NAME: SIDRA

ROLL NUMBER: 84
SEMESTER: 1ST
PREPARED BY : SIDRA
SUBJECT: BIO CHEMISTRY
PREPARED FOR
MISS HUDA KAFEEL

List of vitamins

Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions, and, therefore, most have multiple functions.[17]

Vitamin Vitamer chemical Solubility Recommended Deficiency disease Upper Overdose

generic name(s) (list not dietary Intake
 allowances Level
descriptor
complete) (male, age 19– (UL/day) disease
name
70)[18] [18]

Retinol, retinal, and

Night-blindness,
four carotenoids Hypervitamin
Vitamin A Fat 900 µg Hyperkeratosis, and 3,000 µg
including beta osis A
Keratomalacia[19]
carotene

Drowsiness or
Beriberi, Wernicke-
muscle
Vitamin B1 Thiamine Water 1.2 mg Korsakoff N/D[20]
relaxation with
syndrome
large doses.[21]

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Water 1.3 mg Ariboflavinosis N/D

Liver damage
(doses >
Vitamin B3 Niacin, niacinamide Water 16.0 mg Pellagra 35.0 mg
2g/day)[22] and
other problems

Diarrhea;
possibly
Vitamin B5 Pantothenic acid Water 5.0 mg[23] Paresthesia N/D
nausea and
[24]
heartburn.

Impairment of
Pyridoxine, Anemia[25] proprioception
Vitamin B6 pyridoxamine, Water 1.3–1.7 mg peripheral 100 mg , nerve
pyridoxal neuropathy. damage (doses
> 100 mg/day)

Vitamin B7 Biotin Water 30.0 µg Dermatitis, enteritis N/D

Vitamin B9 Folic acid, folinic Water 400 µg Megaloblast and 1,000 µg May mask
acid Deficiency during symptoms of
pregnancy is vitamin B12
associated with deficiency;
birth defects, such
 as neural tube
other effects.
defects

Acne-like rash
Cyanocobalamin, [causality is
Megaloblastic
Vitamin B12 hydroxycobalamin, Water 2.4 µg N/D not
anemia[26]
methylcobalamin conclusively
established].

Vitamin C
Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Water 90.0 mg Scurvy 2,000 mg
megadosage

Ergocalciferol, Rickets and Hypervitamin

Vitamin D Fat 5.0 µg–10 µg[27] 50 µg
cholecalciferol Osteomalacia osis D

Increased
Deficiency is very congestive
rare; mild heart failure
Tocopherols,
Vitamin E Fat 15.0 mg hemolytic anemia 1,000 mg seen in one
tocotrienols
in newborn infants. large
[28]
randomized
study.[29]

Increases
phylloquinone, coagulation in
Vitamin K Fat 120 µg Bleeding diathesis N/D
menaquinones patients taking
warfarin.[30]

 Vitamin A – a fat soluble vitamin with an RDA of 3000 IUs for men and 2,333 IUs for women. The
upper suggested limit for daily intake is 10,000 IUs. Vitamin A is used in the body for white blood cell
production, white blood cell health, cell division and growth. Common food sources of the vitamin
include carrots, liver, broccoli, sweet potatoes and kale.

Vitamin B1 – a water soluble vitamin also known as thiamine. The RDA is commonly set at 1.4 mg per
day. There are no known side effects from taking too much thiamine so an upper limit is not currently
set.

Thiamine is part of the B-Complex set of vitamins that help to convert carbohydrates to glucose for
energy. Common food sources include oatmeal, flax, sunflower seed and brown rice. Flour and cereals,
in the United States, are fortified with thiamine.
  Vitamin B2 – a water soluble vitamin also known as riboflavin. The RDA for the vitamin is about 1.2
mg per day. There is no upper limit as toxicity caused by intake of large amounts of vitamin B2 does not
exist. Riboflavin is a B-complex vitamin that aids in the conversion of carbohydrates to energy.
Riboflavin also has anti-oxidant properties. Common food sources include almonds, whole grains, wheat
germ and wild rice.

 Vitamin B3 – a water soluble vitamin commonly called niacin. There are two other forms of B3 –
niacinamide and inositol hexanicotinate.  As a B complex vitamin, niacin works to convert food to energy. Sex
hormones, stress hormones and cholesterol levels are all affected by niacin. RDA for adults is about 15 mg a
day. Intake of 50 mg of niacin or more can cause “niacin flush” which is characterized by burning and tingling
of the face and chest. Liver damage and stomach ulcers may also occur.  Common food sources include beef
organ meats, beets, fish, salmon, tuna and peanuts.

 Vitamin B4 - also known as adenine. When attempting to list all vitamins, this B vitamin must be
included though it is no longer considered a vitamin needed by humans. Vitamin B4 is found in plant an
animal tissue and is thought to prevent muscle weakness in rats and chickens.
 Vitamin B5 – a water soluble vitamin known as pantothenic acid. In addition to working with energy
conversion, B5 also aids in production and maintenance of sex and stress hormones. Red blood cell
production is also affected by proper B5 levels. The RDA for pantothenic acid in adults is 5 mg a day. It
is not uncommon for patients to take in excess of 2,000 mg a day for specific ailments. Common food
sourcesinclude corn, cauliflower, kale, broccoli and tomatoes.  Also see Vitamins for Hair Growth.
 Vitamin B6 – a water soluble vitamin that works with the metabolism of proteins, fats and
carbohydrates. B6 is also helps in the production of neurotransmitters in the brain. The RDA for B6 is
about 1.5 mg per day. The upper limit for B6  supplementation or consumption is 100 mg. If 200 mg or
more are consumed, neurological disorders may develop.  Common food sources of vitamin B6 include
chicken, turkey, tuna, salmon and shrimp.
 Vitamin B7 – a water soluble vitamin also known as biotin, vitamin H or vitamin I. in addition to
working in carbohydrate conversion, biotin aids in strengthening hair and nails. The RDA for vitamin
B7 is 30 mcg for  adults. Physicians may suggest intake up to 1,000 mcg for certain illnesses. Common
food sources include egg yolks, sardines, nuts, soybeans and grains.

 Vitamin B8 - known as adenosine monophosphate, to list all vitamins without this questionable
inclusion would be incomplete. Vitamin B8 works in much the same manner as other B Complex
vitamin and is found in yeast.
 Vitamin B9 – a water soluble vitamin also known as folic acid. This vitamin is popular for its use in
fetal development. Folic acid supplementation is necessary for the neurological development of the fetus
from the first weeks after conception.

The RDA for folic acid is 400 mcg, but pregnant women should consume a minimum of 600 mcg.
Common food sources of folic acid include dark leafy greens, beets, lima beans and kidney beans.
 Vitamin B10 - a slightly water soluble substance called para-aminobenzoic acid or PABA. While no
longer considered a vitamin, the substance is currently used to treat patients with Peyronie's Disease. In
some cases, people with irritable bowel syndrome take in the potassium salt to fight off gastrointestinal
distress.
 Vitamin B11 - a questionable inclusion in a list of all vitamins. Known as Pteryl-hepta-glutamic acid,
the "vitamin" is predominantly used by chickens to maintain body and feather growth. Also referred to
as Vitamin S.
  Vitamin B12 – a water soluble vitamin is popular as an energy supplement. Patients who have
undergone surgery of the intestine may be forced to take supplemental B12 in order to maintain the
health of red blood cells and the central nervous system. The RDA for the vitamin is 2.4 mcg a day, but
there are no known side effects reported for taking larger amounts of the vitamin. Common food sources
include eggs, meat, poultry and milk. (See Vitamin B12 deficiency, Vitamin B12 injections)
 Vitamin B13 - found in whey and root vegetables, Vitamin B13 is a mineral transporter. An official
name has not been noted, but Aspartic Acid and Colamin Phosphate also transport minerals and could be
Vitamin B13. Lack of the vitamin may cause Multiple Sclerosis.
 Vitamin B14 - this vitamin has no official name but needs to be mentioned when we list all vitamins. It
works similarly to Vitamin B10 or B11. Foods sources include yeast, organ meats and wine. Some think
this vitamin is the reason wine may improve health.

 Vitamin B15 - also referred to as Pangamic Acid, its inclusion on a list of all vitamins is often
overlooked since its importance is debated. Foods sources include yeast, apricot seeds and corn. May
work to improve liver health.
 Vitmain B16 - may have been studied by Russian scientists, but this vitamin is often omitted when
preparing a list all vitamins important to humans.
 Vitamin B17 - is naturally occurring in buckwheat, millet and flax. It is included when attempting to list
all vitamins, though its status as a vitamin has not been confirmed. Some researchers have suggested it
has anti-cancer benefits.
 Vitamin Bc - known as Folic Acid.
 Vitamin Bh - known as Inositol.
 Vitamin Bp - known as choline.
 Vitamin Bt - commonly known as L-Carnitine. Though not an official vitamin, you cannot list all
vitamins without this popular amino acid. While non-essential as a vitamin, per se, supplementation is
commonly used by patients with heart disease and body builders. May also be good for brain health in
acetylated form.
 Vitamin Bx  - known as Para-Aminobenzoic Acid or PABA.
 Vitamin Bw - known as Biotin and also Vitamin H.
 Vitamin C – a water soluble vitamin that works as an anti-oxidant in the body. C is also used for tissue
repair and growth. The RDA is commonly set at 75 to 90 mg for adults, but some people take 2,000 to
3,000 mg per day or more with no harmful side effects. The best known source of natural vitamin C is
citrus fruits. See Foods High in Vitamin C , What Is Vitamin C, Vitamin C Overdose, and Vitamin
C Indicator.

Vitamin D – a fat soluble vitamin that aids the body in calcium absorption. The RDA for vitamin D ranges
from 5 to 10 mcg for children and adults. Too much vitamin D can lead to kidney stones, calcium deposits and
vomiting. The best source of vitamin D is the sun. Spending 10 to 15 minutes in the sun every day allows the
skin to product vitamin D. Milk and cereal, in some countries, are fortified with the vitamin. Also see Vitamin
The best source of vitamin D is the sun. Spending 10 to 15 minutes in the sun every day allows the skin to
product vitamin D. Milk and cereal, in some countries, are fortified with the vitamin. Also see Vitamin D
Facts, Foods High in Vitamin D, Benefits of Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency.

Vitamin E – a fat soluble vitamin that works in the blood stream to prevent cholesterol from clogging arteries.
It also works with the body to allow vitamin K to be used. The RDA for vitamin E is about 22.5 IUs every day.
According to the American Heart Association, as little as 400 mcg a day can be harmful to health. Common
food sources include liver, eggs, nuts, sunflower seed and mayonnaise.  See Facts About Vitamin E.

 Vitamin F - commonly included when asked to list all vitamins, Vitamin F is commonly called Linoleic
Acid. More appropriately, this vitamin is an essential fatty acid which may improve heart health. Found
naturally in vegetables oils. There is no RDA.

 Vitamin G - another name for Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin.

 Vitamin H - known as Biotin. This vitamin is naturally found in soy beans and egg yolks. People who
do not get enough Biotin may suffer from eczema or difficulties with fat metabolism. An RDA of 300 mcg is
set, but optimal levels can reach up to 10,000 mcg a day. High doses may help patients with diabetes.
 Vitamin I - another name for Vitamin B7 or Biotin.
 Vitamin J - found in woody plants, this term is used for Catechol which is a flavonoid.
 Vitamin K – a fat soluble vitamin that plays a role in blood clotting and bone health. The RDA for the
vitamin is 90 mcg for adult females and 120 mcg for adult males. Higher doses of vitamin K may be
administered to help certain illnesses such as excessive bleeding or osteoporosis. Common foods high in
vitamin K include beef liver, green tea, cabbage, spinach and chlorophyll. Also see Vitamin K injection.

 Vitamin L1 - known as Ortho-Aminobenzoic Acid. Found in beef liver, to list all vitamins would be to
include this amino acid. While not essential in humans, affects lactation in animals.

 Vitamin L2 - known as Adenyl Thiomethylpentose. This naturally occurring substance is found in

yeast and may benefit animals during the lactation process.
 Vitamin M - known commonly as Folic Acid and also vitamin B9, Vitamin M is essential to the brain
development of the fetus in utero. Natural food sources include green leafy vegetables and oranges. Additional
benefits may include a reduction in fetal birth defects and reduction in risk for colon cancer. Adults should
intake between 400 mcg and 1,000 mcg a day with the RDA being set at 400 mcg for non-pregnant adults.
 Vitamin N - known as Thioctic Acid or ?-lipoic acid. Intake can range from 50 to 100 mg a day. To list
all vitamins would not normally include Vitamin N. The substance can be used to regulate blood sugar levels.
 Vitamin O - known as stablized liquid oxygen, this vitamin is no longer recognized for human
consumption.
 
Vitamin P - known as Bioflavonoids. Commonly taken in conjunction with Vitamin C, most people do not
include this vitamin when they list all vitamins. Vitamin P is commonly referred to as the "C Complex". The
vitamin can be found in citrus fruits and onions. Optimal daily intake can range from 100 mg to 1,000 mg.
 Vitamin PP - another name for Vitamin B3 or Niacin.
 Vitamin Q - discovered by Dr. Armand James Quick and used only by patients with telangiectasia. The
vitamin is also known as Coenzyme Q10. It is common to list all vitamins without Coenzyme Q10 or Vitamin
Q as most people never come in contact with the vitamin.
 Vitamin R - another name for Vitamin B10 or PABA.
 Vitamin S - another name for Vitamin B11 or Pteryl-Hepta-Glutamic Acid. Referenced when some
list all vitamins as being a kelp derived vitamin.
 
Vitamin T - is rarely included when you list all vitamins. There is some confusion about the vitamin as two
scientists used the same name for different discoveries. Vitamin T is a growth promoter in termites, fungus and
yeast. It is also the name for a blood health promoting substance in sesame seeds.
 Vitamin U - a questionable vitamin found in uncooked cabbage juice. The vitamin could be either S-
Methylmethionine, Allantoin or Glutamine.

 The best source of vitamin D is the sun. Spending 10 to 15 minutes in the sun every day allows the skin
to product vitamin D. Milk and cereal, in some countries, are fortified with the vitamin. Also see Vitamin D
Facts, Foods High in Vitamin D, Benefits of Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency.

 Vitamin E – a fat soluble vitamin that works in the blood stream to prevent cholesterol from clogging
arteries. It also works with the body to allow vitamin K to be used. The RDA for vitamin E is about 22.5 IUs
every day. According to the American Heart Association, as little as 400 mcg a day can be harmful to health.
Common food sources include liver, eggs, nuts, sunflower seed and mayonnaise.  See Facts About Vitamin E.
 Vitamin F - commonly included when asked to list all vitamins, Vitamin F is commonly called Linoleic
Acid. More appropriately, this vitamin is an essential fatty acid which may improve heart health. Found
naturally in vegetables oils. There is no RDA.
 Vitamin G - another name for Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin.
 Vitamin H - known as Biotin. This vitamin is naturally found in soy beans and egg yolks. People who
do not get enough Biotin may suffer from eczema or difficulties with fat metabolism. An RDA of 300 mcg is
set, but optimal levels can reach up to 10,000 mcg a day. High doses may help patients with diabetes.
 Vitamin I - another name for Vitamin B7 or Biotin.
 Vitamin J - found in woody plants, this term is used for Catechol which is a flavonoid.
 Vitamin K – a fat soluble vitamin that plays a role in blood clotting and bone health. The RDA for the
vitamin is 90 mcg for adult females and 120 mcg for adult males. Higher doses of vitamin K may be
administered to help certain illnesses such as excessive bleeding or osteoporosis. Common foods high in
vitamin K include beef liver, green tea, cabbage, spinach and chlorophyll. Also see Vitamin K injection.

 Vitamin L1 - known as Ortho-Aminobenzoic Acid. Found in beef liver, to list all vitamins would be to
include this amino acid. While not essential in humans, affects lactation in animals.
 Vitamin L2 - known as Adenyl Thiomethylpentose. This naturally occurring substance is found in
yeast and may benefit animals during the lactation process.
 Vitamin M - known commonly as Folic Acid and also vitamin B9, Vitamin M is essential to the brain
development of the fetus in utero. Natural food sources include green leafy vegetables and oranges. Additional
benefits may include a reduction in fetal birth defects and reduction in risk for colon cancer. Adults should
intake between 400 mcg and 1,000 mcg a day with the RDA being set at 400 mcg for non-pregnant adults.
 Vitamin N - known as Thioctic Acid or ?-lipoic acid. Intake can range from 50 to 100 mg a day. To list
all vitamins would not normally include Vitamin N. The substance can be used to regulate blood sugar levels.
 Vitamin O - known as stablized liquid oxygen, this vitamin is no longer recognized for human
consumption.
 
Vitamin P - known as Bioflavonoids. Commonly taken in conjunction with Vitamin C, most people do not
include this vitamin when they list all vitamins. Vitamin P is commonly referred to as the "C Complex". The
vitamin can be found in citrus fruits and onions. Optimal daily intake can range from 100 mg to 1,000 mg.
 Vitamin PP - another name for Vitamin B3 or Niacin.
 Vitamin Q - discovered by Dr. Armand James Quick and used only by patients with telangiectasia. The
vitamin is also known as Coenzyme Q10. It is common to list all vitamins without Coenzyme Q10 or Vitamin
Q as most people never come in contact with the vitamin.
 Vitamin R - another name for Vitamin B10 or PABA.
 Vitamin S - another name for Vitamin B11 or Pteryl-Hepta-Glutamic Acid. Referenced when some
list all vitamins as being a kelp derived vitamin.
 
Vitamin T - is rarely included when you list all vitamins. There is some confusion about the vitamin as two
scientists used the same name for different discoveries. Vitamin T is a growth promoter in termites, fungus and
yeast. It is also the name for a blood health promoting substance in sesame seeds.
 Vitamin U - a questionable vitamin found in uncooked cabbage juice. The vitamin could be either S-
Methylmethionine, Allantoin or Glutamine.

NUTRITION AND DESEASE:

Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism. Using the genetic
blueprint inherited from its parents, a fetus begins to develop, at the moment of conception, from the nutrients it
absorbs. It requires certain vitamins and minerals to be present at certain times. These nutrients facilitate the
chemical reactions that produce among other things, skin, bone, and muscle. If there is serious deficiency in one
or more of these nutrients, a child may develop a deficiency disease. Even minor deficiencies may cause
permanent damage.[31]

For the most part, vitamins are obtained with food, but a few are obtained by other means. For example,
microorganisms in the intestine — commonly known as "gut flora" — produce vitamin K and biotin, while one
form of vitamin D is synthesized in the skin with the help of the natural ultraviolet wavelength of sunlight.
Humans can produce some vitamins from precursors they consume. Examples include vitamin A, produced
from beta carotene, and niacin, from the amino acid tryptophan.[18]

Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance
of the cells, tissues, and organs that make up a multicellular organism; they also enable a multicellular life form
to efficiently use chemical energy provided by food it eats, and to help process the proteins, carbohydrates, and
fats required for respiration.[3]

Deficiencies

It was suggested that, when plants and animals began to transfer from the sea to rivers and land about 500
million years ago, environmental deficiency of marine mineral antioxidants was a challenge to the evolution of
terrestrial life. Terrestrial plants slowly optimized the production of “new” endogenous antioxidants such as
ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), polyphenols, flavonoids, tocopherols, etc. Since this age, dietary vitamin deficiencies
appeared in terrestrial animals. [32] Humans must consume vitamins periodically but with differing schedules, to
avoid deficiency. Human bodily stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A, D, and B 12 are stored in
significant amounts in the human body, mainly in the liver,[28] and an adult human's diet may be deficient in
vitamins A and D for many months and B12 in some cases for years, before developing a deficiency condition.
However, vitamin B3 (niacin and niacinamide) is not stored in the human body in significant amounts, so stores
may last only a couple of weeks.[19][28] For vitamin C, the first symptoms of scurvy in experimental studies of
complete vitamin C deprivation in humans have varied widely, from a month to more than six months,
depending on previous dietary history that determined body stores.[33]

Deficiencies of vitamins are classified as either primary or secondary. A primary deficiency occurs when an
organism does not get enough of the vitamin in its food. A secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying
disorder that prevents or limits the absorption or use of the vitamin, due to a “lifestyle factor”, such as smoking,
excessive alcohol consumption, or the use of medications that interfere with the absorption or use of the
vitamin.[28] People who eat a varied diet are unlikely to develop a severe primary vitamin deficiency. In contrast,
restrictive diets have the potential to cause prolonged vitamin deficits, which may result in often painful and
potentially deadly diseases.

Well-known human vitamin deficiencies involve thiamine (beriberi), niacin (pellagra), vitamin C (scurvy), and
vitamin D (rickets). In much of the developed world, such deficiencies are rare; this is due to (1) an adequate
supply of food and (2) the addition of vitamins and minerals to common foods, often called fortification. [18][28] In
addition to these classical vitamin deficiency diseases, some evidence has also suggested links between vitamin
deficiency and a number of different disorders.[34][35]

Side-effects and overdose

In large doses, some vitamins have documented side-effects that tend to be more severe with a larger dosage.
The likelihood of consuming too much of any vitamin from food is remote, but overdosing (vitamin poisoning)
from vitamin supplementation does occur. At high enough dosages, some vitamins cause side-effects such as
nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting.[19][36] When side-effects emerge, recovery is often accomplished by reducing the
dosage. The doses of vitamins different individual can tolerate varies widely, and appear to be related to age and
state of health.[37]

In 2008, overdose exposure to all formulations of vitamins and multivitamin-mineral formulations was reported
by 68,911 individuals to the American Association of Poison Control Centers (nearly 80% of these exposures
were in children under the age of 6), leading to 8 "major" life-threatening outcomes and 0 deaths.[38]