. u = cos x du = − sin x ∫ dy = ∫ ( x + sin x )dx

dv = cos x dx v = ∫ cos x dx = sin x

dv = ∫ sec 2 x dx v = ∫ sec 2 x dx = tan x

dv = cos x dx v = ∫ cos x dx = sin x = − x 4e − x − 4 x 3e − x − 12 x 2e − x − 24 xe − x − 24e − x + C

= 2e x sin 2 x − (−4e x cos 2 x − ∫ − e x dx 4 cos 2 x dx )

dv = sin 2 x dx v = ∫ sin 2 x dx = − 2 cos 2 x

21. Use tabular integration with f (x ) = x 4 and g( x ) = e − x .

27. Let u = e 2 x dv = cos 3x dx

28. Continued 30. y = ∫ x 2 ln x dx

Let u = x 2 + x + 1 dv = e − x dx 37. True. Use parts, letting u = x 2 , dv = g(x)dx, and v = f ( x).

42. Continued Let u = w dv = e w dw

+ ( − 1)n−1 + (n !) x + ( − 1)n n !]e x ∫w e dw = w 3 e w − 3w 2e w + 6w e w − 6e w + C

48. Let u = xn dv = sin x dx −1 ⎛ d ⎞

x ne ax n n−1 ax (c) cos (sin −1 x ) = 1 − x 2

⎛ d −1 ⎞ (c) ln cos (tan −1x ) = ln

−1 ⎛ d −1 ⎞ 55. (a) Using y = f ( x ) = cos −1 x and

(c) sin (cos −1x ) = 1 − x 2

11. y(t ) = y0e kt Doubling time:

40, 000 y0e

31. (a) First, we find the value of k. 33. (a) T − Ts = 79.47(0.932)t

36. Continued Using the given altitude-pressure data, we

46. (a) 2y0 = y0ert 52. E. T − 68 = (425 − 68)e − kt

55. Continued Graphical support:

Graphical support: 58. (a) To simplify calculations somewhat, we may write:

Exploration 1 Exponential Growth Revisited x3 − x

Exploration 2 Learning From the 60

30. Continued Initial condition: P (0) = 6

34. Continued (c) When t = 0.

12. Let u = 3x + 4 16. Let u = e x

21. Let u = e3 x dv = sin x dx ⎛ −5 / 2 5/ 2 ⎞

Next, we show the graph of y = r ′ = cos t − t − 2

33. Continued 37. y

57. Continued 60. Use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

(b) 500 = 600 − 400e − k i 2

You might also like