~1

ENGLISH

Interactive DVD
Learn ing Systern

Speak
toMe
M

By Christel Baach &.. Joseph Merrill

~ AMERICAN VIDEO

lANGUAGE INSTITUTE, INC.

UNIT 1 LESSON 1
The Verb "To Be", Affirmative ~~1
Grammatical Explanations

The verb "to be" is used for state (old, sick, tired, beautiful,

American, etc.) and for location (in California, from Brazil, at home, in

the park, etc.)

Contractions are generally used in conversation.

Affirmative Sentences

I am

He
She is
It old.

You*
We are
They

Note:
* "You are" is used for both singular and plural.

""iH(:ak
UNIT 1 LESSON 1
The Verb "To Be", Affirmative

Affirmative Sentences with Contractions

I'm

He's
She's
It's old.

You're
We're
They're

Questions

Am I

he
Is she
it old?

you
Are we
they

SI>C,,::lk
UNIT 1 LESSON 3
"To Be", Negative ~~1
Negative Sentences

I am

He
She is
It is not old.

You
We are
They

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I'm not

He
She isn't
It old.

You
We aren't
They

~I><;~k~
UNIT 1 LESSON 3
"To Be", Negative

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I'm

He's
She's
It's not old.

You're
We're
They're

Sl)c::lk
UNIT 1 LESSON 10
Interrogatives D~1
Grammatical Explanations

Some of the most common interrogatives are "who", "what",

"where", and "when".

For example:

"WHO" > a person > the man, the child, your mother,
Bob, the doctor

"WHAT" > a thing or

an action > the cat, the telephone, the table,
swimming, skiing, the lesson
Note:

We also use "what" to ask about

professions.

Ex.: What is she?

She is a secretary.

"WHERE" > a place > the United States, Australia,

my house, the classroom,
a restaurant, New York,
the beach, the store

"WHEN" > a time > New Year's Eve, at 9:00, next

week, in August, today, this
afternoon, in 2008
UNIT 1 LESSON 11
The Alphabet ~~1
The Alphabet

A as in apple - 8 as in bed - C as in cat ­

D as in desk - E as in engine - F as in fire ­
G as in girl - H as in house - I as in iron - J as in jet ­
K as in key - L as in land - M as in man -
N as in newspaper -0 as in office - P as in paper ­
o as in question - R as in restaurant - S as in stereo ­
T as in television - U as in United States ­
Vas in video - W as in water ­
X as in X-ray - Yas in year - Z as in zebra

Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, LI,
Mm, Nn, 00, Pp, Oq, Rr, 55, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww,
Xx, Yy, Zz..

S,W':lk
 ~~1
UNIT 1 LESSON 12
Numbers

Repeat the following numbers:

1
one I

2
two II

3
three III

4
four 1111

5
five 11111

6
six 111111

7
seven 1111111

8
eight 11111111

9
nine 111111111

10
ten 1111111111

11
eleven 11111111111

12
twelve 111111111111

13
thirteen 1111111111111

14
fourteen 11111111111111

15
fifteen 111111111111111

16
sixteen 1111111111111111

17
seventeen 11111111111111111

18
eighteen 111111111111111111

19
nineteen 1111111111111111111

20
twenty 11111111111111111111

21
twenty-one 111111111111111111111

22
twenty-two 1111111111111111111111

23
twenty-three 11111 11111 11111 11111 III

24
twenty-four 11111 11111 11111 11111 1111

25
twenty-five 11111 11111 11111 11111 11111

SIH,::tk
coMc® 47

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-
-
- -
- - - -
- - -
- -
- -
- -
- -
z
o
en
en
w
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Z ~
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UNIT 2 LESSON 1
The Present Progressive Tense, Affirmative D~2
Grammatical Explanations

The present progressive tense (often called the present continuous

tense) is used to describe actions which are in progress and are
happening at the moment.

Contractions are generally used in conversation.

Affirmative Sentences

I am

He
She is
It working.

You
We are
They
UNIT 2 LESSON 1
The Present Progressive Tense, Affirmative

Affirmative Sentences with Contractions

I'm

He's
She's
It's working.

You're
We're
They're

Questions

Am I

he
Is she
it working?

you
Are we
they
UNIT 2 LESSON 2
The Present Progressive Tense, Negative ~~2
Negative Sentences

I am

He
She is
It not working.

You
We are
They

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I'm not

He
She isn't
It working.

You
We aren't
They

Spc:ak
toMe 61
UNIT 2 LESSON 2
The Present Progressive Tense, Negative

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I'm

He's
She's
It's not working.

You're
We're
They're

Note:

This type of contraction is not used on this DVD.

Spc:.ak
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UNIT 3 LESSON 1
The Simple Present Tense W3
Grammatical Explanations

We use the simple present tense to talk about our daily activities.
We typically use these time phrases with this tense:

always every day on Mondays

usually every week on Thursdays
often every month in January
frequently every year in March
sometimes twice a week at 7:30
occasionally twice a month at 9:00
seldom in tile afternoon in the summer
rarely in tile evening in the winter
never

Affirmative Sentences

I
You
We eat
They
fish.
He
She eats
It

Note:

Add an "s" to all third person singular verbs in the affirmative.

UNIT 3 LESSON 1
The Simple Present Tense

Questions

I
we
Do you
they
eat fish?
he
Does she
it

Add "es" to verbs which end in "sh", "ch", "55" and "x".
Pronounce this like "ez".

Study the following verbs:

Infinitive 3rd Person Singular

brush brushes
wash washes
teach teaches
kiss kisses
watch watches
fix fixes
push pushes
relax relaxes
 UNIT 3 LESSON 1
The Simple Present Tense ~~3
Add "es" to verbs ending in a consonant and "y"; first change
the "y" to "i".

Study the following verbs:

Infinitive 3rd Person Singular

cry cries
study studies
worry worries
carry carries
try tries

Simply add "5" to verbs ending in a vowel plus "y".

Study the following verbs:

Infinitive 3rd Person Singular

pay pays
say says
buy buys
enjoy enjoys

...: ......... 1.

UNIT 3 LESSON 1
The Simple Present Tense

These 3rd person singular forms are irregular:

Study the following verbs:

Infinitive 3rd Person Singular

have has
do does
go goes

Does she have a horse?

Yes, she has a horse.
UNIT 3 LESSON 2
The Simple Present Tense, Negative Form ~~3
Grammatical Explanations

Negative Sentences

I
You
We do
They
not eat fish.
He
She does
It

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I
You
don't
We
They
eat fish.
He
She doesn't
It

"'il~:;l.k
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UNIT 1 LESSON 1
The Verb "To Be", Affirmative tQti1 ~~1
X5!-A1-~

t?~ "To Be" km*-1it#iil. C::t, ±~, 3t~, -X-M.,

~~A'~) ~ft~~£ C~~~,~~~*-,~~,~
~ 00 ~f. ' ~) ~ ffl 0

:ttij~a-'fitJtj~~U~o

1fJiJo]~

I am

He
She is
It old.

You'
We are
They

~~:

• You are Jfl *-1it .f tk. Ji... d tk. J~ "6f 0

Sl~k

M.~ 1~

UNIT 1 LESSON 1
The Verb "To Be", Affirmative

im g ?1dl~ If :.i: 1jJ ~

I'm

He's
She's
It's old.

You're
We're
They're

I~ If :.i: 1jJ ~

Am I

he
Is she
it old?

you
Are we
they

SP4::lk
UNIT 1 LESSON 3
"To Be", ~~~ ~~1
~jE-tD~

I am

He
She is
It is not old.

You
We are
They

i1'8 a $ B~ & jE .IQ] ~

I'm not

He
She isn't
It old.

You
We aren't
They

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ill
ill ill -'­
CIl _CIl '­ '­ >,
- Q) ::::l­ ill
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ill.c CIl
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UNIT 1 LESSON 11
The Alphabet W1
The Alphabet

A as in apple - B as in bed - C as in cat ­

D as in desk - E as in engine - F as in fire ­
G as in girl - H as in house - I as in iron - J as in jet ­
K as in key - L as in land - M as in man -
N as in newspaper -0 as in office - P as in paper ­
o as in question - R as in restaurant - S as in stereo ­
T as in television - U as in United States ­
V as in video - W as in water ­
X as in X-ray - Y as in year - Z as in zebra

Aa, Bb, Ce, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, L1,
Mm, Nn, 00, Pp, Oq, Rr, 55, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww,
Xx, Yy, Zz

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UNIT 2 LESSON 1
The Present Progressive Tense, Affirmative J.tt±.ift~T~ ~~2
x~Jf..

~4~ft~ (~~~~~4~~~) ~m*~~ftA~

*lrI] .it ~ ~ {~ 0
~~$i-il~Jij4-1t-U-.po

l1f~ii.J~

----.

I am
-

He

She is

It working.
-
I

You
We are

They

L 1 ..I. J

Sp(~~kA.' .. ~rc
UNIT 2 LESSON 1
The Present Progressive Tense, Affirmative J..t.tui!.1T~

j?jja~~1lTjEin~

I'm

He's
She's
It's working.

You're
We're
They're

tI rg~ in ~

Am I

he
Is she
it working?

you
Are we
they
UNIT 2 LESSON 2
The Present Progressive Tense, Negative J.ttui!.tT~ ~2
&;iii.J~

I am

He
She is
It not working.

You
We are
They

~ • It. 8~ ~ :i: ii.J ~

I I
I
I'm
1 not
-I
I

He

I
She
It

You
We
1 isn't

aren't
~
working.

L
They
1 j -.J

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UNIT 3 LESSON 1
The Simple Present Tense m~J~tfJ*~ ~~3
Grammatical Explanations

We use the simple present tense to talk about our daily activities.
We typically use these time phrases with this tense:

always every day on Mondays

usually every week on Thursdays
often every month in January
frequently every year in March
sometimes twice a week at 7:30
occasionally twice a month at 9:00
seldom in the afternoon in the summer
rarely in the evening in the winter
never

Affirmative Sentences

I
You
We eat
They
fish.
He
She eats
It

Note:

Add an "s" to all third person singular verbs in the affirmative.

Spqk
UNIT 3 LESSON 1
The Simple Present Tense

Questions

I
we
Do you
they
eat fish?
he
Does she
it

Add "es" to verbs which end in "sh", "ch", "ss" and "x".
Pronounce this like "ez".

Study the following verbs:

Infinitiv 3rd Person Singular

brush brushes
wash washes
teach teaches
kiss kisses
watch watches
fix fixes
push pushes
relax relaxes

?1?
UNIT 3 LESSON 2
The Simple Present Tense, Negative Form D~3
Grammatical Explanations

Negative Sentences

I
You
We do
They
not eat fish.
He
She does
It

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I
You
don't
We
They
eat fish.

He
She doesn't
It

·-;r)C:;lk
UNIT 4 LESSON 1
The Future with "Going to", Affirmative ~4
Grammatical Explanations

We use "going to" as one way to express future time.

We use the future tense with such expressions as:

tomorrow tomorrow evening tomorrow aftemoon

next week next month next year
in 2020

Affinnative Sentences

I am

He
She is
It going to eat chicken tonight.

You
We are
They

1
UNIT 4 LESSON 1
The Future with "Going to ", Affirmative

Questions

Am I

he
Is she
it going to eat chicken tonight?

you
Are we
they

2
- UNIT 4 LESSON 2
The Future with "Going to", Negative D~4
Negative Sentences

I I am

He
She is
It not going to eat chicken tonight.

You
We are
They

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I'm not

He
She isn't
It going to eat chicken tonight.

-
You
We aren't
-
They

-
- Speak
toMe® 11
-
UNIT 4 LESSON 5
The Future with "Will" D~4
Grammatical Explanations

We use the helping verb "will" as another way to express future

time.

Contractions are generally used in conversation.

Affirmative Sentences

He
She
It will arrive next week.

You

-
We
They

"l',:>k
roMc:® 23
UNIT 4 LESSON 5
The Future with "Will"

Questions

he
she
Will it arrive next week?

you
we
they

24
 ~4
UNIT 4 LESSON 6
The Future with "Won't"

Grammatical Explanations

To form the negative of "will" simply add the word "not" or use
the contraction "won't".

I will + not = won't

Negative Sentences

He
She
It won't arrive tonight.

You
We
They

S""ok
roMc® 27
UNIT 4 LESSON 7
Possibility in the Future with "Might" ~4
Grammatical Explanations

We frequently use the helping verb "might" as a way to express

possibility in the future when we are not sure.

Affirmative Sentences

He
She
It might arrive next week.

You
We
They

Negative Sentences

He
She
It might not arrive next week.

You
We
They

31
UNIT 4 LESSON 7
Possibility in the Future with "Might"

"Might" is seldom used to ask questions. We usually ask questions

using "will" and "going to".

For example:

Will you buy a car?

100% Yes = I will buy a car.

100% No = I won't buy a car.
50% ?? = I might buy a car.

Or:

Are you going to buy a car?

100% Yes = I'm going to buy a car.

100% No = I'm not going to buy a car.
50% ?? = I might buy a car.

32
 UNIT 4 LESSON 9
Contractions with "Going to", Affirmative D~4
Affirmative Sentences with Contractions

I'm

He's
She's
It's going to arrive next week.

You're
We're
They're

,~p<'"k
(oMc® 41

~,
UNIT 4 LESSON 10
Contractions of "Wi!!", Affirmative D~4
Affirmative Sentences with Contractions

'-,- -­
I'll

He'll
She'll
It'll arrive next week.

You'll
We'll
They'll

Speak
toi'-le® 45
UNIT 4 LESSON 12
Numbers 400 - 1,000,000 D~4
Repeat the following numbers:

400 four hundred

500 five hundred
700 seven hundred
1,001 one thousand one
1,118 one thousand one hundred eighteen
1,952 one thousand nine hundred fifty-two
2,000 two thousand
3,000 three thousand
4,000 four thousand
10,000 ten thousand
14,000 fourteen thousand
27,000 twenty-seven thousand
125,000 one hundred twenty-five thousand
175,540 one hundred seventy-five thousand five hundred forty
282,993 two hundred eighty-two thousand nine hundred
ninety-three
500,000 five hundred thousand
1,000,000 one million

55
UNIT 5 LESSON 1
Past Tense

Grammatical Explanations

We use the past tense to describe completed actions or events.

We generally use it with such expressions as:

last night yesterday ten minutes ago

last week yesterday morning five hours ago
last year yesterday afternoon two weeks ago
last summer yesterday evening seven years ago
last Monday
last November

Affirmative Sentences

I
He
She
It drank water.
You
We
They

57
UNIT 5 LESSON 1
Past Tense

Questions

I
he
she
Did it drink water?
you
we
they

Speak
58 to l\-1cc.F)
 UNIT 5 LESSON 1
Past Tense, Regular Verbs Ending with a "d" Sound

Grammatical Explanations

All regular verbs end in "ed" but are pronounced differently

depending on the last sound of the verb in the infinitive.

-
Ending Sound [d}

The final "ed" is pronounced [d} after the following (voiced)

sounds:
"n", "b", "z", W ", {(I", "dg", and "r".
if

Infinitve Past Tense

clean cleaned

rub rubbed

live lived

close closed

interview interviewed

fill filled

judge judged

Sp.;ak
roMc® 59
UNIT 5 LESSON 2
Past Tense, Regular Verbs Ending with a "t" Sound

Grammatical Explanations

Ending Sound [t]

The final ited" is pronounced [t] after the following (voiceless)

sounds:

Infinitve Past Tense

work worked
stop stopped
laugh laughed
wash washed
watch watched
practice practiced
fix fixed

.":ip<_·;lk
fo~'Tc® 63
UNIT 5 LESSON 3
Past Tense, Regular Verbs Ending with an Hid" Sound

Grammatical Explanations

Ending Sound lid]

The final sound tied" is pronounced rid] when the infinitive ends in
a "t" or a "d".

Infinitive Past Tense

paint painted
want wanted
visit visited
celebrate celebrated
add added
need needed
decide decided

.~pc"k
roMc® 69
UNIT 5 LESSON 3
Past Tense, Special Spelling Rules for Regular Verbs

Grammatical Explanations

A.

When the infinitive ends in

one vowel and one consonant » double the consonant before

adding "ed"

nap napped
stop stopped
clap clapped
stab stabbed
stub stubbed
rub rubbed

~ never double "x" or "w"

B.

When the infinitive ends in

a consonant plus 'y" » change 'y" to "i" before adding

"00"

study studied
wony worned
try tried
cry cried
deny denied

Spc:ak
roMc ( 75
UNIT 5 LESSON 3
Past Tense, Special Spelling Rules for Regular Verbs

c.
When the infinitive ends in

a vowel and a '}I" » do not change the verb,

just add "00"

employ employed
play played
pray prayed
enjoy enjoyed
stay stayed

As a general rule, most verbs of more than two syllables are regular

Infinitive Past Tense

consider considered
inquire inquired
introduce introduced
operate operated
recommend recommended
diagnose diagnosed
negotiate negotiated
continue continued
sympathize sympathized
demonstrate demonstrated
remember remembered
verbalize verbalized

76
 UNIT 5 LESSON 4
Past Tense, Irregular Verbs

Grammatical Explanations

ItTegular vetbs tend to be short words, of one or 000 syllables, which are
frequently used in the language.

Study these vety common irregular verbs in the infinitive and past tense
- forms:

Infinitive Past Tense Infinftive Past Tense

do did go went
make made eat ate
have had see saw
leave left fall fell
rise rose lay laid
win won lie lay
lose lost run ran
find found get got
forget forgot break broke
speak spoke steal stole
tear tore wear wore
stand stood unde~tan~ood
- sit
swim
sat
swam
drink
give gave
ring rang begin began
pay paid say said
feed fed meet met
sleep slept sweep swept
keep kept feel felt
sell sold tell told

Sp<:"k
lOMc® 77

~
-
UNIT 5 LESSON 4
Past Tense, Irregular Verbs

Infinftive Past Tense Infinftive Past Tense

grow grew know knew

fly flew throw threw
blow blew drive drove
ride rode dive dove
write wrote come came
think thought fight fought
teach taught catch caught
seek sought bring brought
shake shook take took
hide hid slide slid
spend spent bite bit
lend lent send sent
mean meant bend bent
sting stung hear heard
hang hung swing swung

S)"",,k
78 t,o Mcql~
-
UNIT 5 LESSON 5
Past Tense, Negative Form

Grammatical Explanations

Negative Sentences

I
He
She
It did not eat yesterday.
You
We
They

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I
He
-
She
It didn't eat yesterday.
You
We
They

-
83
UNIT 5 LESSON 9
Past Tense, Verb "To Be}}, (Was/Were)

Grammatical Explanations

Use the past tense of the verb "to be"

for state:

Present Tense Past Tense

I am hungry.
I was hungry.

He is very old.
He was very old.

They are students.

They were students.

or for location:

Present Tense Past Tense

We are at home.
We were at home.

She is in Italy.
She was in Italy.

We are at the beach.

We were at the beach.

We typically use the past tense of the verb "to be" with past tense
time expressions.

For example:

last Sunday yesterday two months ago

last night yesterday afternoon five days ago
last week in 1980 two weeks ago
last year in 2001 ten years ago

101
UNIT 5 LESSON 9
Past Tense, Verb "To Be" (Was/Were)

Affirmative Sentences

I
He
was
She
It here last week.

You
We were
They

Questions

I
he
Was
she
it
here last week?
you
Were we
they

Speak
102 loMc®
UNIT 5 LESSON 11
Past Tense, Verb "To Be", Negative Form

Grammatical Explanations

Negative Sentences

I
He
She was
It
not here yesterday.

l You
We were
They
-

Negative Sentences wfth Contractions

I
He
wasn't
She
It
here yesterday.
You
We weren't
They

Sp"ok
toMc® 109
 UNIT 6 LESSON 1
Helping Verb "Can" D~6
Grammatical Explanations

- {lean" is the helping verb we use to show ability (physical or mental)

and opportunity.

Examples:

Questions

I
he
she
Can it play tennis?
you
- we
they

Affirmative Sentences

I
He
She
It can play tennis.
You
We
They

- Sp,:ak
foMc® 115
UNIT 6 LESSON 1
Helping Verb "Can"

Short Answers

I
he
she
Yes, it can.
you
we
they

Spcnk
116 tol'tTc:ii '
 UNIT 6 LESSON 2
Helping Verb "Can't"

Grammatical Explanations

- To form the negative of "can", simply add the word "not" or use
the contraction "can't".

I can + not = can't I

Questions with "Can"

I
he
she

- Can it
you
we
play cards?

they

Negative Sentences

I
He
She
It can't play cards.
You
We
They

,~p<'"k

- toMc® 121
UNIT 6 LESSON 2
Helping Verb "Can't"

Short Answers with "Can't"

I
he
she
No, it can't.
you
we
they

Sp<'''k
122 loMe@:'
-
UNIT 6 LESSON 3
- Helping Verb "Should" ~6
Grammatical Explanations

UShould" is the helping verb we use to give advice or to make

recommendations.

Example: People should eat fruit.

(It's good for everybody's health.)

Questions
- -
I
he
she
Should it eat fruit?
you

- we
they

Affirmative Sentences with "Should"

I
He
She
It should eat fruit.
You
We
They

Srx"k
toMc® 125
UNIT 6 LESSON 3
Helping Verb "Should"

Short Answers with uShould"

I
he
she
Yes, it should.
you
we
they

Sp....flk
(oMcC1I.~
126
UNIT 6 LESSON 3
Helping Verb "Shouldn't" D~6
Grammatical Explanations

To form the negative of "should", simply add the word "not" or use
the contraction "shouldn't",

I should + not = shouldn't

Questions with "Should"

I
he
she
Should it smoke?
you
we
they

Negative

I
He
She
It shouldn't smoke.
You
We
They

Speak
roMc® 127
UNIT 6 LESSON 3
He/ping Verb "Shou/dn't"

Short Answers with IlShouldn't"

I
he
she
No, it shouldn't.
you
we
they

Sp("~lk
128 to Mc®
- UNIT 6 LESSON 4
Helping Verb "Could"

Grammatical Explanations

tlCould" is the helping verb we use to show:

>> the past tense of the helping verb tlcan"

(ability or opportunity in the past)

Example:

I could run all day when I was a child. ( I can't anymore.)

>> ability in a situation which we are imagining (conditional sentences)

Example:

tf I had a lot of money, I could travel around the world.

(But I don't have a lot of money, so I can't travel around the world.)

'~J.X:ak
(oMc®
133
UNIT 6 LESSON 4
Helping Verb "Could" (Past of "Can")

Questions with "Could"

I
he
she
sleep well
Could it last night?
you
we
they

Affirmative Sentences with "Could"

-
I
he
she
sleep well
Yes, it could
last night.
you
we
they

"l)(,'ak
134 toMe@;
 UNIT 6 LESSON 4
Helping Verb "Could" (Past of "Can'') D~6

Short Answers with "Could"

I
he
she
Yes, it could.
you
we
they

Sp<:ak

- 135
tol\1c®

UNIT 6 LESSON 4
Helping Verb "Couldn't"

Negative Sentences with "Couldn't"

I
he
she
sleep well
No, it couldn't
last night.
you
we
they

Short Answers with "Couldn't"

I
he
she
No, it couldn't.
you
we
they

Sp(~ak

136 (oi\1c®
UNIT 6 LESSON 5
"Could", Conditional Use

Questions with "Could"

I I
he he
she she
win the were
Could it if it
race faster?
we we
you you
they they

Affirmative Sentences with "Could"

I I
He he
She she
win the were
It could if it
race faster.
We we
You you
They they

139
UNIT 6 LESSON 5
"Could", Conditional Use

Short Answers with IICould"

I
he
she
Yes, it could.
you
we
they

Spc:"tk
140 loMc®
UNIT 6 LESSON 6
Helping Verb "Would"

Grammatical Explanations

"Would" is the helping verb we use to show:

» a situation which we are imagining but is not really

happening (conditional sentences)

Example:

I would go swimming if it were a bright and sunny day.

(But it's raining and cold.)

» a wish or desire

Example:

If only I would win the lottery!

» preferences (usually with "rather" or "prefer")

Example:

I would rather eat fish than meat.

I would prefer to eat at 7:00 P.M. than at 8:00 this evening.

Speak
loMt:(ID
145
UNIT 6 LESSON 6
"Would" Conditional Use ~6
Questions with "Would"

I I
he he
she she
win the were
Would it if it
race faster?
we we
you you
they they

Affirmative Sentences with "Would"

I I
He he
She she
win the were
It would if it
race faster.
We we
You you
They they

Sp<:nk
toi\lc::® 147
UNIT 6 LESSON 6
"Would", Contitional Use

Short Answers with "Would"

I
he
she
Yes, it would.
you
we
they

Sp<:ak
148 to Me@'
UNIT 6 LESSON 6
"Wouldn't", Contitional Use D~6
Questions with uWould"
~

I I
he he
she she
win the were
Would it if it
race slow?
we we
you you
they they

Negative Sentences with "Wou/dn't"

I I
He he
She she
win the were
It wouldn't if it
race slow.
We we
You you
They they

Spc:ak
loMe® 149
UNIT 6 LESSON 6
"Wouldn't", Contitional Use

Short Answers with "Wouldn't"

I
he
she
No, it wouldn't.
you
we
they

150
--•

UNIT 6 LESSON 9
.
-,...
Automobile Vocabulary D~6
Repeat each word after it is spoken by your instructor:

grill - hood - windshield -

-"~
windshield wipers - fender -bumper - tire ­
'!
hubcap - sidemirror - trunk - spare tire ­
jack - body side moulding -
-".4 gas tank door - gas cap ­
-,.\4 steering wheel - horn - turn signal ­
emergency brake ­
-~ accelerator or gas pedal -
"",:_41 brake pedal - speedometer ­
-
~
tachometer - gas gauge - gear shift ­
glove box - headrest ­
- .4
rear view mirror - bucket seat ­
-, engine - battery - battery cable ­
-'4

-, oil dip stick - headlights ­

_'C
brakelight - license plate
,4

-,
~~4

-
- -4

_.
-,
-,.
_I
Spc"k
to i'\lc:(!l) 165

-r.
-'
-,.
-...'
UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Perfect Tense ~7
Grammatical Explanations

We use the present perfect tense to show:

1) an action which began in the past and may still be going on

Example:

I have been in the United States for 25 years.

( I came to the United States 25 years ago and I'm still here.)

2) something that occured in the recent past when time is not mentioned

Examples:

I have seen my mother recently

I have just eaten breakfast.

3) things one has or hasn't done in his life (with ever/never)

Examples:

Have you ever gone to Spain?

No, I have never gone to Spain.

4) an action that we are expecting to take place (with already/yet)

Examples:

Has the bus stopped here yet?

No, it hasn't stopped here yet. (We are still waiting for it. )

Yes, it has already stopped here.

SIXak
roMc® 1
UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Perfect Tense

We form the present pettect tense with the present tense of the verb
''to have" plus the past participle of the main verb.

Examples:

I have worked.

He has worked.

We form the past participle ofregular vetbs by adding "ed" or "d" to the
simple form of the verb. (They have exactly the same form as the simple
past. Consult the verb list in Set 2 of Spt'ak to Mc1~J for all the spelling /1Jles.)

The past participles of irregular verbs vary Study the past participles of the
following irregular verbs:

Infinftive Past Participle Infinitive Past Participle

do done go gone
make made eat eaten
have had see seen
leave left fall fallen
rise risen lay laid
win won lie lain
lose lost run run
find found get gotten
forget forgotten break broken
speak spoken steal stolen
tear torn wear worn
stand stood understand understood
sit sat drink drunk

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2 toMc®
......,l

=-=t
~

UNIT 7 LESSON 1
~
~
The Present Perfect Tense ~7
Infinitive Past Participle Infinitive Past Participle

swim swum give given

ring rung begin begun
pay paid say said
feed fed meet met
sleep slept sweep swept
keep kept feel felt
sell sold tell told
grow grown know known
fly flown throw thrown
blow blown drive driven
ride ridden dive dove
write written come come
think thought fight fought
teach taught catch caught
seek sought bring brought
shake shaken take taken
hide hidden slide slidden, slid
spend spent bite bitten, bit
lend lent send sent
mean meant bend bent
sting stung hear heard
hang hung swing swung

Spc:tk
(O~fc® 3
UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Perfect Tense, "Ever", Affirmative

Questions with "Ever"

I
you
Have
we
they
ever eaten lobster?
he
Has she
it

Affirmative Answers to Questions with "Ever"

I
you
have
we
they
Yes, eaten lobster.
he
she has
it

Sp(:;lk
4 loMc@
 UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Perfect Tense, "Ever" Affirmative D:tI27
Short Answers to Questions with "Ever"

I
!
you
have.
we
they
Yes,
!
he
she has.
it
•.

!!

Speak
{O~Jc®
5
UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Perfect Tense, "Ever" Affirmative D~7
Short Answers to Questions with "Ever"

I
you
have.
we
they
Yes,
he
she has.
it
UNIT 7 LESSON 2
The Present Perfect Tense, "Never" Negative D:i!}7
Questions with "Ever/Never"

I
you
Have
we
they
ever lived in Rome?
he
Has she
it

I
you
have
'~~

they
No, never lived in Rome.
he
she has
it

.-;~-nk
(oMc® 9
 UNIT 7 LESSON 3
The Present Perfect Tense (and the Continuous Form) D:tJj7
Another tense similar to the present perfect is the present perfect
continuous tense. We use this tense to show an action that began
in the past and is still going on.

Example:

I have been studying English for two years.

We use this tense when we are interested in the action itself rather
than the result of the action.

Example:

They have been painting the room all day.

( We don't know if they have finished painting it.)
~

!!!!!!!! We use the (simple) present perfect when the result of the action
- is more important.
!!!!!
!!!!!
Example:

They've painted the room blue.

!'!!
~
(We know that the painting is finished.)

Spcok
toMe 13

•
UNIT 7 LESSON 3
The Present Perfect Tense, "Since/For"

Grammatical Explanations

We use both "since" and ufor" to say how long something has

been going on:

...
1< ------------------------- f~~:ri~~rs ----------------------- > I
v v
since July 3

July 1 (now)

(beginning of period)

* We use "since" to show the starting point in time.

* We use "for" to show the length of time.

Affirmative Sentences with uSince/For"

I since 2005
You since last March
have
We since Friday.
They since last week.
been in the U.S. ------------------­
for a week.
He
for two days.
She has
for five months.
It
for a few years.

Spc:,k
14 to:'tlc~
UNIT 7 LESSON 3
The Present Perfect Tense, "Since/For" D~7
Questions with the Present Pet1ect Continuous

I
you
have
we
they
How long been studying English?
he
has she
it

Affirmative sentences with the Present Pet1ect Continuous

I
You
have
We
They
been studying English for many years.
He
She has
It

S[X,k
roMe 15
UNIT 7 LESSON 4
The Present Perfect Tense, "Already/Yet" ~7
Questions with 'tyet"
It's 7:00 A.M.

I
you
Have
we
they
eaten breakfast yet?
he
Has she
it

Affinnative Sentences with "Already"

We ate at 6:30 A.M.

I
you
we
they
have tr= ,"ready ~
Yes, v eaten breakfast. v
he
she has
it

Sp<:ak
toMe 19
UNIT 7 LESSON 4
The Present Perfect Tense, "Already/Yet"

Negative Sentences with "Yet"

We are going to eat at 7:30.

I
you
haven't
we
they
No, eaten breakfast yet.
he
she hasn't
it

Spc;",k
20 roi\lcCE
 UNIT 7 LESSON 5
The Passive Voice ¥J7
Grammatical Explanations

We use the passive construction when the object (or the

action) is more important than the doer of the action.
In a sentence in the passive voice, the subject doesn't
do or make anything: something is done to it.

Example:

The house was built last year.

- In this sentence, the house is more important than the
people who built it. (We may not even know who
constructed it) When we want to mention who or what
did the action, we can mention the doer in a phrase with
"by".

Example:

The house was built by ABC Builders, Inc.

25
UNIT 7 LESSON 5
The Passive Voice

We form the passive voice by using the appropriate tense of

the verb "to be" and the past participle of the main verb.

Examples:

is
is being
was
was being
is going to be
has been

can be
The car should be made in Korea.
will be
might be
could be
would be

might have been

should have been
could have been
may have been

Speak
26 l()~k<l\l
-

----...

UNIT 7 LESSON 5
The Passive Voice ~7
Examples of passive sentences without mentioning the person
who performs the action:

* This boat was produced in Canada.

* The diamond will be set in a ring.
* Milk is delivered to the supermarket every day.

Examples of passive sentences mentioning the person who

performs the action:

* The song "One Love" was written by Bob Marley.

* The Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by France.

Note:
We sometimes use the verb "to get" instead of "to be" to form
the passive.

--. Example:

-
!!!!!f
- ---,
She got promoted 'from vice-president to president.

We may also form the passive using the expression "have ... done"
in place of the verb " to be".

Examples:

I had my car fixed yesterday.

I will have my furniture delivered tomorrow.

27
UNIT 9 LESSON 1
Conditional Sentences in the Past D~9
Grammatical Explanations

Conditional Questions in the Past

Frank invested too much money in the stock market and lost it
because he didn't take John's advice.

Frank
I
Could he
Should she have taken John's advice?
Would we
you
they

Affirmative Conditional Sentences in the Past

Frank
I
He could
She should have taken John's advice.
We would
You
They

87
UNIT 9 LESSON 1
Conditional Sentences in the Past

Grammatical Explanations

We use conditional sentences in the past to talk about past situations

that didn't happen because a condition was not met.

Examples:

* If I had made a lot of money last year, I would have gone to

Europe on vacation.
(But I didn't make enough money, so I couldn't go!)

* If Marco Polo hadn't gone to China, we wouldn't have had

spaghetti in the west.
(But he did go to China, so we all enjoy spaghetti!)

Note:

tI 'd" is the short form of "had" and "would".

Example:

I'd have gone to the party if I'd been invited.

(I would have gone to the party if I had been invited.)

Speak
88 toMc@>
UNIT 9 LESSON 1
Conditional Sentences in the Past D~9
We form condtional sentences in the past with several different
helping verbs. Their meanings are slightly different:

"Must have" indicates probability (something very likely).

Example:

He must have left the house (His car is gone.)

"Might have"

"Could have"

"May have" indicate possibility (something was likely).

Examples:

He might have gone to the store.

He could have gone to the movies.
He may have gone to a restaurant.
(We don't know.)

"Should have" indicates obligation.

Example:

He should have told us where he was going or left a note.

89
UNIT 9 LESSON 1
Conditional Sentences in the Past

"Would have" indicates willingness.

Example:

We would have let him know where we were going.

Conditional sentences in the past are formed with two clauses:

a conditional clause and an "if" clause. The condidional clause uses
the above compound verbs (might have, should have, etc.) and the
"if" clause uses the past perfect (had + past participle of the main
verb), i. e. had gone, had been, etc.

'>peak
90 [oMc<ID
UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Perfect Tense, "Ever", Affirmative

I
you
Have
we
they
ever eaten lobster?
he
Has she
it

I
you
have
we
they
Yes, eaten lobster.
he
she has
it

132
UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Pet1ect Tense, "Ever" Affirmative ~7
m UEver" M~@]~M9

I
you
have.
we
they
Yes,
he
she has.
it

~[Xak
roMc® 133