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Published in: "Chronobiology and its Roots in the Cosmos", 3rd International
Workshop, Slovakia, ed. M. Mikulecky, 1997, pp. 145-153.

The Sun as an Extremely Sensitively Interconnected

and Regulated System

Attila Grandpierre
Konkoly Observatory
H-1525 Budapest, P. O. Box 67, Hungary

Abstract
Solar physical research shows that the Sun works as a basically unstable
thermonuclear reactor, continuously producing thermonuclear runaways in its
core (Grandpierre, 1995a). These runaways are triggered by extremely small
variations in the macroscopic velocity and magnetic field of the solar energy
producing core. The origin of these perturbations seem to point at the tidal
influences of planets, as the solar activity shows a correlation with the sum of
planetary tides (Wood, 1972). Moreover, the core of the Earth also seems to be
coupled to the solar cycle, showing the presence of a mutual extremely sensitive
coupling interaction between the cores of the Sun and the Earth. This tidal and
electromagnetic interaction produces mutual effects in the distant interactive
cores of the Sun and the Earth which is amplified in a rate larger than 1010. The
electromagnetic induction coupling of the solar and terrestrial core is an
expression of the universal phenomenon of coupling between cosmic bodies and
biological systems. The universal coupling is possible because the stellar and
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planetary systems are fundamentally open and ultrasensitive systems. The
discovery of the universal ultrasensitive coupling presents the Universe as
building up from systems which are similar to the earthly living systems in their
activities.

Introduction

In the prehistoric ages, until the Middle Age (Giordano Bruno), until the
dominance of the modern mechanical world-view, it was a widespread or
dominant view of mankind all over the world, that Universe is alive, and the Sun
is a living organism, too. Not much information remained from the ancient solar
cults and their thought systems, as they were largely destroyed by the Indo-
European civilisation. Since the fall of the ancient natural thought systems of
e.g. Chaldea, Zoroaster and Manu, a new attitude emerged with the Greeks.
They experienced the Sun as a mere material body, and this approach became
exclusively dominating in the present societies. Nevertheless, I point out, that
the nature of the Sun has not been explored in a scientific manner yet, whether it
is of purely physical nature, or it shows some organic and ‘mental’ phenomena,
too. I consider the new results of astrophysics, and theoretical biology in order
to shed light on these questions.

It is a standard assumption in solar physics, and more generally, in our basic

world-view, that we regard the celestial objects, including our Sun, as inanimate
objects. According to this view astrophysics is the relevant branch of science to
study the Universe, and if we think that this view is universal then it excludes
other approaches. Nevertheless, it is not known, and also is not considered,
whether the Sun and the Cosmos have specific laws different from physical
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laws. Even the question has not been arose in a scientific context, whether any
specific laws of cosmic phenomena exist, at a basically independent level,
similarly to the discipline of biology (Bauer, 1935). Although any answer to this
question would require thorough theoretical and experimental research, it has
been simply assumed that cosmic laws as completing the laws of physics on a
different organisational level do not exist. This hypothesis, although may seem
to have been working satisfactorily until now, could easily turn to be insufficient
by the newly accumulated observations and theoretical evidences presented
here. In order to make a first step towards a development of this kind of study, I
present here some results showing that our Sun is an extremely sensitively
interconnected and regulated system, being in a specific state far from inanimate
physical equilibrium.

The Standard Solar Model (SSM) and Tantalus’ Astrophysical

Menu

In the last thirty years a standard model of the Sun was developed, using the
simplest possible assumptions, and the model was shown to fit the observed
data (Guenther et al., 1992). These assumptions involve that the Sun is similar to
a celestial medicine-ball, being a mere sphere of constant, gaseous mass,
approximately spherically symmetric, no substantial changes occur in it during
its existence, apart from a slow rate nuclear transmutation of chemical elements
in the energy producing core which is assumed to be in perfect hydrostatic and
thermodynamic equilibrium. It is also stated, that even if an occidental
perturbation disturbs the equilibrium, the Sun would react as a self-stabilising
nuclear reactor, expanding if it is heated, contracting if it is cooled. At the same
time, a large body of astrophysical evidences accumulated, showing that the
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SSM is basically incomplete and fails to give account on phenomena related to
solar activity, a basic complex of phenomena of the solar variability of about
11.2 years periodicity. One of the related problems is known as the solar
neutrino problem, and stated as the central problem of present day astrophysics.
This problem is related to the most fundamental factor of stellar existence, the
energy production itself. If neutrinos produced in the solar energy producing
core reach the Earth only in a number significantly less than predicted by the
SSM, then a factor should exist producing this ‘deficiency’. In the last decades it
has been thought that this additional factor of solar existence is due to the nature
of neutrinos, and so the solution of the neutrino problem belongs to the neutrino
physics and not to the necessary correction of the SSM. Other evidences
showing that the SSM is not able to describe solar activity related phenomena
were mainly ignored by the main body of the astrophysicists’ community. At the
rare occasions when they mentioned these problems, they were described as
‘tantalising problems’ and ‘problems as significant as the solar neutrino
problem’. Altogether I gathered sixteen (16) such ‘tantalising’ problems,
showing that the solar neutrino problem is accompanied by an unignorably large
body of fundamental astrophysical problems, Tantalus’ rich astrophysical menu.
It was also possible to refute the generally accepted mechanism (MSW) for the
(physical) explanation of the solar neutrino problem. Analysing the remarkable
list of solar astrophysical problems, I showed that each of them suggests a direct
connection between the solar core and its surface, and suggesting the presence
of a highly explosive process producing heavy elements in the solar core in
relation with the solar activity cycle. This until now unknown energy source
present in the solar core is modelled as generated by macroscopic flows and
local magnetic fields in the solar core (Grandpierre, 1990). If a macroscopic
flow enters a local magnetic field, it generates electric fields, which in turn
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produce heating. The heating triggers a positive feedback cycle in the solar core,
as the energy production depends on a high power (4 to 16) of temperature. The
explosions spread and grow until they reach a critical size (Grandpierre, 1984),
determined to be around 200 meters linear size and 1015 g mass, when the
buoyant force shoots them out from the solar core. All the dishes in Tantalus’
astrophysical menu, including the solar neutrino problem, are interpreted
consistently with the calculated model fitted to the data of the solar chlorine
neutrino detector, and it is consistent with the measurements of the other
neutrino detectors as well (Grandpierre, 1995a).
Regarding the source of the macroscopic motions, it is important to notice that
the planetary tides induce macroscopic movements in the Sun with a velocity
around 100m/s (Öpik, 1972). On the other hand, the planetary tides seem to
correlate with the solar activity for more than 200 years (last 18 cycles), as
shown by Wood (1972). It is known, that in the solar system only those objects
possess measurable magnetic field, which have satellites. Venus is remarkably
similar to the Earth, except that it has not got a moon, and also its magnetic field
is unmeasurably small. Jupiter possesses the strongest field, and she has got the
closest and most extended system of companions. It seems that a relation may
exist - depending also on other factors, as e.g. the existence of an inner zone
where movements may be induced - between the magnetic dynamo generating
and maintaining the magnetic field of celestial bodies and their companionships.
The solar activity also shows periods commensurable to the periods of Mercury,
Venus, with the periods of co-aligning of the Jupiter, Earth and Venus. Actually,
the period of solar activity is theoretically derived as coinciding with the quasi-
coalignement periods of these three planets (Grandpierre, 1996a). If the source
of macroscopic velocity fields in stellar cores is the stellar satellites, planetary
systems or companion stars, then all the stars with satellites should show
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activity phenomena, and they have to be in a permanent astrophysical
inequlibrium, which makes them in a basic aspect similar to the living systems
being far from thermodynamic equilibrium as well. The presence of a permanent
and regenerative inequlibrium yields to the presence of free energy which is the
basic condition of any life phenomenon (Bauer, 1935).

Solar Cycle in the Core of the Earth

Observations have shown, that sudden jumps in the gradient of the magnetic
field temporal variations set up in 1836, 1910 and 1969-1970 (Courtillot,
Ducruix, Le Mouel, 1978). They compared these dates with the dates of the
minimums of the Earth’s rotation rate, occurred at 1840-1845, 1905-1910 and
1970-1972, finding them in close coincidence. Both phenomena are understood
as related to the core of the Earth, where the magnetic dynamo works
(Lambeck, 1980). For the dynamo mechanism macroscopic velocity fields are a
necessary input. And if we compare the above data with the sudden changes in
the solar activity, we find again interesting coincidences. Three sudden jumps
occurred in the phase of the solar cycle in the last two centuries. A 180-degree-
jump took place around 1824 in the cyclogram of Attolini et al. (1985), signing a
jump in the solar activity. Moreover, a 90-degree-jump at 1903, signing that an
important event had happened in the Sun at that time, when the period of
activity suddenly switched off from a nearly constant value of 11.40 years,
decreased towards a minimum value of 9.7 years around 1945 and since then
increased again to the value of 11.4 years (Attolini et al., 1985). I add to the list
of coincidences the results of Zappala and Zuccarello (1991), which show that
the equatorial velocity of the Sun decreased at the beginning of this century,
around 1903. Moreover, the 154-day periodicity of solar activity switched to a
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periodicity with half the above period in late 1971 (Bai, Sturrock, 1991), again
in coincidence with the terrestrial change! The coincidence seems to point at a
far-reaching astrophysical interaction between the earthly and the solar core. I
note here that the tidal periods of the Moon and the Sun determine the thickness
of sediment layers at the bottoms of lakes and this phenomenon shows a 179.3-
year period, which coincides with the 180-year secondary period of solar
activity (Roosen, Harrington, Giles and Browning, 1976). Not only the
minimums of the Earth’s rotation show connections with the solar activity
period, but also, as Currie (1973) showed, the rotation rate of the Earth actually
correlates with the solar activity!
Trying to understand what do these coincidences mean, it is important to note,
that within the third time-range of coincidences in 1969-1971, at first the Earth
produced the jump in 1969 (Le Mouel, Gire, Madden, 1985), and the Sun
followed it only afterwards, in late 1971! In a time-linear causal sequence this
circumstance would involve that the Earth was more sensitive to the global
conditions of solar system at that time, and that the core changes of the Earth
induced changes in the solar core! This circumstance points to a mutuality in the
core-core interactions, since it seems to be clear that at other occasions the Sun
was the initiator of correspondence.
It is interesting to note here the recent results of Jeanloz and Lay (1993) based
on three-dimensional measurements of the Earth’s inner structure. These results
show that the site of the most intense geological activity is not the surface of the
Earth but the core-mantle boundary, the so-called D” layer. The activity of the
D” layer directly influences the rotation and the magnetic field of the Earth. The
existence of the D” layer presents a good analogy with the layer around 0.4
solar radius where the measurements show the most violent changes, in relation
with the solar activity.
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The Nature of the Core-core Interaction

The changes of the Earth’s magnetic field with periods larger than decades are
undoubtedly the results of changes of the Earth’s core (Lambeck, 1980). So if
the Earth’s core changes in correlation with the solar core, they have to interact
and influence each other. It seems to be obvious that the interaction between the
Earth’s and solar core is of gravitational nature. Nevertheless, although the
magnitude of the gravitational attraction of these bodies to each other is
extremely small in comparison to their self-gravitation, they are changing
because of their movement, and so the Earth may exert a regulatory gravitational
influence on the solar core, since the solar core is in a permanent ultrasensitive
state (Grandpierre, 1995a). Nevertheless, it is not known, whether any
ultrasensitively amplifying mechanisms exists available for the Earth’s fluid core
to amplify the solar influences. I am aware of two factors which may be
responsible for the coupling of the Earth’s and Sun’s core. First, the 11.2-year
period would be present in the solar system as a gravitational period, determined
as the quasi-alignment of the Jupiter-Earth-Venus triumvirate (Grandpierre,
1996a). Nevertheless, this alignment-effect cannot induce changes in the Earth,
because the Earth is an active participator in generating this period.
Another effect seems more plausible, an interaction of electromagnetic origin
between the cores. If the solar core produces a sudden change, the magnetic
field lines originating from the solar core would be influenced. On the other
hand, we know that a significant amount of the solar magnetic field lines directly
trans-sect the Earth’s core trough the poles, as the earthly magnetosphere and
the solar magnetic heliosphere directly and permanently interact. In this way a
change in the one’s core triggers directly a change in the other’s core. Electric
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field changes induce magnetic fields, and these magnetic fields may influence
the rotation rates, too. It seems to be worthwhile to study the electromagnetic
coupling mechanism between the cores of the Earth and the Sun. Anyway, the
presented phenomena point to the presence of a mutually sensitive regulative
mechanism between the cores. The presence of an electromagnetic coupling
mechanism between the cores of the Earth and the Sun may exert a direct
influence on the organisms of the earthly biosphere, as their cells are regulated
by ultraweak electromagnetic fields. We found an interesting pathway between
the cosmic and organic phenomena.

The 5-minute Solar Oscillations

It has been known since 1961, the development of helioseismology, that all
points of the solar photosphere show periodic movements. Their radial velocities
change with a 5-minute period, reaching a maximum of only 0.4 km/s. More
than ten millions of different modi of oscillations are known today, each
changing somewhat individually, too. From time to time the modi turn to be in
identical phase with each other and then they go out of phase again, a process
leading to the amplification and decay of the movements and their changing
distribution in the solar photosphere. Ulrich (1970) interpreted these
oscillations as acoustic waves, reflected from a surface of the core in the depth
of the Sun, and the photosphere. These two layers form a cavity for the acoustic
waves produced within. The large body of the Sun behaves similarly to a
musical instrument, playing rich information flow on acoustic waves. The
theoretical acoustic frequencies as derived with the Sun’s parameters (size of
the cavity, densities, temperatures) gave a characteristic frequency just around
the observed 5-minute one. It is well known, that the solar 5-minute oscillations
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show a correlation with the 11-year solar cycle. The lower order modi reach
larger depths and show 30% stronger correlations with the solar cycle,
substantiating that the solar core participates in the generation of the cycle
(Régulo et al., 1994). The 5-minute oscillations represent an astronomically
large information flow, transferring rich informations of the inner structure of the
Sun into its environment. Recent results indicate the presence of p-modes and g-
modes also in the solar particle fluxes (Thomson, Maclennan and Lanzerotti,
1995). Ralph MacNutt (1995) found a strong correlation between the mass flux
of protons in the solar wind and the solar neutrinos.

The 160-minute Solar Oscillations

In 1976 two solar research groups in Crimea and Birmingham discovered

independently that the solar surface shows also oscillations with a 160-minute
period. Arguments proving the existence of this period in solar oscillations are
given by Kotov (1995). The amplitude of this oscillation is much lower, only 1
m/s, changing permanently. The origin of this oscillation, contrary to the 5-
minute oscillations, is not known, and inexplicable by the SSM (Kotov, 1985).
The leading expert of these oscillations, Kotov, from Crimea, revealed the
existence of this period in the whole solar system. We know the rotational data
of 182 bodies of the solar system. It is remarkable, that within these data the
160-minute period (P0) seems to occur frequently in its multiples. The rotational

period of the Earth is 8.999 P0, a day of Saturn lasts for 3.996 P0, that of the

Neptune is 4.012 P0. The distance-scale of d0=P0 c, where ‘c’ is the speed of
light, is also dominant in the data of the solar system bodies, in their distance
from the Sun. Also, the solar flares, the different classes of variable stars, the
close binaries, cataclysmic variables, RR Lyrae variables of globular clusters, 
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Scuti variables, the galactic nuclei and quasars also show as a dominant period
this 160-minute (more exactly 160.0101-minute) period. And this latter case
presents a circumstance of extraordinary attention, because the Universe is
thought to expand, and so the distant quasars, moving off with 80% of the speed
of light, if they have an innate 160-minute period, should show a 160 + 0.8 
160 = 288-minute period! Kotov (1995) suggests that the 160-minute period
may represent the fundamental mode metric oscillation of the space-time.
Nevertheless, it seems straightforward, that in that case all kinds of celestial
objects’ light should show this oscillation, universally and unequivocally,
independently of their individuality. On the contrary, this period is only
‘dominant’, it is not present in each member of a class of celestial objects, and
large individual differences exist. This fact may need an explanation that the
sensitive mechanism which generate this oscillation may be mediated by
ultrafast vacuum waves (Whittaker, 1903). If one does not want to allow such
an action-in-distance, then the other possibility is favoured that the Universe is
not expanding at all, and its objects are coupled to each other regarding the 160-
minute oscillations, a consequence apparently also involving an ‘action-in-
distance’, a universal cosmic regulative mechanism.

The presence of a fundamental cosmic oscillation is a basic fact with an

importance hard to overestimate. I suggest that this oscillation could serve as a
basic channel for information exchange between celestial objects, mutual
interactive perception of the cosmic bodies, a cosmic telepathy, by which each
celestial object observes all informations on structural changes of every other
one. This completion of cosmic information exchange may shed light on the
nature of the cosmic objects as cosmic organisms (Grandpierre, 1995b), with a
mental capacity of enormous magnitude. This frequency could serve as the
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channel on which the Universe organises its activity and couples its information
to its subsystems. Remarkably, analysis of biophyiscal phenomena also seems to
show the presence of the 160- minute period. The results of laboratory
experiments with synchronous yeast cells Candida utilis did show the presence
of this period in variability of the specific growth rate of the yeast population
(Kuznetsov, 1992).

Conclusions and Suggested Experiments

The evidences presented here enable us for the first time to study the organic
nature of our Sun with the methods of ‘hard science’. The Sun seems to be in a
constant sensitive mutual interaction with the planets involving also the Earth.
This circumstance underlies the real possibility that not only the biosphere may
be a self-regulating system, Gaia (Lovelock, 1979), but that the Earth is an ultra-
sensitive system selectively amplifying cosmic influences in a geophysical
sense, as well. If these investigations are confirmed by independent researches,
this would present a cornerstone in our scientific world-view.
I suggest here the following applications of the above theory.
1.) If the Earth is an organic self-maintaining system, it works with a global
information field in her activity. It is well known, that the ionosphere and the
surface of the Earth form a cavity for the electromagnetic waves, therefore every
electromagnetic disturbance in its attenuation may transform itself into a
standing wave determined by the size of cavity (Schumann and König, 1954).
The standing terrestrial electromagnetic waves, termed as Schumann waves,
have a characteristic frequency of 7.5 Hz, coinciding with the range of the most
creative brain EEG frequencies, -waves, which are produced also in the REM
phase of sleep. Moreover, the time characteristics of Schumann oscillations and
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the EEG -rhythm, as well as storm-related fluctuations of electric field and the
EEG -rhythm show a noticeable similarity in their temporal variations (König,
1989). These circumstances may substantiate a hypothesis that human
brains/minds are able to interact with the information field of the terrestrial
organic self-maintaining system Gaia. Even musico-psychological researches of
Elemér Gyulai (1968) and Mária Sági (1981) suggest that when we listen to
music images arise in our minds, they mostly resembles visions of cosmic
character, seeing the Earth as a whole in its development. Experimental
measurements of EEG waves when seeing images induced by music may offer
data for comparison with the Schumann waves. Determining the time
characteristics, spectral distribution and characteristic frequencies of the full
range of Schumann waves and of human organism, including the
electromagnetic activity of the pineal and other glands, we may map the human-
terrestrial interactions. It is already known that the theta-waves of 6 Hz are
generated by the hippocampus and that they play an important role in the long-
term human memory (Winson, 1990). It seems to be worthwhile also to compare
the characteristic frequencies of the human organism, e.g. the rhythm of shifts
between REM  states and theta-states, having a period between 70-160
minutes to the solar oscillations. One could investigate, whether there is a kind
of solar synchronisation of sleeping rhythms, like the lunar month period which
seems to be present in a range of biological periods e.g. menstruation cycle
(Mikulecky, 1993, 1994).
2.) a.)The interaction of the terrestrial and solar magnetospheres forms two
topologically distinct volumes of the magnetosphere of the Earth, the dayside
closed part and the magnetotail, two features attaching at the Earth’s centre.
Their borderline, between the polar cups, sweeps the surface of the Earth twice
every day, at dawn and at sunset, therefore these phases should present
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concentrated magnetic fields and absence of magnetic fields in quick
subsequence, therefore if there are any influence of the magnetosphere to the
biosphere, these phases should show a highly increased sensitivity to the solar
influences. It is important to study experimentally the EEG waves in sleep and
in aware consciousness at these sunrise-sunset phases.
b.) Study of the EEG waves in dependence of lunar phases.

This essay was made for the requestof the Club of Budapest, within the project
on collective consciousness.
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