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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 1

Chapter 2, Problem 7.

Determine the number of branches and nodes in the circuit in Fig. 2.71.

Figure 2.71

Chapter 2, Solution 7

7 elements or 7 branches and 4 nodes, as indicated.

30 V
1 20 Ω 2 3
+++-
+ -

2A 30 Ω 60 Ω 40 Ω 10 Ω

Chapter 2, Problem 8.

Use KCL to obtain currents i1, i2, and i3 in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.72.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 2

Figure 2.72

Chapter 2, Solution 8

At node a, 8 = 12 + i1 i1 = - 4A
At node c, 9 = 8 + i2 i2 = 1A
At node d, 9 = 12 + i3 i3 = -3A

Chapter 2, Problem 9.

Find i1, i2, and i3 in the circuit in Fig. 2.73.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 3

Figure 2.73

Chapter 2, Solution 9

Applying KCL,

i1 + 1 = 10 + 2 i1 = 11A
1 + i2 = 2 + 3 i2 = 4A
i2 = i3 + 3 i3 = 1A

Chapter 2, Problem 11.

Determine v1 through v4 in the circuit in Fig. 2.75.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 4

Figure 2.75

Chapter 2, Solution 11

Applying KVL to each loop gives

-8 + v1 + 12 = 0 v1 = 4v
-12 - v2 + 6 = 0 v2 = -6v
10 - 6 - v3 = 0 v3 = 4v
-v4 + 8 - 10 = 0 v4 = -2v

Chapter 2, Problem 13.

For the circuit in Fig. 2.77, use KCL to find the branch currents I1 to I4.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 5

2A

I2 7A I4

I1 3A I3 4A

Figure 2.77

Chapter 2, Solution 13

2A

I2 7A I4
1 2 3 4
4A
I1
3A I3

At node 2,
3 + 7 + I2 = 0 
→ I 2 = −10 A
At node 1,
I1 + I 2 = 2 
→ I 1 = 2 − I 2 = 12 A
At node 4,
2 = I4 + 4 
→ I 4 = 2 − 4 = −2 A
At node 3,
7 + I4 = I3 
→ I3 = 7 − 2 = 5 A
Hence,

I 1 = 12 A, I 2 = −10 A, I 3 = 5 A, I 4 = −2 A

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 6

Chapter 2, Problem 15.

Find v1, v2, and v3 in the circuit in Fig. 2.79.

+ +
12 V v2
– –
+ 8V +

v1

+ –
v3
– + 10 V

Figure 2.79

Chapter 2, Solution 15

+ +
+ 12V 1 v2
- - 8V + -
v1

- 3 + 2 -
v3 10V
(a) +

For loop 1,
8 − 12 + v2 = 0 
→ v2 = 4V

For loop 2,
−v3 − 8 − 10 = 0 
→ v3 = −18V
For loop 3,
−v1 + 12 + v3 = 0 
→ v1 = −6V
Thus,
v1 = −6V , v2 = 4V , v3 = −18V

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 7

Chapter 2, Problem 17.

Obtain v1 through v3 in the circuit in Fig. 2.81.

Figure 2.81

Chapter 2, Solution 17

12V

It is evident that v3 = 10V

Applying KVL to loop 2,

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 8

v2 + v3 + 12 = 0 v2 = -22V

Applying KVL to loop 1,

-24 + v1 - v2 = 0 v1 = 2V

Thus,

v1 = 2V, v2 = -22V, v3 = 10V

Chapter 2, Problem 20.

Determine io in the circuit of Fig. 2.84.

Figure 2.84

Chapter 2, Solution 20

Applying KVL around the loop,

-36 + 4i0 + 5i0 = 0 i0 = 4A

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 9

Chapter 2, Problem 21.

Calculate the power dissipated in the 5-Ω resistor in the circuit of Fig. 2.85.

Figure 2.85

Chapter 2, Solution 21

Apply KVL to obtain

-45 + 10i - 3V0 + 5i = 0

But v0 = 10i,
-
-45 + 15i - 30i = 0 i = -3A

P3 = i2R = 9 x 5 = 45W

Chapter 2, Problem 22.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 10

Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. 2.86 and the power dissipated by the controlled source.

Figure 2.86

Chapter 2, Solution 22

4Ω

At the node, KCL requires that

v0
+ 10 + 2 v 0 = 0 v0 = –4.444V
4

The current through the controlled source is

i = 2V0 = -8.888A

and the voltage across it is

v0
v = (6 + 4) i0 = 10 = −11.111
4

Hence,

p2 vi = (-8.888)(-11.111) = 98.75 W

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 11

Chapter 2, Problem 23.

In the circuit shown in Fig. 2.87, determine vx and the power absorbed by the 12-
Ω resistor.

1Ω 1.2 Ω
+v –
x
4Ω
6A 2Ω 8Ω 12 Ω

3Ω 6Ω

Figure 2.87

Chapter 2, Solution 23

8//12 = 4.8, 3//6 = 2, (4 + 2)//(1.2 + 4.8) = 6//6 = 3


The circuit is reduced to that shown below.

ix 1Ω

+ vx -

6A 2Ω 3Ω

Applying current division,

2
ix = (6 A) = 2 A, v x = 1i x = 2V
2 + 1+ 3
The current through the 1.2- Ω resistor is 0.5ix = 1A. The voltage across the 12- Ω
resistor is 1 x 4.8 = 4.8 V. Hence the power is

v 2 4.8 2
p= = = 1.92W
R 12

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 12

Chapter 2, Problem 28.

Find v1, v2, and v3 in the circuit in Fig. 2.92.

Figure 2.92.

Chapter 2, Solution 28

We first combine the two resistors in parallel

15 10 = 6 Ω

We now apply voltage division,

14
v1 = (40) = 20 V
14 + 6

6
v2 = v3 = (40) = 12 V
14 + 6

Hence, v1 = 28 V, v2 = 12 V, vs = 12 V

Chapter 2, Problem 31.

In the circuit in Fig. 2.95, find v, i, and the power absorbed by the 4-Ω resistor.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 13

Figure 2.95

Chapter 2, Solution 31

The 5 Ω resistor is in series with the combination of 10 (4 + 6) = 5Ω .

Hence by the voltage division principle,

5
v= (20V ) = 10 V
5+5

by ohm's law,

v 10
i= = = 1A
4 + 6 4+ 6

pp = i2R = (1)2(4) = 4 W

Chapter 2, Problem 34.

Determine i1, i2, v1, and v2 in the ladder network in Fig. 2.98. Calculate the power
dissipated in the 2-Ω resistor.

Figure 2.98

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 14

Chapter 2, Solution 34

By parallel and series combinations, the circuit is reduced to the one below:
8Ω
10 x15
10 ( 2 + 13 ) = = 6Ω
25
15 x15
15 (4 + 6) = = 6Ω
25 - 6Ω
12 (6 + 6) = 6Ω

28
Thus i1 = = 2 A and v1 = 6i1 = 12 V
8+6

We now work backward to get i2 and v2.

1A

1A
+ +
12V 6V
- -

i1 = 2A 8Ω 6Ω 1A 4Ω 0.6A

1A
+ + +
28V + 6V 3.6V
- 12V 12 Ω 15 Ω 6Ω
- -
-

13 v
Thus, v2 = (3 ⋅ 6) = 3 ⋅ 12, i2 = 2 = 0.24
15 13

p2 = i2R = (0.24)2 (2) = 0.1152 W

i1 = 2 A, i2 = 0.24 A, v1 = 12 V, v2 = 3.12 V, p2 = 0.1152 W

Chapter 2, Problem 35.

Calculate Vo and Io in the circuit of Fig. 2.99.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 15

Figure 2.99

Chapter 2, Solution 35

+
V1
- I0
50V - +
20 Ω V0 5 Ω
i2 -

Combining the versions in parallel,

70 x 30 20 x 5
70 30 = = 21Ω , 20 15 = =4 Ω
100 25

50
i= =2 A
21 + 4

vi = 21i = 42 V, v0 = 4i = 8 V
v v
i1 = 1 = 0.6 A, i2 = 2 = 0.4 A
70 20

At node a, KCL must be satisfied

i1 = i2 + I0 0.6 = 0.4 + I0 I0 = 0.2 A

Hence v0 = 8 V and I0 = 0.2A

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 16

Chapter 2, Problem 37.

In the circuit of Fig. 2.101, find R if Vo = 4 V.

Figure 2.101

Chapter 2, Solution 37

Let I = current through the 16Ω resistor. If 4 V is the voltage drop across the 6 R
combination, then 20 - 4 = 16 V in the voltage drop across the 16Ω resistor.
16
Hence, I = = 1 A.
16
20 6R
But I = =1 4= 6R= R = 12 Ω
16 + 6 R 6+R

Chapter 2, Problem 39.

Find the equivalent resistance at terminals a-b for each of the networks in Fig. 2.103.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 17

Figure 2.103

Chapter 2, Solution 39

(a) Req = R 0 = 0

R R
Req = R R + R R = + = R
2 2
Req = (R + R ) (R + R ) = 2R 2R = R
1
Req = 3R (R + R R ) = 3R (R + R )
2
3
3Rx R
= 2 =R
3
3R + R
2
R ⋅ 2R
Req = R 2R 3R = 3R
3R

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 18

2
3Rx R
2 3 = 6R
= 3R R=
3 2 11
3R + R
3

Chapter 2, Problem 41.

If Req = 50 Ω in the circuit in Fig. 2.105, find R.

Figure 2.105

Chapter 2, Solution 41

Let R0 = combination of three 12Ω resistors in parallel

1 1 1 1
= + + Ro = 4
R o 12 12 12

R eq = 30 + 60 (10 + R 0 + R ) = 30 + 60 (14 + R )

60(14 + R )
50 = 30 + 74 + R = 42 + 3R
74 + R

or R = 16 Ω

Chapter 2, Problem 43.

Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab at terminals a-b for each of the circuits in

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 19

Fig. 2.107.

Figure 2.107

Chapter 2, Solution 43

5x 20 400
(a) Rab = 5 20 + 10 40 = + = 4 + 8 = 12 Ω
25 50

−1
1 1 1 60
60 20 30 = + + = = 10Ω
60 20 30 6

80 + 20
Rab = 80 (10 + 10) = = 16 Ω
100

Chapter 2, Problem 45.

Find the equivalent resistance at terminals a-b of each circuit in Fig. 2.109.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 20

10 Ω

40 Ω

20 Ω

30 Ω 5Ω

50 Ω
b
(a)
30 Ω

12 Ω

5Ω 20 Ω

25 Ω 60 Ω

15 Ω 10 Ω

(b)

Figure 2.109

Chapter 2, Solution 45

(b) 10//40 = 8, 20//30 = 12, 8//12 = 4.8

Rab = 5 + 50 + 4.8 = 59.8 Ω

(c) 12 and 60 ohm resistors are in parallel. Hence, 12//60 = 10 ohm. This 10 ohm
and 20 ohm are in series to give 30 ohm. This is in parallel with 30 ohm to give
30//30 = 15 ohm. And 25//(15+10) = 12.5. Thus
Rab = 5 + 12.8 + 15 = 32.5Ω

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 21

Chapter 2, Problem 46.

Find Req at terminals a-b for each of the circuits in Fig. 2.110.

Figure 2.110

Chapter 2, Solution 46

30 x 70 60 + 20
Rab = 30 70 + 40 + 60 20 = + 40 +
100 80

= 21 + 40 + 15 = 76 Ω

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 22

The 10-Ω, 50-Ω, 70-Ω, and 80-Ω resistors are shorted.

20 x 30
20 30 = = 12Ω
50

40 x 60
40 60 = = 24
100

Rab = 8 + 12 + 24 + 6 + 0 + 4 = 54 Ω

Chapter 2, Problem 56.

Determine V in the circuit of Fig. 1.120.

Figure 2.120

Chapter 2, Solution 56

We need to find Req and apply voltage division. We first tranform the Y network to ∆ .
30 Ω 30 Ω

16 Ω 10 Ω 16 Ω 37.5 Ω
a b
+ + 30 Ω 20 Ω
100 V 100 V 35 Ω
45 Ω
- -
c
Req

15x10 + 10 x12 + 12 x15 450


Rab = = = 37.5Ω
12 12

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 23

Rac = 450/(10) = 45Ω, Rbc = 450/(15) = 30Ω

Combining the resistors in parallel,

30||20 = (600/50) = 12 Ω,

37.5||30 = (37.5x30/67.5) = 16.667 Ω

35||45 = (35x45/80) = 19.688 Ω

Req = 19.688||(12 + 16.667) = 11.672Ω

By voltage division,

11.672
v = 100 = 42.18 V
11.672 + 16

Chapter 2, Problem 58.

The lightbulb in Fig. 2.122 is rated 120 V, 0.75 A. Calculate Vs to make the lightbulb
operate at the rated conditions.

Figure 2.122

Chapter 2, Solution 58

The resistor of the bulb is 120/(0.75) = 160Ω

40 Ω 2.25 A 1.5 A

+ 90 V - 0.75 A +
+ 160 Ω 120 V 80 Ω
VS - -

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 24

Once the 160Ω and 80Ω resistors are in parallel, they have the same voltage 120V.
Hence the current through the 40Ω resistor is

40(0.75 + 1.5) = 2.25 x 40 = 90

Thus

vs = 90 + 120 = 210 V

Chapter 2, Problem 68.

Find the current I in the circuit of Fig. 2.128(a).


An ammeter with an internal resistance of 1 Ω is inserted in the network to
measure I’ as shown in Fig. 2.128 (b). What is I’?
Calculate the percent error introduced by the meter as
I −I'
×100%
I

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 25

Figure 2.128

Chapter 2, Solution 68

(a) 40 = 24 60Ω
4
i= = 0.1 A
16 + 24
4
i' = = 0.09756 A
16 + 1 + 24
0.1 − 0.09756
% error = x100% = 2.44%
0 .1

Chapter 2, Problem 69.

A voltmeter is used to measure Vo in the circuit in Fig. 2.129. The voltmeter model
consists of an ideal voltmeter in parallel with a 100-kΩ resistor. Let Vs = 40 V, Rs = 10
kΩ, and R1 = 20 kΩ. Calculate Vo with and without the voltmeter when
(a) R2 = 1 kΩ (b) R2 = 10 kΩ
(c) R2 = 100 kΩ

Figure 2.129

Chapter 2, Solution 69

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 26

With the voltmeter in place,


R2 Rm
V0 = VS
R1 + R S + R 2 R m
where Rm = 100 kΩ without the voltmeter,
R2
V0 = VS
R1 + R 2 + R S

100
When R2 = 1 kΩ, R m R 2 = kΩ
101
100
V0 = 101 (40) = 1.278 V (with)
100
101 + 30
1
V0 = (40) = 1.29 V (without)
1 + 30
1000
When R2 = 10 kΩ, R 2 R m = = 9.091kΩ
110
9.091
V0 = (40) = 9.30 V (with)
9.091 + 30
10
V0 = (40) = 10 V (without)
10 + 30
When R2 = 100 kΩ, R 2 R m = 50kΩ
50
V0 = (40) = 25 V (with)
50 + 30
100
V0 = (40) = 30.77 V (without)
100 + 30

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