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WORD COUNT FOR TEXT- 2871 ( Including Introduction, Material and Methods,
Mumbai-22
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KEYWORDS- Magnesium sulphate, Outcome, Tetanus, Diazepam
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ABSTRACT PAGE
ABSTRACT-
affecting outcome.
tertiary hospital intensive respiratory care unit. After noting vitals intrathecal tetanus
and paralysis were given. A subset received magnesium sulphate. Outcome was
only diazepam
onset within 2 days. Mean diazepam dose in those received magnesium sulphate
was 6898.33mg and not received was 9147.10mg. Severe group mean diazepam
Mean total stay was 26.75 days in those receiving magnesium sulphate; in others
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29.11 days, increasing to 33.83(+/-11.8) days in very severe. 28(46%) required
magnesium sulphate.
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TEXT
INTRODUCTION-
Benzodiazepines in high doses are mainstay for relaxing muscles and controlling
sedation in controlling spasms, autonomic instability and need for sedation and
The study was conducted in intensive respiratory care unit of tertiary university
HOSPITAL). Tetanus patients above 12 years of age, admitted from January 2004 to
September 2009 were enrolled. All patients presenting to casualty with acute onset
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Examination done. Ablett’s score was used to grade tetanus severity. Patients with
given, injection Tetanus Toxoid given intramuscularly, oral diazepam given through
magnesium sulphate.
respiratory failure and if spasm control required paralytics on top of sedatives and
baclofen. Complete hemogram, renal and liver function tests, random blood sugar,
Statistical Analysis done using the chi square test, Annova test.
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RESULTS-
without magnesium sulphate. Their age groups ranged from 14 to 80 years. Mean
Outcome Total
Discharge Death
Age <=20
grou 17 6 23
p
21-
9 2 11
25
26-
7 3 10
30
31-
1 1 2
35
36-
2 2 4
40
41-
1 0 1
45
46-
4 0 4
50
7
51+ 5 1 6
Total 46 15 61
Table1
Cases with mild severity were 5, moderate 12, severe 21, very severe 23.
Distribution is as in table 2
Received
magnesium
sulphate Total
Yes No
Moderate Count 6 6 12
Severe Count 6 15 21
Very Count 9 14 23
Severe
% 37.5% 37.8% 37.7%
Total Count 24 37 61
Table 2
occured in 24 patients receiving magnesium sulphate, all in the very severe group.
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11 deaths occured in 37(29.7%) not receiving magnesium sulphate, 1death in
there was increase in total deaths in patients not receiving magnesium sulphate.
discharge Death
Mild Yes 3 0 3
No 2 0 2
Total 5 0 5
Moderate Yes 6 0 6
No 5 1 6
Total 11 1 12
Severe Yes 6 0 6
No 12 3 15
Total 18 3 21
No 7 7 14
9
Total 12 11 23
Table 3
Nine patients died due to sepsis , one died due to ARDS, one due to autonomic
dysfunction, one due to cardiac arrest, in three the cause was unknown.
7 received injection tetanus toxoid in past. Immunisation rate was 11.5%. Everyone
Mean period of onset was 2.38 days, ranging from 1 to 10 days. In 45( 73.8%)
patients it was within 48 hours. As the period of onset increased disease severity
Abletts score
Mil
d Moderate Severe Very Severe
Tracheo- NO
5 1 0 0
stomy
YES 0 11 21 23
Table 4 Chi-Square Tests p=0.000
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Patients tracheostomised earlier on admission had significantly severe disease .
6 did not require tracheostomy and 2 patients data on day of tracheostomy was
unavailable.
Mean diazepam
Mild 690.00 4
Moderate 3351.25 12
Severe 9760.79 19
Very Severe 11034.50 20
Total 8165.82 55
Table 5
Maximum total diazepam required was 39810mg and minimum total dose of
dose was 6562.50mg in patients receiving and 11236.92mg in patients not receiving
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magnesium sulphate in severe group. In other groups there was no difference
(table6)
Mean for 9 days. Mean magnesium sulphate dose increased with severity, was
statistically significant p=0.047(Anova test) (table 7). Three patients in very severe
Mild 364.67
12
Moderate 325.67
Severe 548.67
Very Severe 272.22
Total 366.25
Table-7
33 did not require ventilator and 28 required ventilator. Ventilated patients consisted
outcome Total
discharge Death
Ventilation NO Count 32 1 33
YES Count 14 14 28
Total Count 46 15 61
,none died. Very severe 4 died and 4 discharged. Whereas ventilated patients not
increased, stay increased, was statistically significant ANOVA test, p=0.003. Mean
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stay in those receiving magnesium sulphate was 26.75 days and those not receiving
on magnesium sulphate therapy had apneas and required short term ventilation for
same.
DISCUSSION-
In present study majority are young mean age being 29.67 years. In Thwaites’ study
it was 47 years (1). Present study had 57(93.4%) males and 4 females. This could
In present study 57% patients were unskilled labourers , 20% skilled labourers , 7%
Unskilled labourers are at increased risk of tetanus in our study followed by skilled
labourers. Onwuchekwa’s study reveals similar results except skilled labourers and
students in their study were at higher risk to develop tetanus, probably due to
ignorance of immunisation( 2 ).
All patients in our study received intrathecal tetanus immunoglobulin. Geeta’s study
stay, need for tracheostomy, sedative dose in mild tetanus( 6 ). Kabura concluded
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that intrathecal administration of TIG is more beneficial than intramuscular
administration(7 ).
Only 7 (11.5%) of 61 were earlier immunised. In Lee’s study 20% and Pawar’s study
4.2% received tetanus toxoid in past(8)(9). In study from kasturba hospital 20% were
In 28(45.9%) incubation period was unknown as history of antecedent event was not
In 73.8% the period of onset was within 48 hours and more than 48 hours in 26.2%.
In Onwuchekwa’s study period of onset was within 48 hours in 41.9% and more than
hrs (10). In this study of the 15 deaths, all had period of onset within 3 days and 13
was 87% in patients having period of onset within 48 hours in current study . In
Various scores are used to grade severity of tetanus. We used the Ablett’s score
(14). Patel and Joag suggested classifying tetanus cases into five grades( 15 ).
severe and 23(37.7%) to very severe group. Edmonson’s study distribution in the
mild, moderate, severe, very severe group was 7% , 3% , 69% , 21% respectively(4).
Trujillo’s study had 13.4% patients in mild, moderate group and 86.6% patients in
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Patients tracheostomised earlier on admission had statistically significant severe
Femi- pearse used 2.4 mg/kg/day of diazepam in mild, 4.3 mg/kg/day in moderate
and 9.4 mg/kg/day in severe and very severe tetanus. Maximum diazepam dose
used was 40 mg/kg/day. In present study maximum total diazepam required was
from 53 mg/day to 1380 mg/day for patients receiving magnesium sulphate, not
statistically significant.
patients not receiving magnesium sulphate in severe group. In other groups there
was no much difference. In Thwaites’ study (1) average diazepam dose in mg/kg/day
was 40 and 47.1 in those receiving and not receiving magnesium sulphate
respectively, their average midazolam dose in mg/kg/day was 7.1 and 1.4
respectively. The total sedative dose was 47.1 and 48.5 not showing much
receiving and not receiving magnesium sulphate. Thwaites study had significant
decrease in need for paralysis in patients receiving magnesium sulphate. This may
study only 46% needed ventilation. Of 28 ventilated patients 12 received and 16 did
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not receive magnesium sulphate. Magnesium sulphate therapy did not affect
Present study had more deaths in ventilated patients and was statistically significant.
Because we had more patients 44 (72.1%) in severe and very severe group. In
survived patients total stay ranged from minimum 7 to maximum 64 days. As severity
increased, stay increased, was statistically significant (p= 0.003).Mean total stay in
those receiving and not receiving magnesium sulphate was 26.75 days and 29.11
There were 15 deaths( 24.5%) none in mild, 1(6.7%) in moderate, 3 (20%) in severe
and 11 (73.3%) in very severe group. As severity increased more deaths occurred
and was statistically significant (p=0.01).The mortality rate was 47.7% , 49.9%,
15.3% , 8%, 12.5% , 48% in studies done by Bhatt (13), Yodh(12) , Trujillo(16) ,
group. Thwaites reported mortality of 13% in magnesium sulphate severe group ,in
our study it was 16.7% in very severe group and 0% in mild, moderate, severe
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11 deaths occurred in 37 patients not receiving magnesium sulphate, 1 in
severe group not receiving magnesium sulphate, our study it was 0% in mild, 2.7% in
moderate,8.1% in severe, 18.9% in very severe group. Death rate in Thwaites study
was confined to only severe group as per Ablett’s score. Death rate in our study was
confined to very severe group. Though not statistically significant there was increase
asphyxia while now hospital infections and autonomic dysfunction are major causes
of death. In our study 9 of 15 deaths were due to sepsis. Other causes were ARDS ,
autonomic dysfunction , cardiac arrest. Sepsis related deaths are similar to Trujillo’s
study(16)
Magnesium sulphate infusion led to fall in serum calcium levels below 7mg and
CONCLUSIONS-
suffer.Magnesium sulphate did not influence need for tracheostomy, ventilator, stay
and mortality. Though not significant it showed overall decreased trend for mortality
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severity increased dosages of magnesium sulphate and diazepam increased
significantly.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS-
thank the Dean of L.T.M.Medical College for permission and other staff members
REFERENCES-
adults in Nigerian tertiary hospital” Annals of African Medicine , vol 8, no.3; 2009:
168-172
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7.Kabura “Intrathecal vs IM administration of human antitetanus immunoglobulin in
Médecine tropicale : revue du Corps de santé colonial. 1979 Nov-Dec ;39(6): 651-5
cases”Chest 1987;92:63-65
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19.Shah et al”A study of 404 cases of tetanus “The Clinician , May 1985;49(5):196-
201
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