Switch-Level Modeling

Chap. 11 in
“Verilog HDL– A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis”
by Samir Palnitkar

Learning Objectives

Describe basic MOS switches nmos, pmos, and cmos

Understand modeling of bidirectional pass switches,

power, and ground

Identify resistive MOS switches

Explain the method to specify delays on basic MOS

switches and bidirectional pass switches

Build basic switch-level circuits in Verilog, using

available switches

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 2

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 Switch-Level Modeling

Switch-Modeling Elements
 MOS switches
 CMOS switches
 Bidirectional Switches
 Power and Ground
 Resistive Switches
 Delay specification on switches

Examples
 CMOS inverter
 CMOS nor gate
 2-to-1 multiplexer
 simple CMOS flip-flop

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 3

MOS Switches

two types of MOS switches can be defined with the
keywords, nmos and pmos nmos n1(out,data,control);
pmos p1(out,data,control);

data out data out

control control
NMOS PMOS
control control
nmos pmos
0 1 x z 0 1 x z
0 z 0 L L 0 0 z L L
data

data

1 z 1 H H 1 1 z H H
L: 0 or z x z x x x x x z x x
H: 1 or z z z z z z z z z z z
Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 4

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CMOS Switches

CMOS switches are declared with the keyword
cmos
 the ncontrol and pcontrol are
normally complements of each other
 when ncontrol signal is 1 pcontrol
and pcontrol signal is 0
the switch conducts
data out
 when ncontrol signal is 0
and pcontrol signal is 1
the output of the switch is z
ncontrol
cmos c1(out,data,ncontrol,pcontrol);
CMOS
nmos (out,data,ncontrol);
pmos (out,data,pcontrol);

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 5

Bidirectional Switches

three keywords are used to define bidirectional
switches
 tran: acts as a buffer between inout1 and inout2
 tranif0: connects inout1 and inout2 only if control
signal is 0
 tranif1: connects inout1 and inout2 only if control
signal is 1 control
inout1 inout2 inout1 inout2
tran tranif0

control
tran t1(inout1,inout2);
tranif0 (inout1,inout2,control); inout1 inout2
tranif1 (inout1,inout2,control); tranif1

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 6

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Power and Ground

the power (Vdd, logic 1) and
ground (Vss, logic 0) sources
 needed when transistor-level circuits are designed
 defined with keywords supply1 and supply0
 place logical 1 and 0 continuously on nets

supply1 vdd;
supply0 vss;

assign a = vdd; // connect a to vdd

assign b = vss; // connect b to vss

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 7

Resistive Switches

MOS, CMOS, and bidirectional Input Output

switches can be modeled as Strength Strength
corresponding resistive switches supply pull
 have higher source-to-drain strong pull
impedance pull weak
 reduce the strength of signals large medium
passing through weak medium
 declared with medium small

rnmos, rpmos, and rcmos small small

rtran, rtranif0, and rtranif1
highz highz

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 8

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Delay specification on switches

MOS and CMOS switches
 delays are optional and appear immediately after the
keyword for the switch

rise, fall, and turn-off delays

zero, one, two, or three delays

Switch element Delay Specification Examples

Zero (no delay)
pmos, nmos One (same delays on all)
rpmos, rnmos Two (rise, fall)
Three (rise,fall,turnoff)
Zero, One, Two, or
cmos, rcmos Three delays (same as
above)
pmos p1(out,data,control);
pmos #(1) p1(out,data,control);
nmos #(1,2) p2(out,data,control);
nmos #(1,3,2) p2(out,data,control);
cmos #(5) c1(out,data,nctrl,pctrl);
cmos #(1,2) c2(out,data,nctrl,pctrl);

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 9

Delay specification on switches (Cont’d)

Bidirectional pass switches
 do not delay signals passing through them
 have turn-on and turn-off delays while switching
Switch element Delay Specification Examples
no delay specification
tran, rtran
allowed
Zero, (no delay) rtranif0 rt1(inout1,inout2,control);
tranif1,rtranif1
One (both t-on and t-off) tranif0 #(3) t1(inout1,inout2,control);
tranif0,rtranif0 Two (turn-on, turn-off) tranif1 #(1,2) t1(inout1,inout2,control);

Specify blocks
 pin-to-pin delays and timing checks can also be specified

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 10

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Switch-Level Modeling

Switch-Modeling Elements
 MOS switches
 CMOS switches
 Bidirectional Switches
 Power and Ground
 Resistive Switches
 Delay specification on switches

Examples
 CMOS inverter
 CMOS nor gate
 2-to-1 multiplexer
 simple CMOS flip-flop

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 11

Examples

CMOS Inverter in out

Vdd

// Define CMOS inverter pwr

module my_inv(out,in);
output out;
input in;
in out
supply1 pwr;
supply0 gnd;
pmos p1(out,pwr,in);
nmos n1(out,gnd,in);
gnd
endmodule

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 12

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Examples (Cont’d)

CMOS Nor Gate
// Define nor gate a out Vdd
module my_nor(out,a,b);
b pwr
output out;
input a,b; module stimulus;
wire c; wire OUT; c
reg A,B;
supply1 pwr; wire c;
supply0 gnd;
my_nor nor1(OUT,A,B); out
pmos pb(c,pwr,b);
pmos pa(out,c,a); initial
nmos na(out,gnd,a); begin a b
nmos nb(out,gnd,b); A=1’b0; B=1’b0;
#5 A=1’b0; B=1’b1;
endmodule #5 A=1’b1; B=1’b0; gnd
#5 A=1’b1; B=1’b1;
end
endmodule

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 13

Examples (Cont’d)

a 2-to-1 multiplexer using CMOS Switches
i0 2-to-1 Mux
2-to-1 out
i1 Mux
i0
S
//2-to-1 mux using switches sbar out

module mux_2to1(out,s,i0,i1);
output out; i1
input s,i0,i1;
wire sbar;
my_inv not1(sbar,s);
cmos c1(out,i0,sbar,s);
cmos c2(out,i1,s,sbar);
endmodule S

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 14

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Exercise 4-to-1 MUX

Switch-level multiplexer
 a 4-to-1 multiplexer with 2 select signals
i0 s1 s0 out
i1 4-to-1 0 0 i0
out
i2 Mux 0 1 i1
i3
1 0 i2
1 1 i3
s1 s0
//4-to-1 mux using switches
module mux_4to1(out,s0,s1,i0,i1,i2,i3);
output out;
input s0,s1,i0,i1,i2,i3;
. . .
endmodule

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 15

Examples (Cont’d)

a level-sensitive CMOS flip-flop
 switches C1 and C2 are CMOS switches

complement of the clock is fed to the ncontrol input of C2

C1 is closed if clock = 1

C2 is closed if clock = 0
d qbar
module cff(q,qbar,d,clk); FF
output q,qbar; clock
q
input d,clk;
wire e, nclk;
my_inv not1(nclk,clk); d C1 e qbar
cmos c1(e,d,clk,nclk);
cmos c2(e,q,nclk,clk); C2
my_inv not2(qbar,e);
my_inv not3(q,qbar); clock
q
endmodule

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 16

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Exercises
1. draw the circuit diagrams for the following 2-input gates
(using nmos and pmos switches), and
write the Verilog descriptions for the circuits
a) xor
b) and
c) or
2. Design the 1-bit full-adder shown below using the xor, and and
or gates built above
a
b sum

c_out
c_in

Switch-Level Modeling Dept. of CSIE, DYU 17