Magnetic Field

Magnetic field due to current

Magnetic field is produced by the moving charge i.e. current, so a current
carrying conductor carries a magnetic field around it .
Principle of Transformer, Motor and
Generator
Transformer
A time changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of wire when passes
through it.
Motor’s Principle
A current carrying wire in the presence of the magnetic field has a force
induced on it.
Generator's Principle
A moving wire in the presence of the magnetic field has a voltage induced in
It.
How the Magnetic Field is Produced
• According to Ampere’s Law

 H dl  I net

CSA

N turns

mean path length, lc

Hlc  Ni
Ni
H 
lc
Permeability
• permeability is a material property that describes the ease
with which a magnetic flux is established in a component

OR

• permeability is the magnetization capability of a material

which it obtains in response to an applied magnetic field.
Electric and Magnetic Flux
Electric and magnetic line of forces are called electric and magnetic flux
Magnetic Circuits
Like an electric circuit a magnetic circuit, indicating the direction of the
magnetic flux and offering opposition to it can be built.
Continued….
Ferromagnetic Materials
As, We know that the magnetic flux density ”B” is
B  H

Where µ is the permeability of the material.

Ferromagnetic materials are those which offer different or inconstant and

non linear permeability .e.g. Steel, Iron etc
Magnetization Curve
Continued……
Continued….
Continued….
Magnetic Domains
In ferromagnetic materials, the atoms are magnetic and groups of them form
magnetic arrays, known as domains
Hysteresis
Hysteresis Loss
• In an ac current situation, to realign the magnetic field in each domain
during the opposite cycle would require extra m.m.f known as coercive
m.m.f.

• This extra energy required to accomplish the reorientation of domains

during each cycle of AC is called hysteresis loss.

• The larger the material, the more energy is required hence the higher the
hysteresis loss.

• Area enclosed in the hysteresis loop formed by applying an ac current to

the core is directly proportional to the energy lost in a given ac cycle.
Core loss is extremely important in practice, since it
greatly affects operating temperatures, efficiencies,
and ratings of magnetic devices.
 Faraday’s Law
“If a flux passes through a turn of a coil of wire, a
voltage will be induced in it, that is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux.”

d
eind 
dt

d
eind  N
dt
Lenz’s Law
Eddy Current
Continues……
Induced Force on a Wire

F  i l  B 
F  ilB sin 
Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in a
Magnetic Field

ein = (v x B) l

eind = (v x B)l cosθ

The Linear DC Machine
Switch B
R
+

VB eind
-