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SYLLABLE
175. Syllables in writing are called…
176. The limit for the number of syllables in English is…
177. The universal syllabic structure in the canonical form is…
178. What sounds have the highest degree of sonority?
179. The division of words into syllables is called...
180. What two types of sounds cannot be split during syllabification?
181. What symbol is used to designate a syllabic consonant?
182. Divide in writing the word speaking.
183. Divide into phonetic syllables the word bottle.
184. What is the characteristic feature of the syllabic structure of the words of old English origin.
185. How is the syllable preceding the stressed syllable designated?
186. How is the syllable following the stressed syllable designated?
187. What are the two commonest structural types of the syllable in English (write their canonical
forms)?
188. The point of this theory of syllabic structure of the word is that in most languages there is a
syllabic phoneme in the centre of the syllable, which is usually a vowel phoneme or, in some
languages, a sonorant. The phonemes preceding or following the syllable peak are called marginal.
The energy, which is the tension of articulation, increases within the range of prevocalic
consonants and then decreases within the range of postvocalic consonants. Therefore, the syllable
can be defined as an arc of articulatory tension.
189. The point of this theory is that the syllable is a sound or group of the sounds that are pronounced
in one chest-puls . There are as many syllables in a word as there are chest-pulses made during the
word .
190. The border line between the syllables is a moment of the weaker expiration
191. Which is the most common type of syllable in English?
192. Which are syllabic English consonants?
193. This theory is based upon the fact that each sound was a definite carrying power. Sounds group
themselves according to their sonority. There are as many syllables as there are peaks of
prominence of sonority.
194. This theory takes into consideration both levels production and perception. Syllable is an arc of
loudness. The peak of the syllable is louder and higher in pitch than the slopes. The organ which is
responsible for the variation of loudness is pharynx . There are as many syllables in a word as
there are arcs of loudness.
WORD STRESS
195. How many factors are important in making the syllable prominent?
196. How many degrees of word stress are singled out in English?
197. What degree of word stress do American phoneticians add to the traditionally recognized degrees
in English?
198. What are languages called which allow certain freedom for placement word stress?
199. Which is the oldest of the English lexical stress tendencies?
200. Which tendency regulates the stressing of borrowed polysyllabic words in English?
201. Which is the name of the tendency which defines the placement of word stress on the root of the
native English words with a prefix with no referential meaning?
202. What tendency defines the stress of the derivative word personal as compared with person!
203. Which syllable of a two-syllable verb is stressed if its second syllable contains a long vowel or a
diphthong
204. Which syllable of a two-syllable noun is stressed when its second syllable contains a short vowel?
205. English word stress is of a complex nature. It is:
206. Which is the place of secondary stress?
207. Which is the most common accentual type of English words?
208. A stress on the vowel in the penultimate syllable which is not typically stressed in RP is called:
RHYTHM
209. Which is the right order of the rhythmical organization of English prose.
210. What are the adjoining unstressed syllables called when they precede the stressed syllable?
211. What are the adjoining unstressed syllables called when they follow the stressed syllable?
212. Which is English type of rhythm?
213. What is the prosodic nucleus of rhythmic group?
214. The number of the rhythmic groups depends on:
INTONATION
215. Where is the focus /the semantic center of an unmarked utterance located on?
216. What is the force component of intonation made by?
217. Which tone can encourage further conversation, be wondering, mildly puzzled, soothing?
218. One or more words closely connected by sense and grammar, but containing only one
strongly stressed syllable and being pronounced in one breath are called a...
219. Which tone is highly implicatory in English?
220. Spoken English is divided into chunks of talk or...
221. Because they are unstressed in the stream of speech, function words exhibit various forms of...
222. What words are accentuated by pitch, length, loudness or a combination of these prosodic features
under normal, or unmarked conditions?
223. What is the core component of intonation?
224. How many rhythmic groups/feet are there in "Thank you for the present'?
225. What tone expresses the speaker's active searching for information?
226. This part of an intonation group determines the semantic value of the intonation group, and
indicates the communicative centre of the intonation group or of the whole sentence.
227. Which of the head patterns is used for normal speech?
228. Where is the semantic centre of an utterance in normal speech located on?
229. What are the emphatic tones?
230. What part of the intonation group goes before the nucleus?
231. What is the corresponding tone for each of these types of the utterances? (Request, Order,
Exclamation, Statement)
232. What is the corresponding tone to each of these questions? (General, Special, Disjunctive,
Alternative)
233. What forms are usually unstressed in the sentence?
234. The type of the utterance stress that is used to arrange words into sentences or intonation groups
phonetically. Together with grammatical and lexical means it expresses the general idea of the
sentence and indicates its communicative center. The nuclear syllable is generally associated with
the last content word of the intonation group.
235. The type of utterance stress, which gives special prominence to a new element in a sentence or an
intonation group.
236. This type of sentence stress increases the effort of expression. It may strengthen the stressed word
making it still prominent. This stress manifests itself mainly on the High Fall or the Rise-Fall of
the nuclear syllable.
237. The part of intonation group formed by stressed and unstressed syllables beginning with the first
stressed syllable is called…
238. The part of intonation group that includes unstressed and half stressed syllables before the first
stressed syllable.
239. The last stressed syllable of the intonation group in which the pitch movement changes. It is
usually of a highest importance: it is on this syllable that the whole pitch pattern centers.
240. The unstressed and half-stressed syllables that follow the nucleus in the intonation group are
called…
PHONETIC STYLES
241. This style is characterized by the predominant use of intellectual intonation patterns. The
characteristic feature of this style is the use of normal or slow speed of utterance and regular
rhythm. It occurs in formal discourse where the task set by the sender of the message is to
communicate information without giving it any emotional or volitional evaluation.
242. In this style intellectual and volitional (or desiderative) intonation patterns are concurrently
employed. The speaker's purpose here is to direct the listener's attention to the message carried in
the semantic component. This style is frequently used, for example, by university lecturers,
schoolteachers, or by scientists in formal and informal discussions.
243. In this style the emotional role of intonation increases, thereby intonation patterns used for
intellectual, volitional and emotional purposes have an equal share. Pauses may be different in
length but long pauses are more common. This style is generally acquired by special training and it
is used, for instance, in stage speech, classroom recitation, and verse speaking or in reading aloud
fiction.
244. This style is characterized by predominance of volitional (or desiderative) intonation patterns
against the background of intellectual and emotional ones. The general aim of this intonation style
is to exert influence on the listener, to convince him that the speaker's interpretation is the only
correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech.
245. The usage of this style is typical of the English of everyday life. It occurs both within a family
group and in informal external relationships, namely, in the speech of intimate friends or well-
acquainted people. Generally speaking this style, unlike other styles, will allow the occurrence of
the entire range of intonation patterns existing in English.